Submarine project 949 Antey. "Antey", submarine: specifications

They released eleven. The continuation of the project 949 "Granite" - the submarine of the project 949A "Antey" - was waiting for a very different fate: there were tragedies and fires. But the Antei faithfully continue to serve the Russian fleet.

After the first two submarines of project 949 were built, the construction of the next ones was carried out according to the modified project - 949A Antey. The development was carried out at the Rubin Central Design Bureau under the leadership of the chief designer P.P. Pustyntsev, and then - I.L. Baranov.

A new compartment appeared on the improved submarine, the length and displacement increased, it was also possible to lower the level of unmasking fields and install the latest equipment.

Architecture:

Duplex architecture. The hull is designed for a working depth of 480 meters, maximum - 600 meters. Compared to its predecessor, Project 949, the length of the hull has grown by 10 meters. The increase in size is associated with the appearance of an additional compartment (6th), due to which the internal layout of systems, mechanisms and equipment has significantly improved. In addition, it was possible to reduce the level of unmasking physical fields and improve the RTV.

Nuclear submarine of project 949A "Smolensk". Photo: "Asterisk"

The body is divided into 10 compartments: 1 - torpedo, 2 - control, 3 - radio room and combat posts, 4 - living quarters, 5 - auxiliary mechanisms and electrical equipment, 6 (additional) - auxiliary mechanisms, 7 - reactor, 8−9 - GTZA , 10 - propulsion motors.

The fencing of retractable devices was located closer to the bow of the submarine. There were VSK (pop-up rescue chamber) and containers for the Igla-1 portable air defense system.

The submarine is divided into two rescue zones: in the bow (1-4 compartments) a pop-up rescue chamber, in 5-9 compartments - an emergency hatch (in the 9th compartment), through which diving equipment exits.

Electronic weapons:

The submarine is equipped with the MGK-540 Skat-3 hydroacoustic system, as well as a radio communication system, combat control, space reconnaissance and target designation. Reception of intelligence data from spacecraft or aircraft is carried out in a submerged position on special antennas. After processing, the received information is entered into the ship's CICS.

Nuclear submarine "Voronezh" at the berth of the enterprise "Zvezdochka". Photo: Oleg Kuleshov/Defend Russia

Navigation system:

The submarine is equipped with the Medveditsa navigation system - automated, with increased accuracy, increased range and a large amount of processed information.

Power plant:

Two pressurized water reactors OK-650 M (each 190 MW) and two steam turbines (with a total capacity of 100 thousand hp) with the main turbo-gear unit OK-9. There are two turbogenerators (3200 kW each) and two backup diesel generators DG-190 (800 kW each), as well as a pair of thrusters.

Armament:

24 anti-ship missiles "" in twin launchers, which are located outside the strong hull (range - from 500 to 600 km, speed - at least 2500 km / h). Target designation took place through the 17K114 space reconnaissance and target designation satellite.

The missiles could be launched both singly and in one gulp - all 24 missiles. When firing in one salvo, the control system automatically distributed targets between the missiles in the group. This made it easier to overcome enemy air defenses and increased the likelihood of hitting the main target - an aircraft carrier. According to calculations, nine hits by Granite are needed to sink an American aircraft carrier, and one missile hit was enough to stop it from flying operations.

The automated torpedo-missile complex of the submarine allows the use of torpedoes, as well as missile-torpedoes "Vodopad", "Wind" and "Shkval" at all immersion depths. It includes four 533-mm and two 650-mm torpedo tubes located in the bow of the hull.

The torpedo tubes are equipped with an automated quick loader and a mechanized loading device. Thanks to this apparatus, all ammunition can be used within a few minutes.

It was planned to build 18 submarines, of which the last 5 were to be built according to an improved design, but due to the difficult situation in the country, only 11 submarines were produced. The twelfth building - "Belgorod" - was subsequently completed according to project 949A, then according to project 949AM, and in 2012 it was relaid according to project 09852. The thirteenth and fourteenth buildings - "Barnaul and Volgograd" - in the 90s were delivered unfinished at the Sevmash pier, in 2012, they were dismantled, and parts of the hull structures were used to build new submarines.

Unfinished submarines of project 949A "Volgograd" and "Barnaul". Photo: Oleg Kuleshov/Defend Russia

All Project 949A ships became part of the Northern and Pacific Fleets.

Submarines built according to project 949A:

1. Krasnodar. Recycled. During the disposal process on March 17, 2014, a fire occurred due to non-compliance with safety regulations during hot work.
2. Krasnoyarsk. It sits in sludge awaiting disposal. The name of the submarine was transferred to the new nuclear submarine, the construction of which.
3. "Irkutsk". Undergoing repairs and modernization under project 949AM at the Zvezda shipyard in Bolshoi Kamen.
4. "Voronezh". In the combat composition of the fleet.
5. "Smolensk". In the combat composition of the fleet.
6. "Chelyabinsk". Undergoing repairs and modernization under project 949AM at the Zvezda shipyard in Bolshoi Kamen.
7. "Tver". In the combat composition of the fleet.
8. "Eagle". Undergoing repairs. a fire broke out on a submarine due to non-compliance with safety regulations during hot work. The repair will continue, the boat will be handed over to the fleet in 2016.
9. "Omsk". In the combat composition of the fleet.
10. "Kursk". Died along with the crew under unclear circumstances on August 12, 2000.
11. "Tomsk". Undergoing repairs and modernization under project 949AM at the Zvezda shipyard in Bolshoi Kamen. During the repair on September 16, 2013, a fire occurred due to non-compliance with safety regulations during hot work.

To date, out of 11 submarines built, eight remain in service (of which only four are running).

Future:

In the coming years, the grouping of Project 949A ships will undergo a major modernization at the Zvezda Far East plant. According to the plans of the command, the boats of the project will go through a rearmament program for the Onyx and Caliber missile systems. The project for the modernization of submarines and their weapons was developed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau.

Project 949 "Granit" submarines

Construction and service

Construction site

Total information

Power plant

Armament

History of creation

Prerequisites for creation

After the start of construction in the United States in 1968 of Nimitz-type aircraft carriers and the adoption by the US Navy of new carrier-based aircraft - the Grumman F-14 Tomcat and Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, the air defense and missile defense line of aircraft carrier formations expanded significantly, reaching 450-500 km. Equipping new aircraft carriers with Lockheed S-3 Viking anti-submarine aircraft, and equipping escort ships with anti-submarine helicopters, sonar and guided missile systems, has significantly increased their anti-submarine potential. As a result, the capabilities of Soviet nuclear submarines with Project 675 cruise missiles looked insufficient to guarantee the destruction of these groups. It was necessary to create a new, much more powerful and long-range submarine-launched missile system, which would provide massive underwater strikes against ships from considerable distances with the ability to select the target to be hit.

Under the new complex, a new carrier was also needed, which could carry out salvo fire with 20–24 missiles from a submerged position, this concentration of weapons, according to calculations, could “break through” the missile defense of a promising aircraft carrier formation. In addition, the new missile carrier should have had increased stealth, speed and depth of immersion, to ensure separation from pursuit and the ability to overcome enemy anti-submarine defenses.

Design

SSGN K-525 "Arkhangelsk" project 949 "Granit" - OSCAR-I

Preliminary work on the 3rd generation submarine missile carrier began in 1967, and in 1969 the navy issued an official tactical and technical assignment (TTZ) for a "heavy submarine missile cruiser" equipped with an operational missile system. When developing the TTZ, the Main Headquarters of the USSR Navy proposed the following concept for the use of a nuclear submarine with anti-ship cruise missiles (SSGNs):

• the number of anti-ship missiles (ASMs) in a salvo of one SSGN should ensure the destruction of an aircraft carrier as part of an aircraft carrier strike group (AUG);
• the number of SSGNs in the Navy should be no less than the possible number of AUGs of a potential enemy, taking into account the reserve;
• the characteristics of the SSGN should ensure the deployment of the anti-aircraft carrier forces of the USSR in any region of the ocean, ensuring contact with the AUG during any of its maneuvers;

The project, which received the code "Granite" and the number 949, was developed at the Rubin Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering under the leadership of Pustyntsev P.P. It was assumed that in the development of a new missile carrier, scientific and technical groundwork would be widely used, as well as individual design solutions obtained during the creation of the world's fastest submarine project 661. At the first stage of the preliminary design development, more than 100 ship layout options were considered. As a result, two layout options were presented to the Presidium of the Scientific and Technical Council of the USSR Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry - the option that meets the requirements of the Navy TTZ to the maximum and the option with limited tactical and technical elements that allow the construction of SSGNs at the country's domestic shipyards. The draft design was approved in the first version on March 15, 1971. The technical design of the boat was approved in July 1972.

Construction and testing

The original plans provided for the construction of a large series of 20 ships. After the construction of two submarines, production continued on the improved project 949A "Antey". In the process of developing the boat, a towed model 25 m long was created, which was tested in various ways on the Ladoga Ore and in Sevastopol. The construction of the SSGN of project 949 has been carried out since 1975 in Severodvinsk at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise (SSZ No. 402). 129 enterprises and 16 ministries of the USSR Council of Ministers participated in the creation of the SSGN project 949.

Design Description

Project 949-nuclear submarine cruiser with cruise missiles.

Frame

Like all previous Soviet submarines, the SSGN of the 949th project has a structurally two-hull architecture - an external hydrodynamic shell and an internal strong hull. The aft part with plumage and two propeller shafts is similar to the nuclear submarines of project 661. The distance between the outer and inner hulls provides a significant margin of buoyancy and survivability in the event of a torpedo hit.

The robust cylindrical body was made of AK-33 steel, the thickness of which was 45-68 millimeters. The hull was designed for a maximum diving depth of 600 meters. The end bulkheads of the pressure hull are spherical, cast, the aft radius is 6.5 meters, the bow radius is 8 meters. Cross bulkheads are flat. Bulkheads between 1 and 2, as well as 4 and 5 compartments, they are designed for a pressure of 40 atmospheres and have a thickness of 20 millimeters. Thus, the submarine is divided into three shelter compartments for emergencies at depths up to 400 meters. Other bulkheads inside the rescue zones were designed for 10 atmospheres (for depths up to 100 meters). The rugged case was divided into 9 compartments:

1. torpedo;
2. control, accumulator;
3. radio room and combat posts;
4. Living spaces;
5. auxiliary mechanisms and electrical equipment;
6. reactor;
7. GTZA;
8. GTZA;
9. rowing motors.

Detachment of the pop-up rescue chamber

The light hull of the boat is covered with an anti-hydroacoustic coating. A degaussing device is located along the light body. The fencing of the shafts of the retractable devices was shifted towards the bow of the submarine. It has a large length - 29 meters. In addition to retractable devices, it contains a pop-up rescue chamber. The fencing of the shafts of retractable devices is equipped with ice reinforcements and a rounded roof intended for breaking ice during ascent in difficult ice conditions. In addition to retractable devices, it contains a pop-up rescue chamber. The design of the boat is specially equipped for sailing in the Arctic regions - there are special reinforcements for the light hull and cabin. Retractable horizontal horizontal rudders are placed in the bow.

SSGN K-206 "Murmansk" differs from the K-525 "Arkhangelsk" in a more swept keel with an antenna container of a towed sonar system of the "Pelamida" type.

Power plant

The power plant of the ship is maximally unified with the main power plant of Project 941 SSBNs and has a two-stage depreciation system and block design. It includes two water-cooled reactors OK-650B, 190 MW each, and two steam turbines with the main turbo-gear unit OK-9 with a total capacity of 98,000 hp, which operate through gearboxes that reduce the rotational speed on two propeller shafts. The steam turbine plant is located in two different compartments. The ship's power plant also includes two DG-190 turbogenerators of 3200 kW each.

The main power plant due to the two-shaft has one hundred percent redundancy. The main turbo gear unit, steam generating unit, electric motors, autonomous turbogenerators, as well as the shaft line and the propeller of one side are duplicated by the second side. In this regard, if one element or the entire mechanical installation of one side fails, the submarine does not lose its combat capabilities.

Optional equipment

rescue buoy

The emergency rescue equipment developed for submarines of the 949th project surpasses similar equipment for submarines of previous projects. In the bow area there is a pop-up chamber accommodating the entire crew. The aft area is equipped with an individual rescue system - by exiting the emergency hatch in diving equipment. The hatch is located in the ninth compartment. The autonomous buoy of the V-600 complex, rising from depths of up to 1000 meters, provides automatic data transmission over a distance of up to 3000 kilometers within 5 days about the accident on the submarine and its coordinates at the moment the buoy separated from the boat.

High-pressure air (HPA) supplies provide the ability to blow through the ballast in the amount necessary to compensate for negative buoyancy in the event of flooding of any compartment with damage to two main ballast tanks at a depth of less than 150 meters. The blowing time of all tanks from the periscope depth is less than 90 seconds. Powder gas generators are used for emergency blowing. The hydraulic system operates from a pair of duplicating each other steering and ship hydraulic pumping stations located in the ninth and third compartments. In the event of a complete blackout of the submarine, they have the energy reserve necessary for three shifts of the horizontal bow and stern rudders. The submarine's drainage means ensure the removal of water not only on the surface, but also at all depths, including the maximum, and the total pumping at the maximum depth is more than 90 cubic meters per hour.

Crew and Habitability

Rest room on the SSGN 949 project

Optimal conditions were created for the crew members of the nuclear submarine for long-term autonomous navigation. The personnel were provided with individual permanent berths in 1-, 2-, 4- and 6-bed cabins. Compartments with living quarters were equipped with a radio broadcasting network. The submarine has a dining room and a wardroom for the simultaneous eating of forty-two sailors, for baking bread and cooking - a galley, consisting of a cooking and harvesting compartment. The supply of provisions, designed for complete autonomy, was in the storerooms and provisional cells. The submarines also have a gym, solarium, swimming pool, living area and sauna.

In all modes, when the main power plant is running, the air conditioning and ventilation system provides indoor air with standard values ​​for humidity, temperature and chemical composition. The system of chemical regeneration ensures the content of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the submarine's compartments during the entire voyage in autonomous mode within the established norms. The air purification system eliminates the content of harmful impurities.

Armament

Missile weapons

Barencevo sea. Start of anti-ship missiles "Granite", released from under the water

The main armament of the SSGN of the 949th project includes the 3K45 "Granit" missile strike system with 24 inclined launchers (PU) SM-225 with supersonic anti-ship missiles 3M45 "Granit" - SS-N-19 SHIPWRECK. Missile launchers are located in two groups of 12 pieces on board outside the pressure hull.

Launcher CM-225 - inclined with a constant elevation angle - 40 degrees. Start "wet" - the launcher is filled with water before the start to reduce thermal loads on the launcher and the carrier and equalize the pressure. The SSGN is equipped with a system for routine and launch maintenance of the missile system with tanks for replacing the negative buoyancy of launched missiles and the corresponding drainage and air systems. The system of compensation tanks ensures that the boat is in a given depth corridor when the missiles are launched.

The 3M45 rocket of the Granit complex, which has a nuclear 500 Kt or a high-explosive warhead of 750 kg, is equipped with a sustainer solid-propellant rocket engine (SDR) KR-93 with a solid-fuel ring rocket booster. The maximum range of fire is from 550 to 600 kilometers, the maximum speed at high altitude corresponds to M=2.5, at low altitude - M=1.5. Starting weight - 7 thousand kilograms, body diameter - 0.88 meters, length - 19.5 meters, wingspan - 2.6 meters. Missiles can be fired not only singly, but also in one gulp.

Torpedo armament

The torpedo-missile automated complex "Leningrad-949" makes it possible to use torpedoes, as well as missile-torpedoes "Wind" and "Waterfall" at all immersion depths. The complex includes two 650-mm and four 533-mm torpedo tubes equipped with a quick loader with transverse and longitudinal feed racks located in the bow of the submarine, and Grinda torpedo fire control devices. The fast loader allows you to use the entire torpedo ammunition within a few minutes. The ammunition load includes 24 torpedoes: 650 mm anti-ship 65-76A, 533 mm universal USET-80, Shkval missiles and anti-submarine missiles 84R and 83R. Torpedoes can be fired from depths up to 480 meters at speeds from 13 to 18.

Ammunition options

Anti-aircraft weapons

Two launchers of the Igla-1 9K310 portable anti-aircraft missile system (MANPADS) according to NATO classification - SA-16 Gimlet were used as air defense systems on the Project 949 SSGN. Ammunition for them from 10 anti-aircraft guided missiles was stored in the fence of retractable devices.

Communications, detection, auxiliary equipment

Periscope of the television-optical complex MTK-110

The basis of the electronic weapons of the Project 949 nuclear submarine is the Combat Information and Control System (CICS) MVU-132 Omnibus, the consoles of which were located in the second compartment. The boat is equipped with the MGK-540 "Skat-3" hydroacoustic complex (HAC), consisting of the NOR-1 locating detector, the MG-519 "Arfa" mine detection station, the MGS-30 emergency transponder station, the navigation detector of the circular NOK-1, MG- 512 "Screw", echometer MG-543, MG-518 "North". All these tools make it possible to automatically find, take direction finding and track various targets, up to 30 targets simultaneously, in narrow and wideband direction finding modes in the infrasound, sound and high-frequency ranges. There is a low-frequency towed receiving antenna, which is released from the upper tube on the stern stabilizer and hydrophones, placed on the sides of the light hull. The GAK operates at a distance of up to 220 kilometers. The main mode is passive, but there is the possibility of automated detection, measurement of the heading angle and distance to the target by an echo signal in the active mode. A degaussing device is installed along the light body.

Atomic Submarine- a strong and deadly machine. Nowhere else on the planet is there such a concentration of people and firepower. they really fought on the front of the Cold War, but for all their strength they cannot be compared with the power of the seas. The strongest enemy of a submariner is not a potential enemy, but the ocean itself. The deep sea environment will look for a flaw in the steel cocoon submarine. She can break in and drown her. The sea can make a submariner its prisoner and kill him with terrifying slowness.

NUCLEAR SUBMARINES PROJECT 949/949А "Granit"/"Antey"

Impact atomic submarines Project 949 is a kind of submarine missile carriers that have become a real threat to surface ships of the "" type. Interest in them has always remained great on the part of foreign intelligence services as a treasure trove of secrets.

The rapid modernization of the potential enemy’s naval weapons gradually nullified the capabilities of the Soviet submarines missile carriers. Now the aircraft carrier strike groups of the NATO fleet could inflict 1,500 nuclear strikes on the territory of the USSR within three days. By that time, the Soviet Union was already developing an anti-ship complex " Granite". Its missiles were completely autonomous throughout the flight path, had a multi-variant target attack program and increased noise immunity, which made it possible to use them to destroy group surface circuits. The Soviet military leadership instructed three design bureaus at once to create a carrier for such missiles, a cruising submarine third generation. After the development of tactical and technical specifications in December 1978 at the Central Design Bureau of MT " Ruby» in Leningrad, the keel of the first submarine, opening a series of nuclear-powered ships of project 949.

Project 949 received the code " Granite". P.P. was appointed chief designer. Pustyntsev.

The lead submarine K-525 was launched in 1980 and entered service on October 2, 1981. NATO forces classified her as " Oscar". The next submarine K-206 entered service in 1983.

nuclear submarines of project 949 "Granit" photo

restroom

complex "Granite"

launching of the submarine "Omsk"

submarine "Omsk"

submarine "Smolensk"

After the first two submarines, construction began submarines according to the improved project 949A code " Antey"(according to NATO classification -" Oscar II»).

As a result of modernization submarine received an additional compartment, allowing designers to improve the internal layout of weapons and on-board equipment. As a result, displacement submarine project 949A increased by 2000 tons, at the same time, it was possible to reduce the level of unmasking fields and install improved equipment.

Submarines project 949 are two-hull ships with a strong cylindrical hull, divided into 9 compartments. The light body is covered with a special anti-sonar coating.

To facilitate ascent in ice, the conning tower has a reinforced rounded roof. Bow horizontal rudders submarines installed in the bow and retracted inside the light hull. There are also two thrusters.

main armament submarines of project 949 are 24 anti-ship missiles Granite", located along the sides in the launchers. Missiles can be fired both singly and in one gulp. Torpedo tubes with 26 torpedoes are installed in the bow. The torpedo tubes are automated and equipped with a fast-loading device, with racks of longitudinal and transverse feed, which allows you to shoot all the ammunition within a few minutes.

Project 949 submarines are equipped with a sonar system " stingray", navigation complex" Bear"and a radio communication complex" Tsunami».

The main power plant has a block design and includes two nuclear reactors of the OK-650B type and two steam turbines of the OK-9 type with a capacity of 98,000 liters. s, working through gearboxes on propellers. Optional for helper functions submarines project 949 are equipped with two DG-190 diesel generators with a capacity of 8700 hp. With..

Submarines project 949 differ from their "colleagues" in fairly decent conditions of comfort and habitability of personnel for long-term autonomous navigation.

All crew members SSGN project 949 are provided with individual berths in one-, two-, four- and six-bed cabins. The submarine has a wardroom and a dining room for 42 sailors to eat at the same time. The stock of provisions for full autonomy is located in provisional freezers and pantries. The missile carrier also has a gym, swimming pool, solarium, sauna and living corner.

The leadership is planned to have twenty submarines of this type, but only 13 were built. None of submarine has not served its time. Already decommissioned by 2001 submarines K-525 and K-206 of project 949, K-148 and K-173 are in the sludge. Submarines K-132 and K-119 require major repairs.

THE FATE OF PROJECT 949 K-141 KURSK SUBMARINE

Submerged under water, a nuclear submarine makes less noise than the sea itself, and its nuclear reactor can supply electricity to a small city. The ears of a nuclear submarine are hydroacoustic capable of hearing the sound of feeding shrimp or whales. nuclear submarine should always function, so work on it continues around the clock. Powerful and technically perfect submarines still remain vulnerable. And when something happens, the consequences are too often fatal.

August 2000 Russian nuclear Submarine « Kursk» K-141 stands at the berth of the Western Arctic base of the Russian Navy Zapadnaya Litsa. The submarine's crew of 118 is an intelligent, courageous and close-knit brotherhood and is not much different from the crews of foreign submarines. The submarine is run by strikingly young people. The average age of the crew is 24 years. Like all submariners, the cruiser's crew is glad that they are going to sea. " Kursk leaves his home base, heading for exercises in the Barents Sea.

August 12, 2000 at 09:00 the crew submarine preparing for a torpedo attack. The role of the target is played by the atomic Peter the Great". The commander of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Federation, Admiral Popov, gives the order to start. An American nearby is watching Russian exercises. Suddenly, her sonar picks up a terrible noise. The explosion caused the submarine's torpedo room to detonate. Kursk. Two minutes later, seismographs record a second powerful explosion. Mighty " Kursk, the giant deadly weapon of war is destroyed. Most of the crew died immediately, but 24 surviving submariners gathered in the ninth compartment.

« Kursk” lay in relatively shallow water. On board the cruiser Peter the Great' couldn't believe that Submarine sank. Several hours passed before the alarm was raised. The first hours of the catastrophe are decisive. But only 30 hours later, Russian rescuers went to the Kursk submarine. Russian media reported that the nuclear submarine had technical problems, and the submarine deliberately sank to the bottom.

The truth in the form of rumors reached relatives waiting for submariners in the military town of Vedyaevo. Mothers and wives did not know what to believe and whom. Representatives of the fleet gave conflicting information. Relatives were told that with a submarine " Kursk» A connection is established and knocks are heard from it.
Despite official statements, Russian rescuers failed to dock with the nuclear submarine. Kursk". This was due to the place where the submarine lay. There was a strong current, which complicated the accuracy of docking with the emergency site. However, the Russian Navy did not accept the help of the United States and other countries. With every hour, the chances of saving someone were hidden.

Four days after the accident Kursk» The military leadership continued to refuse any foreign aid. For more than a week, the distraught mothers and wives, in spite of everything, hoped that it was still possible to save the submariners. Finally, Russian leadership officials admitted that they could not reach the people in the submarine.

Later rescue teams from Norway and Great Britain were invited. The submarine has been found. With the help of a hammer, the rescuers opened the hatch and thanks to the milk, which did not begin to flow inside in a white veil, the rescuers realized that all 118 people submarine « Kursk» died. Days later, the blatant lies of officials, the commander of the fleet, Admiral Alexander Popov, spoke on television: “ Life goes on, raise children, raise your sons, and forgive me for not being able to save your loved ones».

LIFTING THE KURSK SUBMARINE

For a large-scale operation to raise the Kursk, about 40 sets of documents of various kinds were developed. Many force majeure circumstances that could arise during the ascent were discussed. Finally, the submarine "Kursk" project 949 in October 2001 with the help of the ship " GIANT 4» created by the company « MAMMOET' was raised. The submarine was lifted at a speed of 9 meters per hour. Operation was successfully completed. After fixing the object, the ship was sent to the Murmansk region to the shipyard in Roslyakovo. The ship was then taken to the floating dock, where Premier League « Kursk"was secured in a submerged position. After pumping water from the dock, a terrible picture appeared to people. The submarine did not have a bow compartment, and what was left of it was torn to shreds. Then it was delivered to Snezhnogorsk for further disposal.

Technical characteristics of the nuclear submarine project 949 "Granit":
Surface displacement - 13400 tons;
Underwater displacement - 22500 tons;
Length - 143 m;
Width - 18.2 m;
Draft - 9.2 m;
Immersion depth - 400 m;
Surface speed - 15 knots;
Underwater speed - 30 knots;
Power reserve - unlimited;
Autonomy - 110 days;
Crew - 107 people;
Power plant - nuclear;
Turbine power - 100,000 hp;
Armament:
Shock missile:
Anti-ship missile system P-700 "Granit"
Ammunition - 24 missiles ZM-45;
Anti-aircraft missile:
Anti-aircraft missile system 9K310 "Igla-1" - 2;
Torpedo:
Torpedo tubes 650 mm - 2 (bow);
Torpedo tubes 533 mm - 4 (bow);
Ammunition - 24 torpedoes;

Usually the attention of the public is riveted by strategic submarines. This is understandable - the realization that a submarine carries dozens of powerful nuclear warheads cannot but impress. And the role of underwater "rocket sites" in maintaining the "nuclear shield" has always been emphasized.

However, in the Soviet, and then the Russian submarine fleet, an equally significant role was played by Project 949A Antey submarines, a kind of analogue of surface missile cruisers. It was they who were the underwater "aircraft carrier killers" capable of destroying an entire strike group. They remain a counterbalance to these groups even now.

History of creation

The development of the third-generation Soviet nuclear submarines began in 1969 after a government decree on the adoption of a program for the construction of warships. It was supposed to develop an underwater strategic missile carrier, a multi-purpose attack submarine and a submarine armed with anti-ship cruise missiles. It is the latter idea that will be embodied in the form of Project 949 submarines.

The submarines of the new generation were initially subject to stringent requirements to reduce visibility, and if they had previously tried to achieve this by increasing the depth of immersion, now the approach has changed. The new nuclear submarines were to become invisible due to low noise. Project 949 Granit submarines, designed by the Rubin design bureau, turned out to be the first nuclear submarines of the third generation at the time of creation. This forced the designers of other boats to unify their projects with the "949".

The terms of reference involved the creation of a submarine capable of independently finding enemy aircraft carrier groups, tracking them, and also being able to destroy enemy ships with a missile salvo, and then leave, using high speed and noiselessness. In order for the submarine cruiser to be able to perform such a task, the P-700 heavy cruise missiles, named, like the nuclear submarine project, Granit, began to be developed specifically for it.

The solid dimensions of the future missile, as well as the need to place a large number of launchers on the submarine, determined the dimensions and displacement of the future cruiser.

Since it turned out that only a plant in Severodvinsk (NSR) could build such a large submarine, the designers also prepared a version of the project with “limited capabilities”, the construction of which could be deployed at other shipyards. But they still approved the main option. The lead ship, K-525, was laid down in 1975, and the second, K-206, in 1979.

They became the only submarines of Project 949 Granit. This did not mean a refusal to build - just the rest of the planned ships were built according to an improved project, called "949A" Antey ". They were distinguished by an elongated hull (adding 10 meters in length), in which an additional compartment appeared. Due to this, they were able to better place the internal mechanisms. In addition, the noise level has been further reduced. The first "Antey" was laid in 1982, he received the designation K-148.

Design

The robust case is cylindrical in shape and made of steel. Bulkheads divide it into nine (on submarines of the Granit project) or ten (at Anteev) compartments. On the sides, between the light and durable hulls, launchers of anti-ship missiles "Granit" are placed.

Due to this placement of weapons, the light hull received a characteristic “flattened” shape, for which the boat was nicknamed “loaf”.

The “superstructure” fencing covers the navigation bridge, retractable devices (periscopes, etc.) and air supply systems for diesel generators and ventilation.

In the bow compartment - torpedo weapons and batteries. In the next two compartments there is a central post, other combat posts, a radio room. These compartments also serve to accommodate batteries. The fourth compartment is residential, the fifth contains auxiliary mechanisms. The additional compartment, which appeared on the 949A project, also contains auxiliary units.

The reactor compartment is the seventh, followed by steam turbines in separate compartments. Aft compartment - for electromechanics. The cruiser's power plant is based on two OK-650M pressurized water reactors and two steam turbines that rotate two fixed-pitch propellers through gearboxes.

There is a pop-up escape pod inside the sub's retractable enclosure. With its help, you can evacuate the entire crew from the submarine, even if the boat is at the maximum depth.

An emergency hatch is provided in the forward rescue area, through which you can exit, being dressed in rescue equipment. The hatch in the aft rescue area is additionally equipped with a platform for landing rescue vehicles. The pop-up buoys B-600, capable of being separated from the hull automatically, should notify about the accident.

There were differences not only between Granite and Antey, but also between individual project ships. This was due to the fact that the projects were continuously modernized, counting on the gradual introduction of mechanisms and design solutions that have not yet been developed and thought out. So, a place for installing a towed antenna "Pelamida" appeared on the K-206, and the K-148 became the first cruiser to actually receive this antenna.

K-173 (the second "Antey") received new launchers that could be used to launch promising missiles, moreover, they reduced the mass of missile systems by 60 tons.

A new hydroacoustic complex was installed on the K-132 submarine, and the K-119 received a new periscope and a different system for purging surge tanks.

Armament

The Anteev's main weapon, the Granit cruise missiles, needs no further introduction. Suffice it to say that the only surface ships capable of using them were the heavy cruisers of the Orlan project, and there were four fewer missiles there than on submarine cruisers.

The launch of all 24 missiles in one salvo, according to the calculations of the designers, would have made it possible to break through any missile defense, and the ability of the missiles to exchange data with each other made it possible to optimally distribute targets "independently". Rockets are launched from under the water. To guide the P-700 to targets at maximum range, data was used either from Tu-95RTs aircraft or from the Liana satellite reconnaissance system.

The later boats of the series were supposed to be armed with promising Bolid missiles, and those already built were supposed to be re-equipped with them during repairs. However, in the 1990s, the construction of the laid down boats was frozen, and work on the theme of the "Fireball" was closed. But the scheme for re-equipping Anteev with Onyx and Caliber missiles, developed at the same time, was implemented in the next century.

Since 2013, the K-123 Irkutsk submarine has been modernized, it is expected that during the repair of the K-442 Chelyabinsk submarine, it will also be re-equipped.

In the future, re-equipped boats will be able to use the latest ones.

Through two torpedo tubes of 650mm caliber, the cruisers of the Antey project could launch torpedoes 65-76. These 4-ton torpedoes could reach speeds of up to 70 knots (according to some sources), and their warhead contained more than half a ton of explosive. The ammunition was eight torpedoes, on some boats - 12. Torpedoes 65-76 were removed from service after the death, concluding that the disaster was due to the explosion of the warhead of this type of weapon.

Four 533mm torpedo tubes are used to launch USET-80 homing electric torpedoes. They develop up to 45 knots and contain a warhead weighing up to 300 kg.

Vodopad and Shkval rocket-torpedoes can also be launched through 533mm devices, developing a cruising speed of 375 km / h with the help of a hydrojet engine and movement in a steam bubble.

For self-defense from aircraft, the crew of the Antey, which is on the surface, uses the Igla portable anti-aircraft missile system, there are 16 such missiles on board.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Despite the fact that the expression "has no analogues" is often used in an ironic vein, there is no other way to say about the submarines of the Antey project. The generation of American submarines that appeared in the same years included two types of ships - the Ohio strategic missile carriers and the Los Angeles multi-purpose attack boats.

Underwater cruisers capable of independently destroying Soviet squadrons were simply not developed. On the other hand, in the 2000s, the oldest Ohio-class boats were converted into Tomahawk cruise missile carriers, becoming a fairly close analogue of the Anteev, rearmed with Onyx missiles.

	Project 949AM	Ohio-class SSGN
Displacement, tons	14700/24000	16764/18750
Length, meters	154	170
Width, meters	18	13
Speed, knots	32	25
Crew, man	130	155
Armament	2 x 650mm torpedo tubes, 4 x 533mm torpedo tubes, 72 Onyx missile launchers	4 torpedo tubes caliber 533mm, 154 KR "Tomahawk"

It is clear that more cruise missiles were placed in the Trident ballistic missile silos than in the Granite site. At the same time, the American submarine retained a relatively low speed, and is inferior to the Antey in terms of immersion depth. Still, the carrier of strategic missiles did not need to quietly follow the ships and quickly evade pursuit. And when shelling coastal and ground targets, these qualities will not become decisive.

They do not require more from old boats - if only they would serve their term. But the rearmed "Antey" should also retain the ability to counter the strike groups of the fleet, and how high they will be is unknown.

Exploitation

During the 1980s, six Anteys and two boats built according to the original design were handed over to the fleet. From 1992 to 1996, six more submarines were completed and commissioned. All of them served in the Northern and Pacific fleets. In the nineties, cruisers received their own names in addition to alphanumeric indices.

Boats were named after cities.

Although maintaining submarines in combat readiness was declared a priority, the critical state of the state's economy forced the old ones to be written off as the new Anteys were completed. By the end of the decade, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk, the Granite project boats, were decommissioned. Behind them, the lists of the fleet left the first "Antei" - "Krasnodar" and "Krasnoyarsk". Irkutsk, laid down in 1985 and commissioned in 1988, remained the "oldest" cruiser.

Antei gained wide popularity in 2000, but under such circumstances that it would be better if they did not receive it. During the exercise, the newest Project 949A boat of the Northern Fleet, the Kursk, was lost with the entire crew. At the same time, the warning buoys did not work, and the sailors could not use the means of rescue.

Three boats, the construction of which was suspended, were in a fairly high degree of readiness by the beginning of the 2000s. Two of them were finally abandoned in 2012, and they were dismantled for metal. But the boat "Belgorod" was decided to be relaid and completed according to a special project. She will become the carrier of deep-sea vehicles. The remaining eight "Anteys", contrary to pessimistic forecasts, were successfully repaired and are either in combat service or are being modernized.

Although Project 949A submarines were developed back in the 70s, they still remain a formidable weapon.

This is best evidenced by the fact that it was them, in contrast to the Project 1144 surface cruisers, that they tried to save with all their might in the hardest nineties. All the "Eagles" then went to the reserve, but the "Antei" remained in service and were completed.

High fighting qualities and the huge firepower of the submarine cruiser is not in doubt. Analysts doubt otherwise - was not the Antey, a huge, expensive and rather highly specialized boat, a dead end branch of development? It is possible that the Americans were right, who relied on relatively cheap and massive multi-purpose boats. But for their time, Project 949A submarines were certainly relevant and necessary. And their time may not have passed yet.

Video

Project 949A Antey submarine cruisers are a series of third-generation nuclear submarines armed with Granit anti-ship cruise missiles, which were designed in the early 80s at the Rubin Design Bureau. Submarines of project 949A, in fact, are an improved version of the ships of project 949 "Granite", work on which began in the late 60s. The main task of these submarines is to destroy enemy aircraft carrier strike groups.

The first Project 949A submarine was commissioned by the Soviet Navy in 1986. In total, eleven submarines of this series were built, eight of which are currently serving in the Russian Navy. Another submarine is under conservation. Each of the "Anteev" bears the name of one of the Russian cities: Irkutsk, Voronezh, Smolensk, Chelyabinsk, Tver, Orel, Omsk and Tomsk.

One of the most tragic pages in the recent history of the Russian fleet is connected with Project 949A submarines. In August 2000, the nuclear submarine Kurs was lost in the Barents Sea along with the crew. The official causes of this catastrophe still raise a lot of questions to this day.

One of the main tasks that faced the Soviet Navy after the end of World War II was the fight against American aircraft carrier groups. Project 949A "Antey" became the pinnacle of the development of highly specialized submarine cruisers - "killers" of aircraft carriers.

The cost of one Antey submarine was 226 million Soviet rubles (mid-80s), which is ten times less than the cost of an American Nimitz-class aircraft carrier.

History of creation

At the end of the 60s, the development of two projects inextricably linked with each other began in the USSR. OKB-52 began work on the creation of a new long-range anti-ship missile system that could be used against powerful enemy ship groups. First of all, it was about the destruction of American aircraft carriers.

Around the same time, the Rubin Central Design Bureau began to create a third-generation submarine missile carrier, which would become the carrier for the new missile system and replace the obsolete Project 675 nuclear submarines.

The military needed a powerful and effective means capable of hitting enemy ships at considerable distances and a submarine with greater speed, stealth and immersion depth.

In 1969, the Navy prepared an official assignment for the development of a new submarine, the project received the designation "Granite" and the number 949. The military requirements for a new anti-ship missile were also formulated. They had to have a flight range of at least 500 km, high speed (at least 2500 km / h), start from both underwater and surface positions. This missile was planned to be used not only for arming submarines, but also for surface ships. In addition, the military was very interested in the possibility of salvo fire - it was believed that a "flock" of twenty missiles had more chances to break through the layered air defense of an aircraft carrier order.

However, the effectiveness of long-range anti-ship missiles was determined not only by their speed and the mass of the warhead. A reliable system of target designation and reconnaissance was needed: the enemy first had to be found in the vast ocean.

The “Success” system that existed at that time, which used Tu-95 aircraft, was far from perfect, so the Soviet military-industrial complex was tasked with creating the world's first space system for searching for surface objects and monitoring them. Such a system had a number of advantages: it did not depend on the weather, could collect information about the situation on vast areas of the water surface, and was practically inaccessible to the enemy. The military demanded that target designations be issued directly to weapon carriers or command posts.

The lead organization responsible for the development of the system was OKB-52 under the leadership of V.N. Chelomey. In 1978, this system was adopted. She received the designation "Legend".

In the same year, the first submarine of project 949, K-525 Arkhangelsk, was launched, in 1980 it was commissioned into the fleet, in 1983 the second ship of this project, the nuclear submarine K-206 Murmansk, was put into operation. The construction of submarines was carried out at the "Northern Machine-Building Enterprise".

At the end of 1975, tests began on the main weapon of these submarines - the P-700 Granit missile system. They were successfully completed in August 1983.

Further construction of submarines was carried out according to the improved project 949A "Antey". On the modernized nuclear submarines, one more compartment appeared, which improved its internal layout, the length of the ship increased, and its displacement increased. More advanced equipment was installed on the submarine, the developers managed to increase the stealth of the ship.

It was originally planned to build twenty nuclear submarines under the Antey project, but the collapse of the Soviet Union corrected these plans. A total of eleven ships were built, two boats, K-148 Krasnodar and K-173 Krasnoyarsk, have been scrapped or are in the process of being scrapped. Another submarine of this project, K-141 Kursk, was lost in August 2000. Currently, the Russian fleet includes: K-119 Voronezh, K-132 Irkutsk, K-410 Smolensk, K-456 Tver, K-442 Chelyabinsk, K-266 Eagle , K-186 "Omsk" and K-150 "Tomsk".

The completion of another nuclear submarine of this project, K-139 Belgorod, will be continued according to a more advanced project - 09852. Another Antey-class submarine, K-135 Volgograd, was mothballed in 1998.

Design Description

Submarines of the Antey project are made according to a two-hull scheme: the inner strong hull is surrounded by a light outer hydrodynamic hull. The stern part of the vessel with plumage and propeller shafts as a whole resembles a Project 661 nuclear submarine.

The double-hull architecture has a number of advantages: it provides the vessel with excellent buoyancy and increases its protection against underwater explosions, but at the same time significantly increases the ship's displacement. Underwater displacement of nuclear submarines of this project is approximately 24,000 tons, of which about 10,000 are water.

The robust hull of the submarine cruiser has a cylindrical shape, the thickness of its walls is from 48 to 65 mm.

The body is divided into ten compartments:

• torpedo;
• management;
• combat posts and radio room;
• Living spaces;
• electrical equipment and auxiliary mechanisms;
• auxiliary mechanisms;
• reactor;
• GTZA;
• rowing motors.

The ship has two crew rescue zones: in the bow, where the pop-up camera is located, and in the stern.

The number of the crew of the submarine is 130 people (according to other information - 112), the autonomy of the vessel's navigation is 120 days.

The submarine cruiser "Antey" has two OK-650B pressurized water reactors and two steam turbines that rotate propellers through gearboxes. The ship is also equipped with two turbogenerators, two DG-190 diesel generators (800 kW each) and two thrusters.

Submarines of the Antey project are equipped with the MGK-540 Skat-3 sonar system, as well as space reconnaissance and target designation and combat control systems. The cruiser can receive information from a satellite system or from aircraft in a submerged position, using special antennas for this. The boat also has a towed antenna, which is released from a pipe located on the stern stabilizer.

The 949A submarines are equipped with the Symphony-U navigation system, which is distinguished by increased accuracy, a large range and can process a significant amount of information.

The main type of nuclear submarine weapons are anti-ship missiles (ASM) P-700 "Granit". Missile containers are located on both sides of the wheelhouse, outside the strong hull of the boat. Each of them has a slope of 40°. The missile can carry a conventional warhead (weight 750 kg) or a nuclear warhead (500 Kt). The firing range is 550 km, the rocket speed is 2.5 m/s.

The submarine cruiser can conduct both single firing and launch anti-ship missiles in one salvo, releasing up to 24 missiles at a time. Anti-ship missiles "Granit" have a complex trajectory, as well as good noise immunity, which makes them a serious threat to any enemy. If we talk about the defeat of an aircraft carrier order, then the probability of this is especially high with salvo fire. It is believed that in order to sink an aircraft carrier, nine Granites must hit it, but even one accurate shot is enough to prevent planes from taking off from its deck.

In addition to missiles, Project 949A Antey submarines also have torpedo weapons at their disposal. The submarines have four torpedo tubes with a caliber of 533 mm and two with a caliber of 650 mm. In addition to conventional torpedoes, they can fire missile torpedoes. Torpedo tubes are located in the bow of the ship. They are equipped with an automatic loading system, so they have a high rate of fire - the entire ammunition load can be fired in just a few minutes.

Nuclear submarine of the Antey project

Below is a list of all nuclear submarines of this project:

• Krasnodar. Recycled at the plant "Nerpa".
• Krasnoyarsk. It is in the process of being scrapped, its name has already been given to another Project 885 submarine.
• "Irkutsk". It is currently under repair and modernization under the project 949AM. Part of the Pacific Fleet.
• "Voronezh". It is in the combat composition of the Northern Fleet.
• "Smolensk". Included in the combat composition of the Northern Fleet.
• "Chelyabinsk". It is part of the Pacific Fleet. It is currently under repair and modernization under the project 949AM.
• "Tver". It is in the combat composition of the Pacific Fleet.
• "Eagle". It is under renovation, which should be completed this year.
• "Omsk". Included in the combat composition of the Pacific Fleet.
• "Kursk". She died in the Barents Sea on August 12, 2000.
• "Tomsk". Part of the Pacific Fleet, currently under repair.

Project evaluation

To evaluate the effectiveness of the Antey submarines, one should first of all pay attention to the main weapon of these submarine cruisers - the P-700 Granit anti-ship missiles.

Developed back in the 80s of the last century, today this complex is clearly outdated. Neither the range of this missile nor its noise immunity correspond to modern requirements. And the elementary base on which this complex was created has long been outdated.

In 2011, it was announced that the specialists of the Rubin Central Design Bureau had developed a project to modernize the submarines of this project. First of all, it concerns the missile armament of the cruiser. Containers for the Granit anti-ship missiles will be replaced with launchers from which modern Onyxes and Calibers can be fired. This will turn Antei into a versatile tool capable of solving a variety of tasks.

Characteristics

Below are the characteristics of the nuclear submarine of project 949A:

• overhead displacement, m3 - 12500;
• displacement podv., m. - 22500;
• power plant - 2 × OK-650 (with a capacity of 2 x 190 MW);
• surface speed, knots - 15;
• underwater speed, knots - 32;
• Max. immersion depth, m - 600;
• autonomy, days - 120;
• crew, people - 94;
• weapons - 24 anti-ship missiles "Granit", TA 650 mm - 4 pcs., TA 533 mm - 4 pcs.

Future

In the coming years, the grouping of Project 949A ships will undergo a major modernization at the Zvezda Far East plant. According to the plans of the command, the boats of the project will go through a rearmament program for the Onyx and Caliber missile systems. The project for the modernization of submarines and their weapons was developed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau.