Scandinavia island. Scandinavian countries – what should tourists see? You can find art in the most unexpected places

The four Scandinavian countries are located in the northwest. , and part of them occupy the entire territory of the Scandinavian Peninsula, which can be seen on the map. The southernmost one is located on the Danish archipelago and the Jutland Peninsula. is also a northern country whose descendants were immigrants from the territories of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

Location of the Scandinavian countries on the map

All these countries maintained close trade, economic and political relations, united general history, traditions and culture.

Traveling to these states is becoming increasingly popular. Their geographic proximity makes tours convenient, including by ferry from St. Petersburg, for Russian travelers.

The languages ​​of the Scandinavian countries of Norway, Sweden and Denmark belong to the general Germanic group. Despite the fact that a third of the Finnish population considers Swedish to be their language, the country belongs to the Finno-Ugric language group.

The flags of the Scandinavian countries are united by a common image: a canvas crossed by cross-shaped lines. Made in different colors. The cross represents the four cardinal directions.

The flags of the Scandinavian countries are united by a common image: a canvas crossed by cross-shaped lines.

The Protestant religion, which predominates in these territories, has contributed a considerable share to the formation of the mentality, habits and foundations of the inhabitants of the countries. The concepts of the need for work, modesty and virtue became the main system of the state.

Population of states

The population of the Scandinavian states are the descendants of ancient Germanic tribes, Vikings, Danes, as well as ancient people Sami, or Lapps, living beyond the Arctic Circle.

Viking expansion. The colors indicate the areas of Viking settlement (from top to bottom in the inset): brown - 8th century, red - 9th century, orange - 10th century, yellow - 11th century. Lands that were raided are indicated in green.

Population of Scandinavian countries

The national minority is the Lapps.

Currencies of countries

The main currencies in the Scandinavian countries are the krone and the euro.

• Sweden - krona.

  What does Swedish krona look like?

• Norway - Norwegian krone.

  What does Norwegian krone look like?

• Denmark - Danish krone.

  What does the Danish krone look like?

• Finland - euro.

  An important influence is exerted by the warm Gulf Stream, which turns into the Norwegian Current.

  The climate in Scandinavia is mostly temperate continental. The peninsula is located in two zones: temperate and subarctic. An important influence is exerted by the warm Gulf Stream, which turns into the Norwegian Current.

  A maritime climate predominates in western Scandinavia, especially in Denmark and southern Sweden, along the western coast of Norway. In the central part the climate is humid, continental. Closer to the north it becomes subarctic and marine on the west coast.

  The Scandinavian mountains shelter mild and humid air from the southwest, so northern Sweden does not experience much rainfall. The highest temperature recorded on the Scandinavian Peninsula: +38 0 C, the lowest: −52.5 0 C.

  Temperature distribution over the year in Oslo

  Average temperature conditions

  State and political structure

  The head of state in Sweden, Norway and Denmark is the king. The form of government of these states is a constitutional monarchy. Finland is a parliamentary republic. The head of state is the president.

  • Sweden has 24 counties - counties. The royal title is inherited. The king's participation in governing the country is reduced to a ceremonial formality. The political system is enshrined in the 1974 Constitution. Actual power belongs to the parliament (Riksdag) and deputies. The executive branch is the Cabinet of Ministers.

    Sweden has 24 counties - counties.

  • Norway. The state is divided into 19 regions - counties, which are united into communes. The constitutional monarchy is enshrined in the Constitution of 1814. The king has full power, legislative and executive. Legislative power belongs to parliament (Storting).

    Norway. The state is divided into 19 regions - counties, which are united into communes.

  • The Danish kingdom is divided into 14 administrative units - amts. The constitutional monarchy is enshrined in the 1953 Constitution. In accordance with the law on succession to the throne, both male and female heirs have the right to the crown. The king has the highest political power in the country and government. Legislative power belongs to the king and parliament (Folketing).

    The Danish kingdom is divided into 14 administrative units - amts.

  • Finland is a mixed parliamentary republic. Divided into provinces headed by governors. The head of state is the president, elected by direct vote for a term of six years. He has broad rights in the legislative and executive branches.

    Map of Finland, administrative divisions

  Law in countries

  The legal system of the Scandinavian countries is divided into two groups.

  The first adheres to Danish and Norwegian law - these are Denmark, Norway and Iceland.

  The second group is Sweden and Finland. The basis of law here is Swedish law.

  All these territories lack the influence of Roman law and the unification of rights in family relations, contract rights and intellectual property.

  Crime and corruption

  Scandinavian countries have the lowest level of corruption and the highest level of citizens' trust in the government. The created model of general prosperity, absolute transparency of the tax system, protection of all layers of society are the result of state policy.

  Crime in the Scandinavian countries is recorded at the lowest level. Homicides here are at a record low.

  Crime rate in Sweden 2020

  However, states have recently faced a global refugee problem. While crime levels are relatively low, the number of crimes motivated by racism and cultural-ethnic discrepancies is increasing.

  Politics of the Scandinavian countries

  State policy has a common “Scandinavian model”. The main value of society is the person. It is also a means of achieving the well-being of the state.

  The political system is completely focused on state participation in the social sphere. The most important directions of the policy of a prosperous state are:

  • Social programs to protect the population from poverty.
  • Pension provision and insurance.
  • Protecting public health and protecting children.
  • Free education.
  • Public housing.

  All programs are financed through taxes and the state budget.

  Economy

  The economy of the Scandinavian countries is based not only on the equal distribution of all benefits between citizens, but also on the equilibrium influence of the market economy and government regulation.
  

  Economic fundamentals include the following:

  • The state plays a vital role in the economic and political life of the country.
  • A policy towards employment is being pursued.
  • A policy of equality based on gender, age, class, ethnicity, and family affiliation is being pursued.
  • Availability of all social guarantees and benefits to all segments of the population.

  The most important thing that is achieved by carrying out such an economic model is the maximum involvement of participants in the weaker and more vulnerable sections of society in the general labor market. Thus, social equalization of population strata occurs, which creates the preconditions for more effective development of the country's economy.

  • . Has one of the highest income per person and taxes. The country has such natural resources as forest, water, layers of lead, iron, uranium and copper ores. The economic basis of the country's stability is the chemical, steel, iron ore and pulp industries. Mechanical engineering is of great importance. Sweden is a country focused on high technology and skilled labor. The development of high-tech technologies is intensive. It is an environmentally friendly state that completely recycles its waste.

    Denmark - GDP per capita PPP, 2008-2018

  • . The country has no mineral reserves, is geographically scattered, and has the lowest population density. There is a large deposit of zinc. Passenger and cargo shipbuilding, timber harvesting, and its further use for paper production have been developed. highest quality. The factories produce various mechanisms, equipment for hydroelectric power plants and enterprises for the production of paper and logging. Telephones and other household appliances are popular. The country's economy depends on the development of all regions.

    Finnish GDP, 2008-2018

  Financial system

  The financial system of the Scandinavian countries is focused primarily on social support from the state and public welfare as the basis for the prosperity of society.

  The highest tax level is set here. With further redistribution of funds to the needs of vulnerable sections of society in the form of subsidies and compensation. Social services are free.

  Most citizens work at state enterprises. This gives the highest rates of employment in the public sector of the economy and the level of citizens’ trust in the state. It also eliminates the budget deficit.

  State-owned enterprises are active participants in the commercial market. They demonstrate high levels of profitability and competitiveness, including at the global level.

  Sweden.

  The Swedish financial model is based on state control over the redistribution of national income in accordance with the needs and requirements of society. This is done to achieve social equality of all citizens of the country.

  The state actively provides assistance to the Swiss in the following cases:

  • Unemployment.
  • Providing public housing.
  • Payment of monetary compensations and pensions.
  • Providing free education.
  • Medical care and quality healthcare (95% of institutions are public).

  Norway.

  The basis of the state’s financial policy is a sufficient amount of internal resources and the lack external debts. And this despite large expenditures on government and social needs. Has a surplus balance.

  In Norway, thanks to oil exports, a special state institution has been created, which forms a budget consisting of excess profits received from oil exports. This reserve fund is formed for use in the future (in case of a decrease in oil production).

  Denmark.

  The Danish financial system is based on banks and insurance companies. The priority areas are social orientation, pensions and social insurance.

  Finland.

  The basis of the financial sector is subsidies and support for high technology. Most of the financial flows are invested in them. Research costs are among the highest in the world.

  Due to the unprofitability of agriculture, the financial system regulates subsidies to sectors of the national economy.

  Subsidies are provided to industrial enterprises operating for export.

  As in other Scandinavian countries, the public sector accounts for a large share of enterprises.

  Taxes

  Taxes in the Scandinavian countries are among the highest in the world. In 1987, during the reign of Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, taxes reached 87%. Half of the gross domestic product came from taxes levied.

  Currently, tax rates in countries are:

  • - 56 %.
  • - 47 %.
  • - 56%.
  • - 49 %.

  The high level of income tax is not objectionable. The reason for this is the fair redirection of all funds to extensive social programs.
  

  Non-payment of taxes is considered a serious crime.

  Tax Comparison Chart

  A country	Tax rates, %
  	Personal income tax, progressive scale	Capital tax	Corporate income tax	Indirect taxes
  Sweden	from 20 to 35	30	28	25
  Norway	from 12 to 28	—	25	25
  Denmark	up to 56	24,5	22	25
  Finland	from 6 to 36	18 and 28	26	24

  Sweden.

  Tax revenues to the Swedish budget (2009)

  There are a large number of incentives for attracting capital and investment. This makes it possible to reduce tax rates.

  Norway.

  For oil companies, an “oil” tax of 50% is added to the base tax.

  There are exceptions to the general VAT rate: food products - 11%; passenger transport, services in the field of film and television industry - 7%.

  Social insurance is 19%, property tax is 33%, excise taxes are 31%.
  

  Denmark.

  All citizens of the state are required to pay income tax independently, and not through an employer. You can reduce your tax base by contributing to unemployment insurance, donating money to children, or paying child support. Loan payments, running a business on your own living space and other aspects are taken into account.

  Danes pay property tax, inheritance tax, and gift taxes. Moreover, if it is a husband and wife, a child or a parent, the rate is 15%.
  

  Retirement age in Scandinavian countries

  Pension systems in the Scandinavian countries are considered the most reliable in the world. The state pension guarantees a living wage for its citizens.
  

  Retirement age by country

  To receive a decent pension in the country, you need to earn work experience and pay insurance premiums for voluntary, funded and distribution insurance. Cash deposits are kept in both public and private pension funds.
  

  Norway.

  The main task of the state pension system is to form the insurance part of the pension and provide social benefits. All financial savings of the pension fund are at the disposal of the central bank. About 9% of the fund’s profits go to the country’s budget and are redistributed to provide pension insurance and support social programs.

  There is a unified State Pension Fund. Pension savings are mandatory. The basis of the Danish pension system is the benefit guarantee.
  

  Consists of a social pension (basic), funded first level, quasi-compulsory, corporate pension plans and voluntary and individual third level schemes.

  The pension is formed in two parts. Civil: the minimum funded portion is paid to all citizens; income - is formed by payments from wages. Different income pension amounts are established for men and women (it is smaller for women).

  When assigning a pension, actual deductions from wages, age, social status, and marital status are taken into account. Housewives who have reached retirement age are paid a guaranteed minimum pension. If a pensioner continues to work, he is entitled to an additional 4%.

  The pension amount is taxable.

Never judge a summer resort
by postcards.
Folk wisdom

Chapter 2. Geography of the world's tourism resources

2.1. Tourist resources of foreign Europe

International tourism (definition and research methods). Connection of the course “International Tourism” with other scientific disciplines.

Classification of types of tourism activities. Prospects for the development of international tourism. Modern factors in the development of international tourism.

2.1.1. Scandinavian countries

The Scandinavian region traditionally includes three countries:.

Finland, Sweden and Norway. In addition to them, Denmark and Iceland are also included here. These countries, in addition to their geographical proximity and northern location, have a number of other common features: common historical development, a high level of economic development and prosperity, and a relatively small population.

FINLAND- “the country of a thousand lakes” (a consequence of the glacial past), does not have rich natural resources, with the exception of forest and water. A significant part of the country - Lapland - is located beyond the Arctic Circle. The shores of the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia are indented by shallow bays with islands located there - skerries. Despite its northern location, the climate here is temperate continental due to the warm Gulf Stream and many inland reservoirs. A special feature of Finland's nature is kamos - the polar night.

The population of Finland is about 5 million people, mostly Finns and Swedes live here, and their religion is Lutheran.

During the period of the existence of the Swedish state, which included Finland, Finns were viewed mainly as “cannon fodder”. In the 19th century Finland became part of the Russian Empire, which led to the flourishing of Finnish national culture and the transfer of the capital from the west, from the city of Turku, to the east of the country, to Helsinki. Helsinki was founded during the period of Swedish rule in order to displace the then prosperous Hanseatic city of Tallinn. At 155 0 King Gustave Vasa of Sweden, who wanted to oust Tallinn, decides to establish a port face to face with the rival city. This is how Helsinki came into being.

Finland became an independent state after the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917. in Russia.

Taking advantage of the proclaimed V.I. With Lenin's right of nations to self-determination, she was able to defend her national sovereignty. Administratively, the country is divided into 11 provinces (lani) and one autonomy - the Åland Islands. Finland is an economically highly developed country. High-quality paper, Nokia cell phones, diesel engines, elevator equipment, cruise ships, sports equipment is the “calling card” of the Finnish industry.

Natural resources are no less important for the country's economy. And this is not only forest, covering a significant part of Finland. According to UNESCO, Finland ranks first in the world in terms of groundwater quality. The natural springs here are so pure that tap water can be drunk without filtering or boiling. In recent years, there has been an increase in the export of Finnish drinking water. In this, Finland has every chance to repeat the success of Nokia mobile phones and pulp and paper products.

Finland has an excellent and interesting education system. The Finns have achieved great success in the development of telecommunications and wood processing technologies. In addition, they are actively doing business in the northwestern region of Russia. Accordingly, studying in Finland can become a prologue for a diploma student to a successful career in a branch of one of the foreign companies in Russia.

Based on natural, historical and economic characteristics, the following regions can be distinguished in Finland: Southern Finland with its center in the city of Helsinki, Western Finland with its center in the ancient capital of the country - Turku, Central Finland with the major centers of Tampere and the winter sports capital of Lahti. The country's largest port, Kotka, is located in Eastern Finland. The north of Finland is occupied by Lapland with its center in the city of Rovaniemi.

Åland Islands- a state within a state, the inhabitants of the islands have always been known as good sailors and fishermen.

In Helsinki, tourists are usually offered a number of excursions: bridges and canals of Helsinki, a boat trip with dinner, an excursion to Kotka.

A salmon fair and salmon fishing competitions are held. The Kotka-Verdi sailing regatta (Estonia) and other sailing competitions are organized in Kotka. Tourists are also offered boat trips. One of the most famous sights of Turku, the ancient capital of Finland, is the Cathedral - main temple Lutheran faith and national shrine of Finland. It is considered the most valuable architectural monument of the country. The cathedral is not only a museum, it is a place of worship for parishioners, in particular for the Swedish-speaking population of the city. The cathedral is already more than 700 years old. It began to be built in the 13th century, when Turku became the most important trading center in the country.

The construction of the cathedral was completed by 1300.

One of most beautiful places The country is considered to be Central Finland. This is a lake district. Thus, in the city of Kuopio, located on the shores of Lake Kallavesi, tourists are offered a huge selection of boat trips. Small boats and water buses depart from the port daily. “Build a sauna first, and then a house” is a famous Finnish proverb. The sauna is an integral part of the Finnish way of life. Restraint, slowness, seriousness, silence, precision are the characteristics of Finnish behavior. Skiing, fishing, hockey - the secrets of Finnish longevity.

A visa is permission to enter the country. Visa-free entry to Finland is allowed only for citizens northern countries(Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Norway), as well as for citizens of the European Union.

SWEDEN- a country occupying most of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Scandinavian mountains are mountains of old folding, rich in ore minerals. Swedish steel, made from local iron ores, is considered one of the best in the world. There are many lakes in Southern Sweden. Here is the largest lake in Europe - Lake Venerna, in the extreme south there is a fertile hill, the breadbasket - the Småland region.

Sweden is a predominantly single-ethnic country with a population of about 9 million people, more than 90% of the inhabitants are Swedes. Sweden's temperate continental climate is a consequence of 54 two factors: the influx of warm, humid air masses from the Atlantic and the penetration of cold air from the Arctic.

Sweden is a constitutional monarchy. Traditionally, every year the King of Sweden awards honorary Nobel Prizes to the five most outstanding scientists and public figures in the world. The country consists of 24 lenas (provinces). The capital of the country is Stockholm, a port on the Baltic Sea. It is very beautiful, it has many attractions and museums - the national one, the open-air ethnographic museum, the northern Milles garden, the Vasa Museum and the Treasury.

Once dominant in Northern Europe, Sweden has not been involved in wars for almost 190 years, maintaining political neutrality.

Sweden has a highly developed economy and a high standard of living for its population. The basis of the economy is wood processing, pulp and paper industry, metallurgy, hydropower, and mechanical engineering.

Sweden is a music exporter. The ABBA ensemble brought fame to musical Sweden. Children's writer A. Lindgren, or rather, her characters (Malysh and Carlson) are familiar to millions of children.

Sweden is called the “land of late professors.” The fact is that, according to the old Swedish tradition, the teacher has the right to be late for class by exactly a quarter of an hour. And classes at Swedish universities begin at nine in the morning. If the professor is delayed longer, the class is cancelled. There was no case in which any of the teachers neglected their traditional historical right to be late.

In terms of regional differences in Sweden, three large cities can be noted - Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo. Stockholm is called the “city on the water”, Malmo in the south of Sweden is the “city of parks”, Gothenburg on the west coast is the country’s largest port. In northern Sweden there are numerous oblong lakes rich in fish. Logs are floated along mountain rivers and numerous hydroelectric power stations are located here.

In the northern regions of Sweden in summer time the sun does not fall below the horizon. Here you can often find entire herds of elk and deer grazing near the homes of local residents.

The famous ski resort of Åre consists of four villages - Duved, Tegefjell, Åre By and Åre Bjornen. All villages are connected by bus routes. Åre meets all global requirements for a high-level ski resort. For high specifications this resort is often called the “Scandinavian Alps”. Alpine skiing World Cup stages have been held here several times.

In the southern regions of the country, landscapes are varied. The coastal strip alternates sandy and pebble beaches with rocks. Lake Vänern, Europe's largest, is located here. Southern Sweden is occupied by the regions of Skåne, Halland and Småland. Skåne has famous beech forests and numerous golf courses.

Holland is famous for its endless sandy beaches. This is a great place to relax in a secluded house on the coast or a small hotel in small Swedish towns, which have a special atmosphere of provincial Sweden. It is the region of Småland that the Swedes themselves consider the real Sweden. The “Kingdom of Crystal” is located here - 15 villages where glassblowing is developed. In southern Sweden, the famous 16-kilometer bridge connects the city of Malmö with the Danish capital, Copenhagen.

The center of Western Sweden is the city of Gothenburg, located on the Göta River. The city's population is 500 thousand people.

Gothenburg is Sweden's second largest city and its most important port.

The bishop's residence and university are located in Gothenburg.

Central Sweden is a mecca for those interested in Swedish culture. Dalarna is an area in this part of the country that is known as the center of Swedish folklore. On holidays you can find people dressed in National costumes local residents, as well as take part in folk festivals. The capital of Sweden is located on the Baltic Sea coast. The metro in Stockholm resembles an art gallery. Dozens of artists and sculptors took part in the design of the stations. The city has an almost environmentally friendly environment. As already noted, Stockholm has a number of museums, among which the Vasa Museum is especially noteworthy. This is a museum of a royal ship built in the 17th century. The ship was very large for those times. The height of its masts was 50 m. It was equipped with 64 cannons and many excellently made sculptural details. The ship began its first voyage in August 1628, but was capsized by a sudden squall and sank. In 196 1 he was found and raised. The ship is perfectly preserved. Now it is the main exhibit of the museum.

The royal castle houses a small but very visited museum - the Treasury, where the treasures of the royal family are displayed, including the sword of King Gustav Vasa and the crown of the Swedish kings. Stockholm's attractions also include the luxurious royal palace, which is of great historical and artistic value, and the city hall, where the largest organ in Scandinavia is installed.

There are two large islands in the Baltic Sea - Öland and Gotland, which are part of Sweden. Eland Island is famous for its sandy beaches. Here, on the island, there is a reliably recreated village from Viking times with all the attributes of that era. Gotland is the largest island in the Baltic Sea. Visby - main city The islands are surrounded by a medieval fortress wall that has survived to this day and is included in the UNESCO World List of Cultural and Historical Heritage.

Among the cruises that can be offered to tourists in Sweden, a cruise along the Göta Canal, connecting Stockholm and Gothenburg, should be noted. Tourists will see fortresses, castles, monasteries, dense forests and much more.

NORWAY. Vacations and excursion trips along the Norwegian fjords have recently become one of the most popular and fashionable types of recreation among tourists. Norwegian fjords are deep-water bays of the Atlantic Ocean, cutting into the land among steep cliffs and high mountains with glaciers frozen on the tops and rapid waterfalls. The fjords were formed by glaciers that, over many ice ages, cut deeper and deeper into solid rock.

Recently, leading tourism experts held a competition to determine the most popular destination in the world. This competition was held by the largest international tourism magazine, National Geographic Traveler. Among the competitors of the Norwegian fjords were 115 other places known for their unique beauty throughout the world. Nevertheless, the undisputed winner of the competition was the Norwegian fjords.

In order to explore the main attraction of Norway - the fjords, tourists go to the city of Bergen. Bergen is Norway in miniature, it is the history of the entire country, it is the capital of the kingdom of trolls and picturesque fjords. In Bergen, tourists can visit the Hanseatic Embankment, listed as a UNESCO world cultural property; the beautiful ancient fortress of Bergenhus - the first capital of the Kingdom of Norway;

The Troll Hill estate is the residence of the famous Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg. In 1909 Bergen entered service Railway, connecting Oslo and Bergen. To provide a transport route to Sognefjord, in 1923. began construction of a parallel route to Flåm. In 1944 the road was open. The train covers a 20 km section, passing through 20 tunnels with a total length of 6 km between Flåm and Myrdal, in approximately 1 hour. Tourists admire the amazing nature:.

There are rivers around, deep gorges, waterfalls washing steep mountain walls with snow-covered peaks, mountain farms.

Norway is a country of ancient Vikings, but since the 14th century. was a dependent state of Denmark and Sweden, and since 1905. - independent country. Most of it is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains. Norway's moderate oceanic climate, despite its northern location, is determined by the Gulf Stream, which passes off the coast of the country.

Oil and gas found on the North Sea shelf off the coast of Norway added to the national wealth of an already prosperous country. Norway is among the major maritime powers exporting fish and seafood.

Norway, like Sweden, is a constitutional monarchy with 19 provinces.

The capital of Norway, Oslo, is located in the south of the country. Its main attractions: Vigellan sculpture park, Holmenkoln ski jump, Viking ship museum, Kontiki museum. In addition to Oslo, there are two main tourist areas in Norway:.

“The country of fjords”, which occupies the southern and central part of the country, and Northern Norway.

The “Country of Fjords” includes several regions: Rogoland, Hordoland, Sognefjord, More og Romsdal. Rogoland is the southernmost region of the fjord country. The cities of Stavanger and Hauge Sund are located here. Stavanger is the largest city in this region, as well as the fourth largest in all of Norway. It has retained the unique flavor of antiquity: on the narrow streets you can find many cafes, restaurants, shops and museums. Stavanger initially developed through the fish trade, like many cities in Norway. After oil fields were discovered on the North Sea shelf, oil company headquarters appeared here. Haugesund is famous for its popular festivals and historical open-air museum. There is a waterfall not far from the city. The center of the Hordoland region is the city of Bergen.

The Sognefjord region is home to Norway's longest fjord, called Sognefjord. It is also the deepest fjord in the world, its depth is 1300 m - only a few meters less than the height of the surrounding mountains. The More og Romsdal region is the northernmost region of the fjord country. The center of this area is the city of Ålesund. Numerous medieval turrets, romantic facades and spiers of buildings have become the hallmark of Alesund. It is one of the most important centers of the fishing industry in Norway. The central city of Northern Norway is the city of Bode. Within this region are the Lofoten Islands, which are called the “Lofoten Wall”. These islands are famous for their high mountains, beautiful bays and wild coastal landscapes.

A popular tour among tourists is Northern Norway and the Murmansk region: Murmansk - Tromso - Bode - Lofoten Islands - Tromso - North Cape - Kirkenes - Murmansk. The highlight of this tour is a cruise along the coast of Northern Norway from Bode to Kirkenes.

Norway is the birthplace of skiing. Winter resorts began to develop here almost simultaneously with the main ski centers in Europe. This was largely due to the fact that the winter season in Norway is the longest on the entire continent. Yailo is the most famous and popular Norwegian ski resort. International slalom and cross-country skiing competitions are held here. The resort has a well-developed winter sports base with more than a century of tradition. Yailo is often called an “alpine town”, because the first alpine skiing competitions in Norway were held there in 1935. There is snow here almost all year round.

The small town of Lillehamer, located on the shores of Lake Mjøsa, is famous. In 1994 The Winter Olympic Games were held here. Hafjell is the site of the 1994 Olympic slalom competition. This resort is located 15 km from Lillehamer. Ski resort Kvitfjell, which means “White Mountain”, is a favorite vacation spot of the Norwegian elite. The slalom World Cup and biathlon competitions are held here annually. The resorts of Gausdal, Gala, and Hemsedal are also popular.

In addition to sports competitions, winter resorts in Norway offer dog sled rides, reindeer rides, scooter rides, and ice skating.

DENMARK occupies most of the Jutland Peninsula and a group of nearby islands. Administratively, the country consists of 14 regions. The population is about 5 million people. Ethnic composition: Danes, Germans, Frisians, Faresians.

The government system is a constitutional monarchy. The official language is Danish. Religion - Lutheranism.

The most ancient monuments in Denmark date back to the 8th-7th millennia BC. In the 8th century The first kingdom was formed on Danish territory. Since the 18th century Denmark is a colonial power. It still owns the Faroe Islands and the island.

Denmark is a country covered with high hills.

The climate is temperate, moderated by the North Atlantic current.

The main tourist attractions are concentrated in the capital of Denmark - Copenhagen. In the historical center of the city, near the town hall, there is a monument to the famous children's writer, the most famous Dane, Hans Christian Andersen, the great storyteller of the 19th century, and at the entrance to Copenhagen harbor there is a world-famous sculpture of the Little Mermaid, the heroine of Andersen's fairy tale. Among the attractions of the capital of Denmark, the palace complex of Amalienborg (18th century) should be especially noted. Four identical buildings are located opposite each other on an octagonal square, in the center of which stands the equestrian monument to Frederick V. The Nyhaun Canal is a place where tourists can visit exotic old-style taverns and shops.

The Danish islands are also interesting in terms of tourism. Zealand Island - commercial center countries. It also has beautiful beaches, lakes, forests and palaces. The island of Funen is called the “garden of Denmark”, where there are more than a hundred castles open to visitors, hundreds of picturesque old villages. However, the main attraction of Denmark is the Danes themselves - their friendliness, hospitality and humor.

Faroe islands is an autonomous region of Denmark, including 18 inhabited and a number of uninhabited islands in the northeast Atlantic Ocean in the Norwegian Sea, between Norway and Iceland. The capital of the islands is the city of Tórshavn. Local attractions include a historical museum, an art gallery, and an ancient monastery. Tourists also make excursions to a sheep farm, engage in fishing in the sea.

Greenland- the largest island in the world, its area is 2 million sq. km, which is equivalent to one quarter of the territory of the United States. Ice 3-4 km thick covers a significant part of the island. The capital of Greenland is the city of Nuuk, which is home to about 15 thousand inhabitants.

Greenland is known as a destination for sea cruises. Here 61 tourists are offered fishing, hunting, dog sledding, motor sleigh rides, and, of course, skiing is common.

ICELAND. This country is located in the North Atlantic Ocean. Despite the circumpolar location, the climate here is relatively mild: on the coast the average temperature in January is from 0 to 2°, in July - from 10 to 15°. This is a consequence of the influence of the Gulf Stream, which prevents the island from turning into an Arctic desert. Glaciers and volcanoes are the face of Iceland.

This look is complemented beautiful waterfalls and geysers, the heat of which is used to heat buildings. Iceland is sparsely populated, the country's population is only 290 thousand people.

The discoverers of Iceland were Norwegian sailors.

The basis of the country's economy is fishing. Tourism in Iceland is primarily associated with visiting natural attractions: glaciers, fjords, canyons, volcanoes, geysers. The sulfurous water of geysers can be the basis of medical and health tourism.

Among the attractions of the country's capital, Reykjavik (translated as "bay of smoke") are the Natural History Museum, the National Museum, the National Gallery, the Hallgrim Church and the Leif Erikson Monument - a gift from the United States in honor of the millennium of the founding of the Althing, the oldest living parliament in the world.

There are four tourist regions in Iceland: Western Iceland; Northern Iceland; East Iceland; South Iceland. Western Iceland includes the area between Reykjavik and the Klopningnes Peninsula. Here is the Snæfellsjökull volcano, which is almost 1.5 km high.

The territory of Northern Iceland includes eight peninsulas, separated from each other by bays and fjords - the Jökulsárgljúfur National Park is located in this area.

The northern capital of Iceland is the city of Akureyri. Bird watching tours are popular here. You can also see whales here. Business card East Iceland is the Vatnajokull glacier, and the fjords are also a local attraction.

There is a ferry terminal connecting Iceland with the Faroe Islands and Norway. Symbols of South Iceland: Skogafoss and Seljalandfoss waterfalls and black volcanic sand.

The article briefly talks about the Nordic countries. Indicates the distinctive features that distinguish the states of the region from the rest of European states. The main indicators according to which the Scandinavian countries are recognized and absolute leaders are considered.

Where are the Nordic countries located?

The area of ​​the region occupies about 20% of the total Europe, and the number of inhabitants of the region is equal to almost 4% of the entire European population.

Rice. 1. Northern Europe on the map.

The Scandinavian states include:

• two European countries - Sweden and Norway;
• Iceland;
• Denmark;
• self-governing region - Faroe Islands.

The first two countries on the list occupy the Scandinavian Peninsula, which is the largest in Europe. Denmark is located on the Jutland Peninsula and neighboring islands. It is located geographically close to the Scandinavian Peninsula and is separated from it by the narrow Øresund Strait. Iceland is located on the island of the same name in the North Atlantic Ocean. It is separated from the Scandinavian Peninsula by a significant area of ​​​​ocean waters, which makes a difference of almost a thousand kilometers.

TOP 4 articleswho are reading along with this

The northernmost point of Scandinavia is the Spitsbergen archipelago, which is located in the Arctic Ocean.

Rice. 2. Spitsbergen Archipelago.

List of northern European countries and their capitals

The list of Northern Europe today includes the following small states:

• Denmark - Copenhagen;
• Latvia, Riga;
• Iceland - Reykjavik;
• Lithuania - Vilnius;
• Finland - Helsinki;
• Norway - Oslo;
• Estonia - Tallinn;
• Sweden - Stockholm.

Rice. 3. Turning Torso skyscraper in Maln. Sweden..

The largest of the states in the Northern European region that are part of Scandinavia is Sweden, whose population is 9.1 million people, and Iceland is recognized as the smallest state. Its population does not exceed 300 thousand people. About 48% of women and 52% of men live in Northern Europe.

According to the UN classification, Great Britain, along with part of its island territories, also belongs to Northern Europe.

The development of the Nordic countries is such that today these states are becoming leaders in the world economy. The states stand out significantly among other European regions in terms of inflation and unemployment.

The economic growth model of the Scandinavian countries is considered the most attractive in the world. This primarily concerns the level of efficiency of exploitation of external and national resources.

The main characteristic of the Northern European economy is that it is focused not on quantity, but on the quality of the product produced.

Almost all parts of Northern Europe have high standards of living. Countries represent benchmarks in this area including social development. From the report of international organizations it is known that Norway is in first position in the world in the human development index.

What have we learned?

We found out that the Scandinavian countries have the highest living standards in comparison with other European powers. We learned that the model of economic development of the northern region of Europe today is one of the most effective in the world. We supplemented our existing knowledge in the subject of geography (7th grade). We received background information regarding the states that are part of the region.

Test on the topic

Evaluation of the report

Average rating: 4.3. Total ratings received: 196.

Scandinavia

Scandinavia includes the northern European countries of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands.

Scandinavian countries are countries that are completely or partially located on the peninsula of the same name - Sweden, Norway and Finland. TO
Scandinavia also includes neighboring Denmark, Iceland and the Faroe Islands. Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic languages ​​have in common
origin, but the Finnish language stands apart.

Faroe islands

This archipelago of more than 20 islands located in the North Atlantic is home to about 47 thousand people. Before 1380
The Faroe Islands belonged to Norway, and therefore many of their inhabitants are of Norwegian origin. For the last 600 years, the islands belonged to Denmark, in 1948 it granted
them internal autonomy. The Faroese have their own parliament, the Lagting, and are also represented in the Danish parliament.

White Nights

Due to the proximity to North Pole Winters in Scandinavia are long, frosty and snowy. In Iceland and northern areas of Finland, Norway and Sweden,
located above the Arctic Circle, in the summer the sun does not set almost 24 hours a day, and at the end of December there is a long polar night.

Natural resources

Lowland Denmark is famous for its agriculture, Finland for its lakes, Sweden for its forests, Norway for its impressive fjords (narrow
bays), and Iceland - with majestic geysers (natural hot fountains) and volcanoes. The region is rich in natural resources, in particular
oil, gas, iron and forests. Since oil was discovered in the Norwegian Sea in the 1960s, Norway has been completely self-sufficient.
this fuel and also specializes in the production of floating oil rigs. Sweden is an industrialized country in Scandinavia and one of the
richest in Europe. Fishing and shipbuilding are the most important industries in the entire region. Modern Scandinavian architecture and design,
especially in the production of furniture, metal and glass products, widely known throughout the world.

Northern peoples

More than 1000 years ago, Scandinavia was inhabited by Vikings - courageous sailors and warriors. In the 10th century, three different peoples already existed in this region:
Danes, Norwegians and Swedes. In subsequent centuries they often united. In the 16th century, Sweden became one of the strongest kingdoms in Europe. WITH
From 1563 to 1658, Sweden fought wars for dominance in the Baltic Sea. In 1700, Russia, Denmark and Poland declared war on Sweden to end
dominance in the Baltic. The war, called the Northern War, lasted 21 years. Russia conquered the eastern lands from Sweden and established itself on the Baltic shores.
Norway was dependent on the Danish kingdom until 1814, and then came under Swedish rule. Norway became an independent state in
1905

Scandinavian politics

Norway, Denmark and Sweden are constitutional monarchies, while Finland and Iceland are republics. The Scandinavian countries have always actively supported
international organizations that fight for human rights, human health and environmental protection. Many of these efforts are coordinated
Northern Council, created in 1952.

Mythology

In pre-Christian times, the ancient Scandinavians and Germans shared a common mythology. Myths, which were first passed down by word of mouth, were first recorded in
XIII century. Memory of the four main gods of Germanic-Scandinavian mythology - Tiu, Odin, Top and Freya - in modern Germanic languages
were stored in the names of the four days of the week (in English - Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday). Nowadays the main religion in all
Scandinavian countries are Lutherans.

It is impossible to indicate exact population figures in a particular city, because... this is influenced by factors of human migration (students, tourists, visitors from the regions). However, we have compiled a list of the 12 most major cities Scandinavia to admire them and discover some of the sights.

№12

Aalborg, Denmark

Aalborg has a population of 130,853 people. The city is the fourth largest in Denmark. Aalborg is famous for its modern seaside area in the Limfjord, a system of straits in the north of the Jutland Peninsula connecting the North Sea and the Kattegat Strait.

Streets of Aalborg. Photo by Leandro Steve

Amazing views of modern buildings such as the Utzon Center and the futuristic House of Music attract lovers of modern architecture.

Utzon Center. Photo utzoncenter

House of Music. Photo by Lucas Hoang

Aalborg Airport is the third largest in Denmark. Norwegian Norwegian airlines and SAS operate regular flights from Copenhagen to Aalborg and direct flights from some European cities. Getting here is not much of a problem.

№11

Uppsala, Sweden

This Swedish city has a population of about 140,454 people. Sweden's fourth largest city is the birthplace of the scientist who invented the Celsius scale. Uppsala is famous for its educational institutions, in particular Uppsala University, founded in 1477, is the oldest center of higher education in Scandinavia.

Old town of Uppsala. Photo by C.Harrison

The city is home to the largest Cathedral in Scandinavia.

View of the Cathedral. Photo samisamsams

Uppasala is a great place for lovers of art and architecture; there are countless attractions here!

№10

Trondheim, Norway

Trondheim has a population of 169,972 people. The former capital of Norway was founded in 997 by Viking leader Olav Tryggvason, whose legacy lives on to this day.

Trondheim. Photo boris & sandro erceg

The picturesque town is known for its colorful wooden houses (now warehouses) along the river and the colorful Nidaros Cathedral.

Nidaros Cathedral. Photo by gusch_photography

Modern Trondheim is a thriving student town and the technology capital of Norway.

№9

Odense, Denmark

The population of this city is 172,512 people. The well-known birthplace of the fabulous extraordinary writer Hans Christian Andersen, Odense makes the most of associations with the figure of Hans, museums and even streetlights are often depicted in his silhouette.

Odense. Photo by roxannetour

The city has the country's best zoo, fascinating historical museums, and several art galleries.

Kongens Have. Photo by Ian Woodward

A striking feature of the city is the Kongens Have open garden, ideal for relaxing while sightseeing. It is worth carefully exploring all the sights of the city - there are a lot of them!

№8

Stavanger, Norway

Stavanger has a population of approximately 203,771 people. This city may be known to you as Norway's oil mine, but that doesn't make it unattractive to tourists. In fact, many of them visit the oil museum, which is actually much more interesting than it seems. Stavanger is a great base from which to explore the nearby Lysefjord and enjoy strolling through its wonderful, cozy streets.

Stavanger, photo michutravel

Not far from the city is the Swords in the Stone monument. The battle of 872 was immortalized here. The monument was opened by the Norwegian king Olaf V. and consists of three swords 10 meters high, stuck into the rocks near the Havrsfjord fjord.

Three swords. Photo by illesmedia

№7

Bergen, Norway

Bergen has a population of 247,731 people. It is the second largest city in Norway and the former capital, but is best known for its rainy weather. Its unique architecture and proximity to the scenic fjord region make it one of the city's busiest tourist destinations.

Views of Bergen. Photo by Phil Rogers

The Bryggen waterfront, a UNESCO heritage site, attracts incredible numbers of tourists every year.

Bryggen embankment. Photo by Çağla Şar

But the most beauty of Bergen lies in its narrow streets. Here you will find beautifully restored architecture that amazes with its fabulousness and beauty.

Streets of Bergen. Photo isabelcharlotteviktoria

№6

Aarhus, Denmark

The city's population is 264,716 people. The old part of Aarhus amazes with its architecture and is a must-see.

Center of Aarhus. Photo by guo.kailin

Aarhus is the second largest city in Denmark.

The old part of Aarhus. Photo by Kristina Pišl Toličič

Despite its size, the city center is surprisingly compact, but there is a lot there: a harbor, a park, shops, restaurants, hotels and beaches.

One of the streets of Aarhus. Photo by karajuli.a

№5

Malmo, Sweden

Malmö has a population of 301,706 people. The city itself is quite small, but Malmö is part of a network of cities.

Malmö embankment. Photo by een_wasbeer

Almost one million people live near this city. The remarkable Oresund Bridge connects Malmö with Copenhagen, allowing travel between the countries.

Oresund Bridge. Photo reinoldgober

The city's population is young, almost half of the residents are under 35 years of age. When it comes to tourism, Malmö inevitably finds itself in the shadow of its more famous neighbor Copenhagen, but the Swedish town is quite cute and attractive to tourists. A small fortress dating back to 1436 is located here - Malmöhus Castle.

Malmöhus Castle. Photo by fox11chris

№4

Gothenburg, Sweden

The city's population is 581,822 people. Gothenburg is the second largest city in Sweden. Famous for its Dutch-style canals and boulevards.

Gothenburg. Photosbyayk

The gardens and amusement park in Liseberg and the Film Festival, which is held in January every year, attract large numbers of tourists. However, the city has a pleasant atmosphere, with plenty of green space to relax in, and a walk along the riverside is ideal for observing the active life of the city.

Gothenburg. Photo by rob_kavtia_jr

It is definitely worth visiting the old part of the city - the Haga manor palace and the shipyards near the harbor.

№3

Oslo, Norway

The population of the capital of Norway is 942,084 people.

Oslo. Photo more.of.vintage133

Oslo has grown significantly in recent years, attracting immigrants from all over the world. The city itself has about 600,000 people, but the total population living around the Oslofjord reaches a million. There are tons of attractions here, as in any capital of the world.

Oslo. Photo by Dmitry Tkachenko

№2

Copenhagen, Denmark

The population of Copenhagen is 1,295,686 people. The magnificent Christiansborg Palace, Rosenborg Castle, Nyhavn and much more attract a lot of tourists.

Christiansborg. Photo by lululionheart

The Danish capital attracts design lovers from all over the world with its world-famous district.

Nyhavn. Photo charlyglobetrotting

The city is a paradise for cyclists, with outstanding infrastructure for them, including traffic lights and traffic priority over cars.

Copenhagen. Photo by mr_babdellahn

№1

Stockholm, Sweden

The population of the capital of Sweden is 1,515,017 people. The city is large enough to offer a variety of neighborhoods to suit everyone's tastes.

Gamla Stan. Photo by cvladulescu

Tourists fill the narrow alleys of Gamla Stan, while hipsters flock south of the city to the Södermalm street area. However, outside the city limits lie the real delights of Stockholm.

Södermalm. Photo by wandering_paulie

Some 25,000 islands of all shapes and sizes make up the Stockholm archipelago, an incredibly popular destination for summer holiday among the Swedes. A boat trip here is an unforgettable experience, and a reminder that even residents of Scandinavia's biggest cities lead active outdoor lifestyles.