Tourist route. Stages of formation and functioning

Tourist itinerary development

and planning a trip.

Questions discussed in class.

Methodology for developing a route for a recreational and health-improving trip.

Methodology for developing a route for a sports trip.

Making a travel plan.

Within the framework of this lesson, we will talk about the methodological foundations for developing a route and a plan for recreational, health-improving and sports trips. A number of concepts, definitions necessary for the presentation of this topic have already met you in a lecture on the essence of hiking trips. Thus, we are unlikely to be able to avoid some repetitions. Don't let that scare you, as you know, repetition is the mother of learning.

Methodology for developing a route for a recreational and health-improving trip.

So let's ask ourselves a question. How do tourists plan their itinerary? If the route of the hike in the desired area is not described in the literature, if you are not led along the roads known only to them by guides of tourist organizations or your "crazy" teacher, then there is only one thing left - to develop and go through the route yourself. And you should start, of course, with the choice of the area for the trip.

By what criteria do tourists choose the area for a health trip?

The choice of the hiking area is based on the analysis of topographic maps, diagrams and other information documents containing information about sightseeing objects in the hiking area, natural monuments, tourist sites, etc. When choosing an area for conducting any trip, one should, first of all, take into account the goals and objectives. Accordingly, for recreational and health trips, an area is selected, which will allow in the best way to fulfill the tasks of rehabilitation and good rest of the participants in the natural environment. With recreational tasks can be successfully combined and cognitive tasks- expanding the horizons of the participants, their knowledge of the geography and nature of their native land, the cultural and historical heritage of their ancestors, the traditional way of life of the local population, etc., i.е. all that we call "local lore".

From this point of view, the most optimal areas for a recreational trip are the territories with the greatest recreational potential. The tourist potential of any object (or territory) is the totality of natural and man-made bodies and phenomena confined to this object (territory), as well as conditions, opportunities and means suitable for the formation of a tourist product and the implementation of relevant tours, excursions, programs(Drozdov, 2005). Territories with a pronounced recreational potential are territories not polluted by economic activity, containing large forest areas (light pine forests, broad-leaved forests); picturesque landscapes, with a well-defined relief and observation points; hydrographic objects (rivers and lakes suitable for swimming and recreation). This is the above set of recreational resources and recreational-cognitive objects necessary for the formation of a tourist product. The mere presence in such areas brings a huge boost of energy to a person, and if the trip is accompanied by an ecological, local history excursion, it gives tourists new knowledge about their region. Thus, we can formulate the first and most essential criterion for choosing the area of the campaign.

Availability in the hiking area necessary recreational resources and interesting for tourists target recreational and educational objects visits.

Recreational and health trip provides mandatory, but limited and calculated taking into account the gender, age of the hikers, their state of health physical activity. The movement of participants along the route should not lead to their excessive physical, mental fatigue. On the contrary, the end of the “running” day should cause them a feeling of slight pleasant fatigue and satisfaction from the physical work done. Therefore, the area of the recreational hike should be "convenient" to achieve the goals of recreation. Convenient ways of approaching and leaving the tourist group (rail, road) should lead to it; it must contain choice comfortable, not tiring for walking, cycling, forest or field roads and trails. This is one of the conditions necessary for the formation of a recreational tourist product, and we are ready to formulate the following criterion for choosing a hiking area.

The hiking area must have convenient start and end points of the trip, enough a wide network of forest and field roads, clearings convenient for traffic; trope(ways to reach potential key points of the route and places of tourist stops).

It is desirable that the hiking area provides other possibilities for the best rest of the hikers. From the point of view of environmental protection and maximum comfort for participants in a recreational hike, the hiking area has an advantage, which contains equipped places for overnight stays and recreation for tourists. Moreover, such tourist camps are usually arranged in the most picturesque places suitable for recreational purposes with the presence of clean water sources. Hence - the next criterion for choosing the area of the campaign.

The presence in the area of specially equipped or suitable for equipment by the group places for accommodation and recreation for tourists and enough clean water sources for catering.

Finally, when choosing a recreational travel area, an important factor is the amount of free time that participants have, their potential material (financial) costs. Wellness hikes are most often weekend hikes (an effective and inexpensive means of restoring strength after a working week). Therefore, they try to choose the area of such a trip closer to the place of residence, reducing the time and material costs of travel (this is another condition for the successful preparation and implementation of a tourist trip). So - the last of the criteria we singled out for choosing the area of \u200b\u200bthe campaign.

Proximity district to the place of permanent residence of the participants, minimum financial investment to achieve it.

The criteria for choosing a hiking area are dictated, among other things, by the motives, wishes, aspirations of tourists (subjective factor). Therefore, there may be many more of them than those mentioned above. We only hope that we have outlined the most significant of them, and for a better understanding, we present a set of criteria for choosing the area of the trip to Fig. 1. It should be said that the above criteria for choosing an area for recreational trips are best met by protected natural areas with the possibility of conducting tourist activities (national parks). It is there that the development of tourism activities is as important as the conservation of natural recreational resources. In the territories of national parks, marked routes for recreational hikes are laid, there are cognitive objects of interest with the possibility of excursions by qualified specialists, equipped tourist bivouacs and places for lunch breaks, etc.

After choosing a hiking area, according to the available cartographic material and other information, tourists develop a specific hiking route (route thread).

What does the concept of "route thread" mean? The route thread, developed according to the topographic map of the hiking area, is the following sequence of landmarks: the starting point, landmarks for daytime crossings, places for tourist bivouacs and the finish point. In the case of marked routes (for example, marked routes of ecological hikes, excursion ecological trails), the route string is not only marked on the map, but is somehow marked (marked) on the ground.

What creative work (in terms of content) should be done when developing a route for a health trip? When developing a route, again, the main factors that are taken into account are the goals of the trip (in this case, the goals of recovery, relaxation, knowledge). A ready route should contribute to the most effective achievement of them, without unnecessary physical, organizational, financial costs. When developing a route for a recreational trip, the following creative work is carried out with a topographic map and other information materials.

The required length of the route and the duration of the trip are determined (taking into account the composition of the group, the intended goals of the trip).

Of all those present in the area of the hike, specific target recreational and educational objects of the visit are selected.

Specific points of arrival (points of the beginning of the route) and points of departure of the group from the route that are convenient for reaching the intended recreational and educational objects of visiting are determined.

The places for organizing bivouacs and large halts are determined, which should satisfy the tasks of safety, rest and recreation of participants to the maximum extent, as well as the implementation of excursion and educational tasks.

The tactical scheme of the route is determined (linear, circular, with sections of radial movement).

The ways of reaching the planned main recreational and educational objects and points for organizing lunch halts and bivouacs (the route of the group's movement) are determined.

The route, as a result of the above actions, is divided into separate, feasible for the participants, daily transitions of a certain length.

At daytime crossings, reference points are marked for precise movement along the route (point, linear, areal).

Briefly explain the above steps.

What do we mean by the concept of target recreational and educational objects on the route of the hike? In the hiking area, using a map and other sources of information, it is necessary to identify one or more target recreational and educational objects. These are the objects of the route that are most interesting for tourists to visit; satisfying their cognitive needs, contributing to their full-fledged recreation in natural conditions("highlights" of the future route). Such objects can be: local areas of the region with picturesque landscapes, lakes or groups of lakes, marked ecological excursion trails, rural museums of folk art, crafts, etc. For example, the characteristic target objects of routes in Belarus are Lake Naroch, Lake Svityaz, the territory of the Blue Lakes landscape reserve, Mir Castle, etc. At this point of the route, you can plan a half-day, or a day with an excursion, and a margin of time for visiting the planned sights.

What is the optimal length of recreational walking and skiing routes (day crossings)? On the route of the hike, the most convenient and suitable points for lunch breaks and the organization of field camps for overnight stays (bivouacs) are outlined. Having determined bivouac points in the area of the hike, you will automatically break the route into a number of daytime crossings. It should be borne in mind that the length and duration of such transitions should be dictated by the specific composition of the participants in the campaign (their age, state of health). We have already noted above that daytime transitions should be within the capabilities of the participants and not cause them excessive physical and mental fatigue. The volume and intensity of the work done by the participants on the route must comply with the norms of physical recreation. Day trips are planned taking into account the gradual increase in physical and emotional stress on the participants. The parameters of the length of the route, common for health trips, are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Quantitative parameters of recreational skiing and hiking trips.

How to determine places on the route for organizing bivouacs and large halts? Bivouacs and points of large lunch breaks must be planned in places safe and with the presence of clean, suitable for preparing hot meals. In the conditions of Belarus, it is better to place halts and bivouacs in the forest zone, for cooking on a fire, and organizing an evening rest around a fire. At the same time, one should try to choose places for bivouacs that are not only suitable, but also potentially the most suitable for a good rest. It can be a lake with the possibility of fishing and swimming in the summer; a picturesque high bank of the river, a place suitable for recreational competitions, etc. It is convenient that the places for lunch breaks, bivouacs are scheduled next to the sightseeing or recreational objects planned for visiting. If the hike passes through the territory of a national park, or other well-known recreational areas, tourist rest points can be specially equipped and marked on the tourist map (as well as historical and cultural monuments and sightseeing objects). When developing a route for a ski trip, you can not “tie” bivouac sites to water sources marked on the map (water is “under your feet” anywhere). To organize tourist camps, in this case, forests should be found on the map. Here, tourists are provided with protection from the wind and firewood for organizing an overnight stay in winter conditions (including for the operation of a tourist collapsible stove). In Belarus, coniferous forests are the best for organizing a winter bivouac and recreation (look for forests with corresponding explanatory signs on the map).

What types of tactical schemes are used when building a hiking route? Based on the location of the target recreational facilities in the selected area and convenient start and finish points of the hike, tourists determine the optimal tactical scheme for building the route: linear, ring, combined (including ring sections and sections of radial movement). It is difficult to give any specific recommendations here. This is purely your creativity. The main thing is that the chosen tactical scheme most satisfies the solution of the set recreational tasks on the route. It is clear that a linear route (linear tactical scheme) does not imply a straight line of movement on the map, and an annular route does not imply a line of movement along a circle in their geometric sense. The linear route is not closed, it has different, remote from each other, start and finish points. In the case of a circular (closed) route, a single start and finish point is assumed. In recreational and educational trips, a combined route scheme is often used with the inclusion of ring sections on a linear route in the whole route or sections of radial movement. Radial exits are carried out from the places of the bivouac or halt to the target objects, followed by a return to the starting point along the same path. The use of radial movement on the route allows tourists to effectively conduct sightseeing, to fully enjoy the unique natural objects (they are not burdened with traveling cargo, are not bound by narrow time frames).

How to choose the optimal path (route) for movement to bivouac locations and target objects on the route? Based on the analysis of cartographic and other information, specific routes to excursion, recreational facilities and bivouac sites are outlined. The map outlines forest, field (but not highway, automobile!) roads going in the right directions, other linear landmarks for movement (clearings, river banks, etc.). In a hiking trip, preference should be given to forest or field roads and paths marked on a topographic map, convenient for tourists (if they are known to the leader or described in special materials). On the contrary, the length of crossings along clearings and off-road should be limited. Overcoming obstacles is not the goal of a health trip. However, in this case, we do not have "hard" recommendations: a lot depends on the composition of a particular group and the wishes of the participants. Thus, the map defines specific line of motion for each day pass. It is important that this line runs through the territories containing the recreational resources of the region.

What are reference points for daytime crossings? Within each day's transition, a number of reference points for movement should be outlined. These landmarks will be needed in order to confidently navigate and adhere to the intended route. If on the route you meet a number of well-known, expected by you landmarks, then, accordingly, you are sure that you have not strayed from the intended line of movement. Various landmarks of the area serve as reference landmarks of the route: point (crossroads, individual buildings, bridges, etc.); linear (roads and clearings used for movement or crossed during movement, river banks, boundaries between forests and fields, etc.); areal (settlements, lakes, small forests).

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Travel planning tips. Types of hikes. Peculiarities. Adviсe. Personal experience. (10+)

Making travel itineraries

Any person who goes on hikes or is going to go, sooner or later thinks about how the route map is drawn up and prepared. Of course, if you are going for the first time, then it is best to take someone else's thoughtful ready-made version of the route as a basis. Route threads can be found on various travel forums and websites, where you will be offered a wide variety of options. But if for the first time you are going to the forest or rafting and decide to manage the process yourself, discard this idea. For the first time, it is best to go with knowledgeable people or use the services of paid trips if there is no free tourist club in your city. If you have already gone hiking more than once, then when choosing routes, it is best to write out several options, view detailed information about the necessary objects included in the route, and also look at photos. But don't forget! It is best to draw up your route after you have walked several times with knowledgeable people and you can say with confidence that you can easily find your way in unfamiliar terrain.

You must determine in advance the daily mileage of the trip. How many kilometers per day do you really want to walk, swim or ride.
It is best to tie overnight stays to those places where there is water at this time of the year (river, spring, lake, etc.).
It is best to prepare fallback itinerary options just in case something doesn't go the way you planned.

Determine daily mileage

Let's take a closer look at the first point. Of course, over time, you will set your own mileage limit, but still we want to give a few recommendations.

hiking. If you plan to walk, it is best to plan 10 to 25 kilometers a day for the day. Take into account the physical abilities of each person who goes along with you, warn in advance about the difficulties that may arise in the campaign, its participants. So, for example, if you take children with you, then it is best to reduce the mileage to 10-15, but in the company of adults alone, it can be set in the range from 15 to 25 km.
mountain hike. Remember that this is not the same as walking through beautiful places. Organizing it is not as easy as it may seem to you at first. The most important thing you will have to face is the elevation changes. Here it is already important to calculate not only the total mileage, but also the daily climb. For example, if you plan to gain from 300 to 500 meters per day, then the horizontal mileage should be from 5 to 10 km. When dialing 1000 meters vertically, it is best to limit yourself to 2-3 km horizontally. If 1000 vertical meters are planned per day, then this is a lot, only people with good physical fitness can do this. Do not forget that you will also have a backpack behind you, which, at least, will weigh 20-30 kg. The best option is to lay vertical lifts, limited to 500-600 meters per day.
water trips. Remember that usually non-threshold rivers flow at a speed of 4 km / h. If you row without straining, then the speed of your "vehicle" will increase to 5-6 km / h. In 6 hours you can walk 30 km, and in 8 - 40. Naturally, there are people who can walk more than 100 km in a day, but in this article we focus more on average people, so we will not consider "moose".
Bicycle trips. The number of kilometers that your "team" will pass per day will be affected by the number of ascents and descents, their angle of inclination and length. Of course, the physical endurance of each participant also directly affects. For a normal cycle trip, you can set from 40 to 60 km per day, if it passes on good dirt roads and with small inclines.
cave hike. In fact, quite a few factors influence this type of trip. First: horizontal or vertical cave. In the second option, you need special equipment, as well as the ability to communicate with it. You should never go down into the caves alone. After all, if something goes wrong with you, then the phone is unlikely to work, and you will not be able to call someone for help. The best option is to plan 1 vertical cave or 2 horizontal caves per day. If there are more of them, then most likely the impression of the first one will simply disappear. Quite a lot of time is spent on preparatory work with vertical caves. After all, it is necessary to make a hitch, provide all participants with harnesses, descend and rise for everyone from the cave. If the group consists of 10 or more people, then all these activities can generally drag on for the whole day.

Choosing a place to stay

Let's move on to the next, second point, which is related to the fact that you need to plan an overnight stay near the water. Of course, you can carry water with you. But remember that its volume should consist of approximately 2 liters per person: for breakfast and dinner. Naturally, it is much better not to carry water with you, but to collect it from an existing source. By the way, you should pay attention to the fact that, for example, in the Crimea, most of the springs dry up in the summer. They can exist in the spring, but dry up in the summer. Do not forget about such nuances. In water trips, when you do not want to cook food from water collected from the river, you should collect containers of 5 liters per person per day. Water can be collected either in villages or in spring water sources.

We exclude surprises

What is the third point about? It's pretty simple here. Remember that there is no 100% that the plan you have drawn up will be fully implemented. What can influence its failure? Reassessment of one's own physical abilities, illness or bad weather on a camping trip. It is best to plan a minimum and maximum program for the day, while taking into account parking by the water.

Considering all the above factors, you can make a wonderful route, choose only well-worn paths, do not forget about water and elevation changes. Everything will work out for you! Go hiking and have fun!

Unfortunately, errors occur periodically in articles, they are corrected, articles are supplemented, developed, new ones are being prepared.

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2.3. Planning an excursion itinerary

Excursion route is the most convenient route for the tour group, contributing to the disclosure of the topic. It is built depending on the most correct sequence of objects inspection for a given excursion, the availability of sites for the group location, the need to ensure the safety of tourists. One of the tasks of the route is to contribute to the most complete disclosure of the topic.

The main requirements that should be taken into account by the compilers of the route are the organization of the display of objects in a logical sequence and the provision of a visual basis for the disclosure of the topic.

In the practice of excursion institutions, there are three options for building routes: chronological, thematic And thematic-chronological.

Excursions dedicated to the life and work of prominent people can serve as an example of the chronological construction of the route.

According to the thematic principle, excursions are built related to the disclosure of a certain topic in the life of the city (for example, "Arkhangelsk is being built", "Literary Moscow Region", etc.).

All sightseeing city tours are built according to the thematic and chronological principle. The sequence of presentation of the material in chronological order in such excursions is observed, as a rule, only when each subtopic is disclosed.

Route development- a complex multi-stage procedure that requires a fairly high qualification and is one of the main elements of the technology for creating a new excursion. When developing a bus route, one should be guided by the "Rules of the Road", "Charter of Road Transport", "Rules for the Transportation of Passengers" and other departmental regulations.

Objects, depending on their role in the tour, can be used as main And additional.

The main objects are subjected to a deeper analysis, they reveal the subtopics of the excursion.

The display of additional objects, as a rule, is carried out during the transfers (transitions) of the excursion group and it does not occupy a dominant position.

The route is built according to the principle of the most correct sequence of inspection of objects and is planned taking into account the following requirements:

The display of objects should be carried out in a certain logical sequence, avoiding unnecessary repeated passages along the same section of the route (street, square, bridge, highway), i.e. the so-called "loops";
- Availability of object accessibility (site for its inspection);
- moving or transition between objects should not take 10-15 minutes, so that there are no too long pauses in the show and story;
- the presence of well-maintained stops, including sanitary and parking places for vehicles.

It is recommended to have several options for the movement of the group by the time of the excursion. The need to change the route in some cases is caused by traffic jams, repair work on city highways. All this should be taken into account when creating various route options.

The development of the bus route is completed by the coordination and approval of the passport and route scheme, the calculation of mileage and the time of use of vehicles.

Detour (bypass) of the route

Detour (bypass) of the route is one of the important stages in the development of a new excursion theme. When organizing a detour (bypass) of the route, the following tasks are set:

1) get acquainted with the layout of the route, streets, squares along which the route is laid;
2) clarify the place where the object is located, as well as the place of the proposed stop of the tour bus or walking group;
3) master the entrance by bus to objects or parking places;
4) to time the time required to show the objects, their verbal characteristics and the movement of the bus (pedestrian group), as well as to clarify the duration of the tour as a whole;
5) check the expediency of using the intended display objects;
6) choose the best points for showing objects and options for the location of the tour group;
7) choose a method of familiarization with the object;
8) for the purpose of safe movement of tourists along the route, identify potentially dangerous places and take measures.

Preparation of the control text of the excursion

The text is the material necessary for the full disclosure of all the subtopics included in the excursion. The text is intended to provide a thematic orientation of the guide's story, it formulates a certain point of view on the facts and events to which the excursion is devoted, and gives an objective assessment of the objects shown.

Requirements for the text: brevity, clarity of wording, the required amount of factual material, the availability of information on the topic, full disclosure of the topic, literary language.

The text of the excursion is compiled by the creative group when developing a new topic and performs control functions. This means that each guide must build his story taking into account the requirements of this text (control text).

The control text in most cases contains a chronological presentation of the material. This text does not reflect the structure of the excursion and is not built in the route sequence, with the distribution of the material presented by the stops where the analysis of excursion objects takes place. The control text is carefully selected and verified by sources material, which is the basis for all excursions conducted on this topic. Using the provisions and conclusions contained in the control text, the guide builds his own individual text.

On the basis of the control text, excursions on the same topic can be created, including for children and adults, for various groups of workers.

In order to facilitate the creation of such options, materials related to objects, sub-themes and main issues that were not included in the itinerary of this excursion can be included in the control text.

In addition to materials for the guide's story, the control text includes materials that should form the content of the introductory speech and the conclusion of the tour, as well as logical transitions. It should be easy to use. Quotes, figures and examples are accompanied by links to sources.

Acquisition of the "portfolio of the guide"

"Tour guide portfolio"- the code name for a set of visual aids used during the tour. These aids are usually placed in a folder or a small briefcase.

One of the tasks of the "portfolio guide" is to restore the missing links in the show. In excursions, it often turns out that not all the objects necessary for the disclosure of the topic have been preserved. For example, sightseers cannot see a historic building that has been destroyed by time; a village destroyed during the Great Patriotic War, etc. Sometimes it becomes necessary to give an idea of the original appearance of the place on which the building in question was built (residential neighborhood). For this purpose, for example, photographs of a village or a wasteland, panoramas of the construction of an enterprise, a residential area are used. It may also be a problem to show what will be in the examined place in the near future. In this case, the tourists are shown projects of buildings, structures, monuments.

In excursions, it may be necessary to show photographs of people who are related to this object or events related to it (for example, portraits of members of the Wolf family - friends of A.S. Pushkin - when conducting a tour of the "Pushkin Ring of the Upper Volga Region").

The demonstration of copies of original documents, manuscripts, literary works, which the guide tells about, makes the tour more convincing.

And one more important task of visual aids on excursions - give a visual representation of an object(plants, minerals, mechanisms by showing authentic samples or their photographs, models, dummies).

The "guide portfolio" includes photographs, maps, diagrams, drawings, drawings, product samples, etc. Such "portfolios" are usually created for each topic. They are a constant companion of the guide and help to make any trip to the past and present more exciting and rewarding. The content of the "portfolio" is dictated by the theme of the tour.

The visual aids of the "guide's briefcase" should be easy to use. Their number should not be large, since in this case the manuals will distract the tourists from examining the original objects and scatter their attention.

The members of the creative group, preparing a new excursion, select from the visual materials at their disposal the most expressive ones that can help the guide in covering the topic. The methodology for demonstrating visual aids is checked on the route. Then, recommendations on the use of the "portfolio" materials are included in the methodological development.

Each exhibit included in the "portfolio" is accompanied by a leaflet with explanations or reference material. Sometimes explanations are pasted on the back of the exhibit. Such an annotation serves as the source material for the guide when showing the exhibit to the sightseers.

The list of visual materials of a certain topic included in the "guide's portfolio" should be updated throughout the development of a new excursion topic.

Great help in the selection of visual materials for the "portfolio" excursion organizations provide museums, exhibitions, archives.

Determination of methodological methods for conducting an excursion

The success of the tour is directly dependent on the methodological methods of showing and telling used in it. The choice of one or another methodological technique is dictated by the tasks set for the tour, the information richness of a particular object.

The work of the creative team at this stage consists of several parts: selection of the most effective methodological techniques for highlighting subtopics, methodological techniques that are recommended depending on the tour audience (adults, children), the time of the tour (winter, summer, day, evening), features display; determining methods of preserving the attention of tourists and activating the process of perception of excursion material; development of recommendations on the use of expressive means in the speech of the guide; selection of rules for the technique of conducting excursions. It is equally important to determine the technology of using methodological techniques.

Definition of excursion technique

The excursion technique combines all organizational issues of the excursion process. The authors of a bus tour, for example, carefully consider when and where the sightseers go out to inspect the object, how the sightseers move between the objects, how and when the exhibits of the "guide's portfolio" are shown, etc. The corresponding entries are made in the methodological development column "Organizational instructions" . These instructions are also addressed to the bus driver. For example, where to put the bus, where you need to go slower to observe the object from the window. Separate instructions apply to sightseers (observance of safety rules on the street, exiting the bus, accommodation in the cabin). It is important to formulate recommendations about the use of pauses in the excursion; on the observance of the time allotted for the coverage of sub-themes, the organization of answers to the questions of the tourists; about the technique of using the exhibits of the "portfolio"; about the procedure for laying wreaths, etc. No less important are the instructions about the place of the guide when showing objects, directing the independent work of sightseers on the route, and conducting a story while the bus is moving.

Drawing up a methodological development

Methodological development - a document that determines how to conduct this tour, how best to organize the display of monuments, what methodology and technique should be used to make the tour effective. The methodological development sets out the requirements of the excursion methodology, taking into account the characteristics of the objects being demonstrated and the content of the material presented. It disciplines the guide and must meet the following requirements: suggest the guide the way to reveal the topic; equip him with the most effective methodological methods of showing and telling; contain clear recommendations on the organization of excursions; take into account the interests of a certain group of tourists (if there are excursion options); combine the show and the story into a single whole.

A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion, including with a differentiated approach to the preparation and conduct of the excursion. The variants of the methodological development reflect the age, professional and other interests of the tourists, the peculiarities of the method of its implementation.

Formulation of methodological development is as follows:

The title page contains data: the name of the excursion institution, the name of the topic of the excursion, the type of excursion, the length of the route, the duration in academic hours, the composition of the excursionists, the names and positions of the compilers, the date the excursion was approved by the head of the excursion institution.
- the next page sets out the purpose and objectives of the tour, a route diagram indicating objects and stops during the tour.

Methodological development consists of three sections: introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are not posted in columns. For example, here are the recommendations for the guide on how to build an introduction to the methodological development of an excursion on the topic "Tyumen - the gate to Siberia": "First of all, you need to get to know the group, name the guide and driver, then remind the excursionists the rules of behavior on the bus, warning them that they will be able to ask questions and share their impressions when the time for this is presented.In the information part, it is necessary to name the topic, route, duration of the excursion, but it is desirable to do this in such a way as to arouse interest in the topic; part of the introduction should be bright, emotional.It can begin with poems by A.S. Pushkin or a quote - a statement by the Decembrists about the innumerable riches of Siberia, the great future of this harsh region. " The landing place of the group is determined in working order together with the customer, the starting point of the excursion is determined by the methodological development.

Table 2.1

Sample methodological development of the excursion

Route	Stop	Display objects	Time	Name of subtopics and list of main issues	Organizational guidelines	Guidelines
New Basmannaya st. - M. Razgulay - Baumanskaya st.	Passing through	New Basmannaya st.; cathedral of st. Paul; house number 16 on Novaya Basmannaya st., house number 2 on Spartakovskaya st.		Sub-theme I: Pushkin Moscow 1. Former German Quarter - one of the aristocratic districts of Moscow in the 18th-19th centuries. 2. New Basmannaya st. - corner of Pushkinskaya Moscow	The story is told in slow motion	1. Use the reporting technique, characterizing the former German Quarter. Observe the synchronism of the story and the display of objects located on different streets 2. Describing the appearance of the German Quarter the end of the 18th century, when the Pushkins settled here, to use the layout and development of Novaya Basmannaya Street for display. Use in the story, the names of the lanes along which the route passes, to characterize the past. Mention the surviving on the banks of the river. Yauza houses of nobles (Lefortovo Palace, Sloboda Palace, etc.)
Baumanskaya st., 8/10	Stop in the courtyard of the school. A. S. Pushkin No. 353	The building of the school. A. S. Pushkin, Memorial plaque with a bas-relief of Pushkin the child on the facade of the building		3. Place of birth of the poet 4. "My family tree" 5. Childhood of the poet	Take the group out of the bus, bring to the school building, stop at the memorial plaque. Then bring to the monument A. S. Pushkin, arranging the group so that the school yard, the monument, buildings to the left and right of it were visible	3. Verbal reconstruction of this corner of the German Quarter of the end of the 18th century. Show: the relief of the school yard (the dry bed of the Kukuy stream), the preserved outbuildings (house 8), reminiscent of Skvortsov’s possession, in which A. S. Pushkin was born. Opening questions 4, 5, quote excerpts from the works "My genealogy" and "Guests came to the country." Use the "portfolio of the guide" (views of old Moscow, Lefortovo, portraits of relatives A. S. Pushkin). Logical theme transition option: "V. L. Pushkin - influenced the formation of the literary tastes of the future poet"

The effectiveness of methodological development depends on the correct filling of all seven columns. Development size - 6-12 pages of typewritten text. The volume of the document depends on the number of excursion objects, the number of subtopics, the duration of the excursion in time and the length of the route.

In the column " Excursion route" is called the starting point of the excursion and the end of the I subtopic.

In the column " Stops"These points of the route are called where the exit from the bus is provided; it is supposed to examine the object from the windows of the bus without the exit of sightseers or it is planned to stop on a walking tour. Such inaccurate entries should not be made, such as: "The Volga River Embankment" or "Central Square". More correctly write down: "Embankment of the Volga River near the monument to N. A. Nekrasov."

In the column " Display objects" list those memorable places, main and additional objects that are shown to the group at the stop, in the course of moving or moving the group to the next stop.

In a country excursion, the objects of display can be a city, a village, an urban-type settlement as a whole, and when traveling along a route, visible parts from a distance (a tall building, a tower, a bell tower, etc.). In a city tour, the objects of display can be a street or a square.

Count" Tour duration". The time that is called in this column is the sum of the time spent on showing this object, the guide's story (the part when there is no showing) and on the movement of sightseers along the route to the next stop. Here it is necessary to take into account the time spent on movement near the inspected objects and between objects.

Count" Name of subtopics and list of main issues"contains brief notes. First of all, the subtopic is called, which is revealed on a given segment of the route, at a given period of time, at the objects listed in column 3. Here the main questions are formulated when the subtopic is disclosed. For example, in a city sightseeing tour to one of the subtopics is called "Poltava in the Northern War between Russia and Sweden". The main issues that are covered in this subtopic are "Swedes in Ukraine" and "The Battle of Poltava". The subtopic "New Stary Gorod" reveals the main issues: ", "Development of culture and art", "Construction of a sports complex". The number of main questions included in the subtopic should not exceed five.

In the column " Organizational guidelines"Put recommendations on the movement of the group, ensuring the safety of sightseers on the route and fulfilling sanitary and hygienic requirements, the rules of conduct for excursion participants in memorial places and at historical and cultural monuments. It also sets out the requirements for sightseers for nature protection and fire safety rules. In this column include all the questions that are included in the concept of "Excursion Technique". Let's give an example of a record: "The group is located in such a way that all the excursionists see the entrance to the building." "At this stop, the excursionists are given time to take pictures." In country excursions, this column include instructions on sanitary stops, recommendations for nature protection, rules for the movement of tourists at stops, especially near highways, in order to ensure their safety.

When conducting production excursions, visiting working shops, safety recommendations are given, excerpts from the instructions of the enterprise administration, mandatory rules for the behavior of sightseers at the enterprise, places where pauses are made in the story and show are called.

Count" Guidelines"defines the direction of the entire document, formulates the basic requirements for the guide on the methodology of conducting the tour, and gives instructions on the use of methodological techniques. For example, in the tour" Memorial complex "Khatyn" on the object "Defense Line of the 100th Rifle Division" two methodological instructions are given: " When revealing the subtopic, the method of verbal comparison is used, information is given about the military potential of fascist Germany at the time of its attack on the USSR "and" The story of the battles is conducted using the methodical method of visual reconstruction of the place where the hostilities took place.

It should indicate where and how methodological techniques are applied. This column also outlines a logical transition to the next subtopic, provides recommendations for displaying the "guide portfolio" materials, includes tips on using the movement of sightseers relative to objects as a methodological technique (for example, "After observing the object and the guide's story, tourists can independently continue their acquaintance with object", "The guide should explain the terms ...", "When showing the battlefield, it is necessary to orient the tourists ...", etc.).

Drawing up an individual text

Excursion practice proceeds from the fact that the basis of the guide's story is individual text, which determines the sequence and completeness of the presentation of thoughts, helps the guide to logically build his story. Each guide makes up such a text independently. The control text is the basis for the individual text.

All individual texts with a good control text will have identical content, but different turns of speech, different words, different sequence in the story, there may even be different facts confirming the same position. Naturally, all the guides, being at the same object, will say the same thing.

You should not hide the control text from those who are developing a new excursion for themselves, since a creative group of the most prepared guides worked on the control text, and the guide preparing a new topic for himself will not be able to achieve what was done before him by collective efforts. After the preliminary work of the guide on a new topic is completed (collection, study and primary processing of the material), he is allowed to familiarize himself with the control text. This will help him select material for the story, determine the optimal number of examples used in covering subtopics, draw the right conclusions on the subtopics of the excursion and in general. Referring to the control text, made in time, guarantees a higher level of preparation for the beginner's excursion.

The main difference between an individual text and a control text is that it reflects the structure of the excursion and is built in full accordance with the methodological development of the excursion. The material is placed in the sequence in which the objects are shown, and has a clear division into parts. Each of them is dedicated to one of the sub-themes. Compiled in accordance with these requirements, an individual text is a story ready for "use". The individual text contains a complete summary of what should be told on the tour. When presenting the essence of historical events, there should be no abbreviations, no assessment of their significance.

It is also not allowed to mention facts without their dating, references to sources. At the same time, the text of this type reflects the features of the speech of the "performer". The guide's story consists, as it were, of separate parts tied to visual objects. These parts are combined with conclusions for each subtopic and logical transitions between subtopics (and objects). In the individual text, each subtopic is a separate story suitable for use during the tour.

When composing an individual text, its author should not forget about the logic of sounding speech, that the word and the image (object) act, as a rule, on the feeling of the sightseers synchronously. The desire for liveliness in the presentation of material on excursions should not lead to attempts to entertain sightseers. When deciding on a combination of cognitive and entertaining elements on an excursion, the matter should be decided according to the formula: maximum educational and minimum entertaining. The question of legends has a special place in the preparation of the excursion. Only legends can be used in excursions.

In terms of content, both texts (control and individual) are the same. And this means that if there is a correctly composed control text, all the guides who have mastered this topic have excursions that are "standard". They are the same in their content, they coincide in their assessments of historical events and facts in the conclusions that are made on individual subtopics and on the topic as a whole.

Analyzing the same visual object, the guides show and tell the same thing. This is the meaning of the control text as a standard.

However, with equal content, the guides may use different turns of speech, may state the recommended facts, figures and examples in a different sequence. The individuality of the tour also lies in the fact that the guides leading the tour on one topic may have a different degree of emotionality. They can, being at the same object, use different display techniques and storytelling forms. One and the same position can be revealed on different examples. The text should be written in the first person and express your individuality.

Narrative and individual text

The success of the story depends on how close the individual text is to the generally accepted speech, how it takes into account the speech features of that particular guide to whom this text belongs. "The degree of impact on our consciousness of various texts depends on many reasons and conditions (logic, evidence, novelty of the topic and information, the author's psychological attitude to the impact or its absence, etc.)". However, speech plays an equally important role, its properties, structure, features.

The individual texts of almost all guides on the same topic are characterized by similarities in the content and presentation of the material, in the assessment of historical events, facts and examples. However, the stories of all guides are individual. What is the expression of the individuality of the guide? All guides, conducting excursions on the same topic, tell the same thing, but speak differently. Their story is the same in content, but in form, use of vocabulary, emotional level is different.

The methodology requires the guide to keep in mind the significant difference between the speech of the lecturer and the guide when compiling an individual text.

During the tour, the guide "hurries" objects that need to be shown to the group. The two or three hours allotted for the tour, the stay of the excursionists on their feet and in the open air, force the guide to speak briefly, clearly characterize the monuments that were in front of the group, and succinctly talk about the events associated with them.

The duration of the story should not exceed the time that the monument is able to attract the attention of tourists. Most often it is five to seven minutes. If this time is not observed, then no liveliness of the story, no methodological techniques are able to restore the attention of the tourists. It is no coincidence that the term "object language" is used in methodological literature. One of the tasks of the guide is to make the object "speak".

Technique for using individual text

The guide, just like a lecturer, can use his own individual text during the tour. For ease of use, it is recommended to transfer the content of the story to special cards, where brief data about the object, the main thoughts of the story, individual quotes, historical dates are recorded. For each subtopic, several cards are filled out (usually according to the number of main questions).

Using the cards, the guide does not read their content during the tour, but only by looking at them, recalls the content of the story. If there is a significant break between objects in the tour, the guide can look at the cards again and refresh the material of the story. Most often, cards are used as a summary of the story in preparation for the excursion. The exceptions are those cards that contain quotations and large excerpts from works of art, the content of which forms the basis of literary montage. On excursions, they are read out in full.

The card should be easy to use. A small size is recommended, about a quarter sheet of thick writing paper suitable for long-term use. The cards have serial numbers and are folded before the tour, taking into account the sequence of the subtopics to be disclosed.

The use of cards on excursions is the right of every guide, but with the acquisition of experience they no longer need this. The fact that the cards are at hand and can be used at the right time gives the guide confidence in his knowledge.

The presence of an individual text does not mean that it must be memorized and delivered word for word to the tourists.

Logic jumps

The creators of the excursion are faced with the task of linking the content of all subtopics into a single whole. It is solved with logical transitions, which should be considered as an important, although not independent, part of the excursion. Well-composed logical transitions give harmony to the excursion, provide consistency in the presentation of the material, and are a guarantee that the next subtopic will be perceived with interest.

Often in excursions, when moving from one subtopic to another, they use formal (constructive) transitions. Formal is such a transition that is not related to the content of the excursion and is not a "crossing bridge" from one part of the excursion to another. (For example, "And now we will pass through the square", "Now we will follow further", "Let's look at another remarkable place"). However, one should not deny the legitimacy of using such transitions in general and consider them one of the mistakes in excursion work.

In cases where movement between objects takes a matter of seconds, such transitions are inevitable: (For example, "Now look here" or "Please pay attention to the monument located nearby"). Such transitions are inevitable when viewing expositions in museums and exhibitions, where halls, thematic sections and individual stands dedicated to various sub-themes are located close to each other. A constructive transition, not being a "transitional bridge" between subtopics, aims the sightseers to get acquainted with the next object.

More efficient logical transition linked to the theme of the tour. Such a transition may begin before the group moves to the next stop, or may end already at a stop near the object. The logical transition is dictated not so much by the features of the excursion object as by the content of the excursion itself, the subtopic after which this transition is made.

The duration of a logical transition is usually equal in time to the group moving (transition) from object to object, but it can be both longer and shorter.

Acceptance (delivery) of excursions

With a positive assessment of the control text and the methodological development of the excursion, as well as in the presence of a completed "guide portfolio" and a map of the route, the date of acceptance (delivery) of a new excursion is assigned. Delivery of the tour is entrusted to the head of the creative group. In case of his absence due to illness or other valid reasons, the tour is handed over by one of the members of the creative team. The leaders of the excursion institution, methodological workers, members of the creative group and the methodological section where the excursion was prepared, as well as heads of other sections, take part in the acceptance (delivery) of the excursion.

Reception (delivery) of the excursion is of a business nature, carried out in the form of a creative discussion, exchange of opinions, and identification of shortcomings. Participants of the excursion should be familiarized with its control text and methodological development, the route scheme, the contents of the "guide's portfolio", the list of references, etc.

Excursion approval

With a positive conclusion on the control text and methodological development, as well as on the basis of calculating the cost and determining the rate of return for a new excursion, the head of the excursion institution issues an order to approve the new excursion topic and the list of guides admitted to its conduct.

Guides who took an active part in the development of the topic and were heard on the route or during the interview are allowed to work. The conclusion on the interview is made by the methodologist of the excursion and methodological department.

All other guides, who later independently prepared this topic, conduct a trial tour in the usual manner. Guides (regardless of work experience) are allowed to conduct excursions on a topic that is new to them only if they have individual text after listening and issuing the appropriate order.

conclusions

Mandatory documentation on the topic. Preparing a new excursion topic is a complex process. This work is considered completed when all the necessary documents are prepared. Documentation on excursion topics is stored in the methodological office.

Table 2.2.

Documentation required for each theme

No. p / p	Document's name	Document content
1	Related literature list	Lists all books, brochures, articles that were used in the preparation of this excursion
2	Cards (passports) of objects included in the route	Information characterizing the excursion object. Type of monument, its name, event with which it is associated, location, brief description, authors and time of creation of the object, sources
3	Excursion control text	Material selected and verified according to sources, revealing the topic. The content of the text reveals subtopics and main issues, serves as the basis for the introduction, conclusion, logical transitions
4	Individual texts of guides	The material presented by a specific guide in accordance with the methodological development, the structure of the excursion, its route. Gives a description of objects and events
5	Scheme (map) of the route	A separate sheet shows the group's path. The beginning and end of the route, objects of display, places for their observation, stops for the group to go to the objects are marked
6	"Guide's Portfolio"	A folder with photographs, diagrams, maps, drawings, drawings, reproductions, copies of documents, product samples of enterprises, and other visual aids
7	Methodological development on the topic	Tour recommendation. The methodological techniques of showing and telling are called, the sequence of demonstrating objects, visual aids, the technique of conducting an excursion is determined, taking into account a differentiated approach to sightseers.
8	Excursion materials	materials

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Introduction

Issyk-Kul tourist route

When choosing the topic of the thesis “Compilation of tourist routes in the Issyk-Kul region”, I was guided by the novelty of the topic, my scientific interests, which arose due to the fact that tourist routes in this region of the country are little studied and practically not used. The work affects the development of commercial types of tourism.

The purpose of this work is the research and development of new commercial tourist routes for offering to the market, the economic effect of their implementation.

Issyk-Kul region has many prospects in the development of the tourism industry in terms of mountainous and educational tourist routes. Firstly, due to its large area, and secondly, even more unexplored in terms of tourist routes and unknown to a wide range of lovers of educational types of tourism and professional tourists.

The following tasks were identified:

Development of tourist routes by types of tourism: pedestrian, water, mountain;

Development of tourist routes for tourism purposes: tours for lovers of hunting and fishing;

Development of the Issyk-Kul region as a tourist region.

Object of study is the recreational conditions and resources of the Issyk-Kul region. The choice of the object of study is connected with the problems of the development of the service industry and monitoring of natural conditions and resources with a growing demand for recreation.

Factors contributing to the development of the Issyk-Kul region as a tourist region:

The ability of the local administration to make capital investments in tourism infrastructure: hotels, vehicles.

Natural factors: fishing, hunting.

Historical and ethnic factors:

Visiting camps and trading posts - places of residence of the indigenous population, both those that have become historical monuments and are currently functioning.

In the thesis, modern periodicals were used - mainly articles from magazines devoted to tourism activities. Other sources were also used. Despite the small amount of material used, the work is equipped with a sufficient number of diagrams, tables, some indicators in which had to be calculated independently. The paper will not consider in detail the economic and marketing aspects of route development (in terms of economic calculations). This is due to the complexity of this issue and it will be given special attention in the future.

The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (50 titles).

Chapter I . Natural and recreational resources

1.1 Natural conditions

Issyk-Kul region occupies the eastern part of the Kyrgyz Republic (41°-43° north latitude, 76°-81° east longitude). It borders in the east and northeast with Kazakhstan, in the southeast with China, in the west and southwest with Naryn, in the northwest with Chui regions.

The center is the city of Karakol. The population is 424.7 thousand people. The area is 43.5 thousand km 2, which is 22% of the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic. The length of the territory from east to west is 390 km, from north to south - 210 km. The region is located at an altitude of 1600-7439 m above sea level.

The territory is subdivided into 2 main parts: the Issyk-Kul basin and the Issyk-Kul syrts, which stretch south from the Teskey Alatoo ridge to the border with China. In the north, the basin is bordered by the Kungei Alatoo ridge, in the south by Teskey Alatoo. Approaching in the east and west, they form a closed intermountain space. The Issyk-Kul basin is located in this space.

The territory of the region is divided into 5 administrative districts: Aksu. Zhetyoguzsky. Tonsky. Tyup and Issyk-Kul. There are 3 cities in the region: Balykchy, Karakol and Cholponata - a resort town; 6 urban-type settlements; 189 rural settlements.

The specificity of the mountainous terrain affects the economic and geographical position of the region. In modern conditions, the Bishkek-Karakol highway through the Boom Gorge is of great tourist importance. It connects the capital of the country with the region. In the city of Balykchy, the road splits and leads to Karakol from the north and south, as well as to Naryn. The Balykchy-Bishkek railway, built during the Second World War, is of great socio-economic importance. Airports of Karakol, Cholponata, intercity airport in the village. Tamchy connect the city of Bishkek with the cities of the CIS and far abroad. In the future, the role of air transport will undoubtedly increase.

The commissioning of the Cholponata-Almaty highway will bring tangible support to the region's economy. Its final construction will dramatically increase the flow of tourists from neighboring countries and, first of all, from Kazakhstan and Almaty. Naturally, it is tourism that will become the main source of life of the region.

The relief covers one of the largest and most beautiful lakes on the planet and highest mountains Tien Shan. Khantengri, the highest mountain knot in the Tien Shan, is located in the extreme east of the region. It is formed by the junction of the Meridionol ridge and several latitudinal ridges adjoining it from the west, which exceed 5-6 even 7 km above sea level. Khantengri peak reaches 7010m, and Pobeda peak - 7439m. In the valleys separating the ridges, there are the largest glaciers of the Tien Shan, including Enilchek. In the extreme South is the eastern part of the Kakshaal range. To the north stretches a chain of ridges Enilchek-Akshyirak-Borkoldoy, generally decreasing to the west. Further north is the chain of ridges Saryzhaz, Keolutoo. Akshyirak, Zhetimbel, Zhetim.

Behind it is the Teskei Alatoo ridge system. In the east, the ridges listed above, the heights of which, in general, decrease towards the west, pass into the so-called syrts. Syrts are flat elevated spaces exceeding 3.5 km above sea level. The universally recognized pearl of not only the region, but the entire Tien Shan is the Issyk-Kul depression. According to the surveys of different years, in the relief of the bottom of the depression, 2 underwater terrace complexes are distinguished, associated with the stages of sediment accumulation, during which the lake level rose from an absolute mark of 400m (15-20 million years ago) to 1674m. One of the main elements of the relief, the deep-water plain, is located at a depth of 500-600m. The maximum depth of 668 m is confined to one of the meridional hollows on the meridian of approximately the village of Bosteri. The lower terraced complex at a depth of 200-350m is formed by the surface of merged deltas falling towards the center of the lake and ring ledges down to a depth of 500m. The upper terrace complex can be called a "shoal", which is located at a depth of 0 to 5 meters and is limited by an annular ledge, the base of which reaches a depth of 100-200 m.

In the north of the Issyk-Kul depression in the watershed part of the Kungei-Alatoo peak Choktal (4771m) is visible. In the south of the depression there is a thin snow edge, in the west, where the height of the ridge does not exceed 4500m, it expands more and more to the east, due to the increase in the heights of Teskei-Alatoo to 4500-5000m. The highest point is Karakol Peak (5216m).

In the northwest there are intramountain tectonic depressions: Semizbel, Kadzhysay, Akterek, Temirkanat. To the west and southwest of the Issyk-Kul basin lie the Ortotokoi depression and the Kochkor depression.

To the south of Teskei-Alatoo there are syrts - plateau-like plains in the upper reaches of the Naryn and Saryzhaz rivers. alternating with the ridges Adyrtoo, Saryzhaz, Keolutoo, Akshyirak, Enilchek, Kakshaal, Kaiyndy. The ridges are oriented from southwest to northeast. In the easternmost part, approaching, they form a powerful mountain junction - Muztak, here is the second highest peak in the CIS - Pobeda Peak (7439m).

The entire environment of Issyk-Kul is divided into 3 macro steps depending on the altitude position and morphology. Below all is the coastal plain sloping towards the lake. The middle location is occupied by foothills, sometimes represented by a flat or hilly, almost undivided surface, sometimes a sparse ravine-block network (sais). Both of these steps are variable in their width up to complete wedging out in some places. Above the foothills rise the actual mountains, either covered with vegetation or characterized by rocky relief. The relief is different in the west and east: the depressions, due to the low amount of precipitation in the west and their abundance in the east, acquired desert-steppe landscapes, which in the west and east are then replaced by meadow-steppe, coastal, forest-steppe and subalpine meadows. The great importance of relief in the development of tourism is undeniable. Mountain ranges occupying 4/5 of the territory of the region are the main recreational potential for the development of adventure tourism (trekking, horse riding, hunting, skiing).

Climate. The diversity of local climates in different zones of the Issyk-Kul region is determined by the following main factors:

· Their southern position;

· Large range of high elevations of mountain peaks;

· Location in the inner regions of Tien Shan blocked by high ridges;

· Exceptionally complex geological structure of the territory.

There are 3 climatic zones: cold, boreal and warm temperate, which correspond to 12 climatic regions: from arid steppe climates to climates with sufficient moisture, tundra climates and eternal frost.

In the bottom zone of the Issyk-Kul basin, an increase in humidity from west to east is clearly visible, and in the western part there is a boreal desert climate, gradually turning into arid climates of the steppes (central part), it is replaced by a climate with sufficient moisture in the eastern part of the basin. This is due to the transfer of air masses over the territory of Kyrgyzstan as a whole from west to east, which is characteristic of the northern latitudes of the entire northern hemisphere. They enter the basin, descending through the high foothill range of the Tien Shan - the Kungei and Kyrgyz ridges, accompanied by air heating. As a result, the atmospheric fronts associated with precipitation are eroded in the western part of the basin, and the annual amounts of precipitation are typical for desert and arid steppe zones (100 m). With further movement to the east, the air masses recover. When they rise into the atmosphere, they are saturated with the moisture of the lake. This explains the increase in cloudiness and precipitation in the central, especially in the eastern parts of the basin, which leads to a change in climate types. From desert climates to climates with sufficient moisture on the slopes of mountains and ridges, as they increase, they pass into cold climates of the tundra and high frost at an altitude above the snow line.

Issyk-Kul region can be called sunny. It is customary to consider the weather clear, semi-clear, cloudy. Here the number of cloudy days varies from 10 to 20 days a year. The number of clear days is large - 150-190 days a year. Very mild temperature conditions are observed throughout the Issyk-Kul basin due to the warming effect of the non-freezing lake in winter. However, there are no noticeable differences in its parts.

In the Issyk-Kul region, the relative humidity of the air all year round is mainly within the range of comfortable values (45-60%). In the western part of the summer, an average of 10 days are possible, when the humidity is 30%, but in the central and eastern parts there are only 10-15 such days. In the western part, during the winter period, about 120 mm of precipitation falls annually, to the east their amount increases to 400-500 mm. Precipitation mainly falls during the warm period from convective clouds and may be accompanied by thunderstorms, the number of days of which is on average 35-50 per year. The number of days with snow cover, which does not fall every year, is less than 10 in the western part of the basin. When moving to the east, it increases to 30-50, and in the eastern part it reaches 100-150 days per year. From the foot of the ridges framing the Issyk-Kul basin, the annual rainfall is 600-800mm. and on individual ridges up to 900mm. However, in the high-mountainous syrt zones, the amount of precipitation is 300 mm. increasing on individual ridges up to 400-500mm.

The wind regime, due to the determining influence of mountain spelling, is extremely complex. In the high ridges - barriers framing the Issyk-Kul basin, there are 2 depressions - jumpers with a height of about 2 km; in the west it is the junction of the Kyrgyz Range and Kungei Alatoo, and in the east the Santash Pass. With the flow of cold air masses to the north of Kyrgyzstan and to the south of Kazakhstan, they are delayed by ridges - barriers. The intrusion into their basin occurs in the form of a ravine of cold air through the lowering of the bridge. As a result, local storm winds - Ulan and Santash - are formed in its western and eastern parts. In the western part of the basin, Ulan appears with speeds of 10 m/s - 30 m/s, which has a western direction, is observed 40-60 times a year and lasts from several hours to 1-3 days. The zone of its distribution is the Boom gorge to the village of Chyrpykty. Less frequently than Ulan (20 times a year), San Tash appears in the eastern part with lower speeds (10 m/s-20 m/s) and it lasts from several hours to 1-2 days. Santash captures the entire eastern part of the basin from the Santash pass to about the village of Pokrovka.

The climate is a determining factor for the development of tourism in the Issyk-Kul region. The combination of mountain and sea climate significantly increases the recreational popularity of the region in the development of health-improving tourism. It is the climate that attracts tourists to Isyk-Kul.

Water resources. Of the water resources in the region, a special place is occupied by surface waters, represented by more than 5400 rivers, streams and streams, about 600 lakes and more than 3290 glaciers. The rivers of the region that have snow-glacial nutrition belong to the basins of Lake Issykkul, Lake Balkhash, the Syrdarya and Tarim rivers, Chui and the upper reaches of the Naryn river. The formation of the river network and river flow of the region is greatly influenced by the orthographic structure, climatic conditions, and glaciation. The easternmost high part of the territory is occupied by the Saryzhaz River basin, the entire flow of which goes to the PRC and the Tarim River system. From the west, this basin is adjoined by the upper reaches of the Naryn River - the catchment areas of its two main components: Chon-Naryn and Kichi-Naryn. Drains of the Karkyra River. Saryzhaz, Chon-Naryn and Kichi-Naryn are currently not used within the region, although they are very promising for the development of hydropower systems and water tourism. A special place in the economic life of the region belongs to the rivers of the Issyk-Kul basin, which are a source of irrigation, domestic water supply, recreational facilities and small hydropower. Their water content is in good agreement with the distribution of atmospheric precipitation over the territory of the basin, increasing from west to east and from bottom to top.

The largest river in the Issyk-Kul basin is the Jyrgalan River. the main part of the runoff of which is formed during the warm period of the year, the maximum monthly runoff occurs in August. The second in terms of drainage capacity is the Tyup River, it originates on the northern slopes of Teskey Alatoo. In the Issyk-Kul basin, the Chon-Kyzylsuu, Barskoon, and Turasuu rivers are relatively large. Aksai, Kichi-Aksuu, Zhonzhargylchak. Chon-Aksuu and Kichi-Aksuu flow down from the southern slopes of Kungei Alatoo. These rivers are characterized by spring-summer floods. The predominance of spring runoff over summer runoff is observed on the rivers Toruaygyr, Chonoruktu, Oital, Kudurgu, Tyupe, and the upper reaches of the Jyrgalan.

The lakes of the Issyk-Kul region are diverse in origin and size. Many lakes are located high in the mountains in the subalpine and alpine zones, in hard-to-reach, framed rocky slopes. These lakes are either of dam origin, formed as a result of the collapse of steep slopes, or glacial, formed in cable valleys under glaciers.

The largest lake is Issyk-Kul, which is also called the "Kyrgyz Sea", it ranks second among the high mountain lakes of the world (after Titicaca in South America). It is located in an intermountain tectonic depression 1608 m above sea level. The surface area of the lake is 6236 km2, the maximum depth is 668 m. The length from west to east is 177 km, the maximum width is 60 km. The volume of water that does not freeze in winter is 1738 km 3, the mineralization is 5%, but the mineralization of the water of the lake is sulfate-sodium-magnesium. The temperature regime of the lake depends on its depth and salinity. Therefore, in summer Issyk-Kul is divided into different temperature levels, and in winter it is characterized by homothermal division (distribution of uniform temperature throughout the depth). In winter, the water temperature is +4.2, +5.0 C. In summer it rises to +22 C, and in 2003 even to +24 C, which is a century record. The water level tends to rise and fall. In 2003, due to frequent and heavy rainfall, Lake Issyk-Kul rose to a record high in the history of a mountain lake. It is also probably connected with the Great opposition of Mars, which was observed by earthlings for the first time in 68 thousand years of the Planet called Earth. And this was also noted by the astronomers of the Kyrgyz Republic. In the autumn-winter period, a decrease in the level of the lake and the expenditure part of the water balance is usually observed.

The remaining lakes of the region are relatively very small and only some of them exceed 1 km2. Basically, they are located at an altitude of more than 3000m and are tied to glaciers.

Among the lakes of the Saryzhaz river basin, a special place is occupied by Merzbacher Lake, located at an altitude of 3304m above sea level on the surface of the Enilchek glacier. The area of the mirror is 4.5 km 2 , the volume is 160 million m 3 . Length - 2-3 km, width - 1.1 km. Depth - 60-70m. The lake is enclosed by a glacier and their broken tops (icebergs) float on the lake. This beautiful place of nature attracts tourists and climbers from all over the world. The mode and nature of the filling of the breakthrough of this lake is unique. By the end of summer, in warm water, huge blocks of ice come off the bottom of the lake and float to the surface, opening a huge funnel into a tunnel under the body of the dam - the southern Enilchek glacier and water from the lake rushes in a powerful stream along the Enilchek River to Saryzhaz, then to China. Blocks of ice, sinking, freeze at the bottom and close the funnel, the flow stops, the lake begins to slowly fill up. In the spring, the lake is again filled with melt water, in summer its temperature rises, and again the ice plug, freezing from the ice, opens the breakthrough channel.

Lake Baltyrbeshik, the second largest lake after Lake Merzbacher, is located in the upper reaches of the river between the Akshyirak and Borkolda ridges. The mirror lies at an altitude of 3700 m above sea level. Length - 700m, width - 200-220m, area - 0.12km 2 , depth 4m, freezes in winter.

More than 80 lakes of the upper reaches of the Naryn river are concentrated in the Arabelsuu river basin. Among them, the largest in the region is Lake Zhuukuchak. It is located at an altitude of 3766m. above sea level, area 1.5 km", the volume of water is estimated at 8 million m 3. There are 279 small lakes in the Issykkul lake basin. The largest of them is Alakul. It is located in the northern part of Teskey Alatoo, at an altitude of 3532 m above sea level. Relatively The largest lakes are Dolon Lake in the valley of the Tyup River, in its lower reaches, Lake Chokuluukol is located in the upper reaches of the Juuku River.

Glaciers are one of the most important factors that form the runoff of mountain rivers. The uplifted eastern part of the region within the basin of the Saryzhaz River is characterized by the greatest development of modern glaciation. that in the area of \u200b\u200bthe peaks of Pobeda and Khantengri. Here, 760 glaciers with a total area of 1572.0 km 2 are taken into account. The largest glacier, Enilchek, ranks second in Central Asia after the Fedchenko glacier.

Lakes - Issykkul, Alakul, Merzbakhera. Enilchek and Saryzhaz glaciers are the main recreational resources that make up the key natural and recreational potential of the region.

Flora and fauna. The ecosystem of Issyk-Kul is a natural complex of all living organisms (flora and fauna) inherent in this territory. The large vertical dissection, the complexity of the relief, the high position of the territory above sea level and other environmental factors led to the formation of a diverse flora and fauna.

The floristic composition is represented by about 1500 plant species, forming more than 50 plant communities.

The forest fund of the Issyk-Kul region is 344.3 thousand hectares, which is 24% of the republican fund, of which 25.4 thousand hectares. - 50% of forest land is occupied by Schrenk spruce, juniper and other shrubs.

Woody vegetation is represented mainly by Schrenk spruce. The area of spruce forests is 65.7 thousand hectares. Spruce forests are distributed mainly on the northern and adjacent mountain slopes. fringing lakes. On the northern slope of Teskey Alatoo, small tracts of spruce forests begin in the west (approximately near the village of Bokombaevo) and extend to the valley of the Tyup River in the east. More dense massifs of spruce forests are found in the valley of the rivers Zhuuku, Chonkyzylsuu, Zhetioguz, Yrdyk, Karakol, Aksuu, Bozuchuk, Turgenaksuu, Jyrgalan. On the southern slope of the Kungei Alatoo ridge, spruce is distributed between the valleys of the Chonaksuu and Chonoruktu rivers. It is these spruce forests with original herbs - yellow edelweiss, rocky geranium, Vvedensky aster, Gorolyubiva phlomis, Kolpakovsky tulip and other flowering plants that attract nature lovers and are one of the prerequisites for the development of mountain tourism.

In the low-mountain steppes, where steppe vegetation occupies a dominant position, such grasses as Vazelian fescue, feather grass, comb-shaped wheatgrass, thin-legged slender and dry-tolerant forbs: Tien Shan wormwood and borotal brutnyak are massive. With it in the form of dense thickets and individual bushes, many-leaved elms are often found. In the steppes of Tien Shan, in addition, multicolored wormwood, Krylov's feather grass, and Larionov's bitter gourd are very characteristic. Of the shrubs, honeysuckle-imitator, barberry kolikarsky, is common. In drier variants of the steppes, wormwood predominates, and cereals occupy a subordinate position. Projective soil cover by plants ranges from 20-30% in dry to 100% in meadow steppes. The steppe territories of the Issyk-Kul basin are used as spring and autumn pastures. Meadow grass stands that exist due to additional soil moisture (banks of rivers, lakes, groundwater outlets) are found along the entire altitudinal profile. In the steppe, semi-desert, and especially in the desert belts, they are often saline. Salt-tolerant species grow here, such as acidless, multi-stemmed hair, eastern fescue, awnless bonfire, common yarrow, Tibetan astragalus. Dzhungarian sedge, silver carp sedge, blister sedge, water handrail, field mint and Asian mint, creeping ranunculus, etc. grow in the wettest saline areas.

Medicinal plants of the Issyk-Kul region: Issyk-Kul root, marshmallow, black henbane, common harmala, pepper knot, kidney knotweed, medicinal sweet clover, common oregano, St. , Zeravshan thyme, sea buckthorn, etc.

Within the region there are 11 species of higher flowering plants listed in the Red Book of the Republic. In the hollow it is - calamus, irny root, hairy chesnielnya, Kolpakovsky's tulip. Siberian Tien Shan, elecampane high; within the syrt highlands - wrapped Saussurea, Kashgar barberry, Tien Shan umbrella-bearing, Kyrgyz kopeck, obtuse-bladed anemone. The vegetation of the basin is subject to a powerful, increasing anthropogenic pressure, decrease over the years. On the territory of the region there are 2 botanical reserves - "Baydamtal" and "Tyupsky" and 1 forest "Kichi". The total area of natural pastures of the region is 1 million 371 thousand hectares, including 606 thousand hectares of summer, 403 thousand hectares of spring-autumn and 362 thousand hectares of winter. Mountain gorges covered with Tien Shan spruce, endemic vegetation, medicinal plants create beautiful nature and are one of the most important criteria that attracts tourists. The fauna of the region includes 50 species of mammals, 11 - reptiles. 285 - birds. 4 - amphibians, 31 - fish, about 10 species of invertebrates and about 10 species of vertebrates - endemic to Tien Shan. Most of the fish are endemic to Issyk-Kul. The fauna as a whole is relatively young, having developed in its present form in the Quaternary period. The Issykkul lake basin forms the Issykkul zoogeographic district, consisting of lake, foothill and mid-mountain areas. The lake site includes coastal and aquatic communities. There are about 100 species of waterfowl and near-water birds. Loons, grebes, spinning tops, black storks, pochards, common gulls, and gull-nosed terns nest among them. A large number of species live here, winter, and some birds fly to other parts. These are gray herons, swans (whooper and mute), gray goose, gulls (silver, gray, gull) and others. Issykkul - the largest non-freezing lake in Central Asia - is a wintering place for waterfowl and near-water birds of international importance. They include pochard, coot, earbill, mallard, swans, gray geese, geese, and mergansers. 11 native fish live in the lake - gudgeon, minnow, naked osman, marinka, chebak, chebachok, sloth, carp, Tien Shan char and 10 acclimatized ones. Issyk-Kul trout, welcome trout, whitefish, pike perch, tench, bream, etc. Carp, trout, pike perch, chebak and chebachok are objects of amateur fishing.

The mid-mountain area is inhabited by communities of mountain steppes, subalpine meadows, rocks, shrubs, forests and rivers. 32 species of mammals live here: shrews, tolai hare, squirrel, gray marmot, forest wash, gray hamster, wolf, fox, bear, badger, lynx, wild boar, roe deer, deer. Of the 152 species of birds, forest birds are characteristic: cinnamon, sparrowhawk, buzzard, hobby falcon, black grouse, partridge, wood pigeon, long-eared owl, blackbirds, tits, etc.

Alpine areas occupy most of the territory and are relatively homogeneous. Of the mammals, the following are characteristic: tolai, leopard, big-eared pika, gray marmot, jumping jerboa, mole voles, bear, wolf, ermine, manul, mountain goat, Tien Shan sheep. From birds: shelduck, bearded vulture, black vulture, griffon vulture, kumai, snowcock, rock dove, rock swallow. Mountain goat, hare, ermine, weasel, gray marmot, wolf, fox, Pamir subspecies of argali (the so-called Marco Polo sheep), kekelik, snowcock, doves - gray and rocky can have hunting and commercial value in the highlands.

To maintain a balance in the ecosystem and preserve the population in the Issyk-Kul region, various kinds of reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and rangers have been created, which play an important role in the development of tourism, in particular ecotourism. The nature of the Sarychateertash Reserve is one of the most unique territories of the Issyk-Kul region. The reserve is located in the valley between Teskey Alatoo and the Akshyirak ridge. Area - 72 thousand hectares. The Sarychat River flows through the valley and, together with the steep slopes, creates the appearance of a gorge. The reserve was organized by a special resolution of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on March 10, 1995 No. 76. The purpose of the reserve is to organize the protection of ecosystems of the high-mountain syrts of the Central Tien Shan. On the territory of the reserve live argali, ilbirs. foxes, wolves, gophers, etc. Of the birds - ulars, golden eagles, kekiliks. magpies, mountain lei.

By Decree of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic dated March 20, 1997 No. 287, a project for the organization of the Issyk-Kul Biosphere Territory was adopted, it provides for the assistance of the international community in order to preserve the unique nature of Kyrgyzstan. The main goal of the project is the development of the most important directions of the biospheric development of the territory in the ecological direction. The Issyk-Kul biosphere territory works in 3 directions: in some zones it takes natural complexes under protection; in others, it restricts certain types of management, and thirdly, it develops the socio-economic development of the region without harm to the environment. These measures also include the development of health and tourism facilities.

The Issyk-Kul zone is divided into: the core zone, the biospheric transition zone and the sanitation zone. The core zone is an inviolable protected area where any kind of economic activity is prohibited, but research work is allowed. The biospheric zone surrounds the core zone. There is economic activity here. Construction work is prohibited. There are extensive agricultural routes in the transition zone. Sanitation zone - territories requiring restoration and improvement of disturbed lands.

The rare and endangered species included in the Red Book of Kyrgyzstan are the bear, otter, manul, leopard, maral, goitered gazelle, Tien Shan ram, pink and curly pelicans, black stork, flamingo, mountain goose, swan, white-headed duck, osprey, long-tailed eagle, steppe eagle, golden eagle, bearded kumai, serpent eagle, black grouse, carpenter bee, appalons.

The fauna of the Issyk-Kul region is distinguished by its endemicity, richness and many fishing and hunting grounds, which creates all the conditions for fishing and hunting tourism in the region.

1.2 Recreational resources

The basis of the recreational system of the region is Lake Issyk-Kul with its surrounding mountain landscapes.

Issyk-Kul does not freeze in winter, it has a softening effect on the climate of the region, the water has healing properties, with a temperature that is quite high for a mountain reservoir. In the mountains, especially in the middle mountains, there are many places with mineral water outlets, forest landscapes and other favorable conditions suitable for creating recreational institutions: sanatoriums, rest houses, mountain tourist complexes, ski bases, etc. The territory of Issyk-Kul is suitable and accessible for recreational activities all year round, but the summer-autumn period is more favorable and effective with a long swimming season. The eastern Issyk-Kul region is suitable for winter recreation. The length of the beach area is 600 km - natural beaches of the 1st and 2nd category. 20 large beach areas are located in the areas of the villages of Koshkol, Choktal, Tamchy. Bosteri, Kadzhisay.

The Isyk-Kul region is rich in cultural and historical monuments. In total, several thousand monuments of history and culture are taken into account in the region, of which 320 objects are under protection. Among them are monuments of the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages, Stone sculptures, settlements and settlements of the Middle Ages.

Also, the number of recreational resources of the Issyk-Kul region includes unique natural objects. Natural and natural-historical monuments of the region are divided into:

· landscape;

· Geological and geomorphological;

· Hydrological.

Landscape monuments include all the beautiful tracts of the region: Kokzhaiyk, Santash, Chonbet gorge, Kyzylzhar, Kyrchynsai valley with lake Suttubulak, Aksuu-Arashan.

Geological and geomorphological monuments are associated with the relief and mountain structure of the ranges. These are the rocks "Broken Heart" and "Seven Bulls", "Zhetyoguz", Kantoo Peak and other peaks, stones, rock paintings.

Geological natural monuments include lake waterfalls, mineral and hot springs, clean rivers and springs with beautiful nature around. Waterfalls are found in the upper reaches of mountains and rivers, in the forests of the region. On its territory, the largest and most beautiful is the Barskoon waterfall, located in the Barskoon geological reserve.

In the emergence of natural and historical monuments, human labor is laid - caves, rock paintings, boulders with various petroglyphs. These boulders and rock inscriptions are mainly found in the north of Issyk-Kul between the villages of Chyrpykty and Bosteri, Korumdu and Tashtak.

Animals and plants are also natural recreational resources. These are botanical and zoological monuments. Spruce and juniper forests, some ornamental shrubs, beautiful flower meadows and other plants can be natural monuments. The botanical monuments on the territory of the region include: the slopes of the Teskei and Kungei Alatoo mountains, spruce forests near the Saryzhaz rivers and some of its tributaries, juniper forests, shrub forests located around lakes and rivers.

The zoological monuments include the following animals: deer, gazelles, ilbirs, swans, golden eagles, pheasants, snowcocks. Marals live in the eastern part of Teskey Alatoo and in the spruce forests of the Tyup valley. Goitered gazelles are found in small numbers in the southwestern part of the region. V Chon and Kichi-Zhokota valleys. Ilbirs live in high-mountain alpine and subalpine meadows. Swans mostly winter, and sometimes live in the summer on the lake. The climate becomes a special recreational resource characteristic of the Issyk-Kul region. The climatic conditions of the basin are distinguished by a feature: there is no sweltering heat and severe frosts. The climate has features of sea and mountains. Its originality is determined by the internal position of the basin in the temperate zone, elevation above sea level, isolation by the Kungei and Teskey Alatoo mountain ranges and the presence in the center of its large and deep, non-freezing lake.

In shaping the weather in this area, the duration of sunshine and the associated solar radiation play an important role. In terms of the number of hours of sunshine and associated radiation (2670-2880 hours), the lake coast exceeds the Crimean resorts (Sochi 2250 hours) by 400-600 hours a year and the Baltic resorts by almost 1000 hours (Riga - 1810 hours). The small amount of day-to-day changes in atmospheric pressure and average daily air temperature and the significant constancy of the weather allow the human body to easily adapt to new conditions. A favorable number of hours of sunshine, especially in summer, increases the comfort of rest, creates opportunities for heliotherapy. In a favorable warm season, a combination of climatic and aesthetic factors stimulates all the regulatory, physiological functions of the body.

The smoothing role of the lake in the annual variation of air humidity is very pronounced. On the coast, the relative humidity of the air is on average 65% and changes only by 8-10% during the year. A peculiar wind regime. More often than others, breezes are noted, blowing from the lake during the day, at night from land to the lake. The positive value of the breezes is that in the summer they moderate the heat of the day and play the role of fans. The climatic advantages of the region include high air ionization as a healing factor.

In spring, there is a frequent change of cold and warm weather, accompanied by sharp fluctuations in air temperature and an increase in precipitation. The temperature begins to rise noticeably in April, when frost-free, moderately humid weather is formed. In spring, the coastal zone of the basin is still below the meteorological comfort zone, which makes it difficult to adopt water procedures. At this time of the year, you can only get cold and cool air baths.

In summer, clear, dry and sunny, moderately humid weather sets in. The average air temperature is +12.5°С - +22.°С. On the coast of the lake, the number of comfortable days is 25-30 per month. The summer period on the coast is most favorable for organizing all types of recreation and climate treatment. From May to September, there is excessive ultraviolet radiation in the basin, which is necessary for heliotherapy. In summer the water heats up to +18-+22°С and is favorable for swimming.

Autumn, especially the first half, is the most favorable for recreation and tourism in the basin. The number of comfortable days reaches 80%. That's why bathing season comparatively long. The upper layer of water is heated up to +19°С-+20°С. By the end of November, the regime characteristic of the cold period sets in.

In winter, the basin is under the influence of a high pressure area, which contributes to the establishment of predominantly cloudless, moderately frosty and moderately mild weather. The average January temperature in Cholponat is 2.8°C, in Tamga - 2.0°C, in Karakol - 5.7°C, in Balykchy - 3.9°C. In winter, the weather is quite stable. This makes it possible to apply climotherapy in winter. The most favorable conditions for winter recreation are in the eastern part and on the northern slopes of the Teskey Alatoo ridge, where for a long time (4-6 months) there is a stable snow cover (30-40 ms). This provides prerequisites for the development of winter recreation, including special skiing.

The balneological resources of the Issyk-Kul region are expressed in mineral waters and therapeutic mud. On the territory of the Issyk-Kul region, there are 47 sources of mineral waters in 30 group outlets. which make up more than 80% of the republican reserves.

About 40 deposits of various types of mineral waters are concentrated in the Issyk-Kul resort area. The unique radon waters of the Jetyoguz resort are located here. The main deposits are siliceous thermal waters, deposits with new types of waters for the republic (Cholponatinskoe, Barbulakskoe) have been discovered. All mineral waters of the Issyk-Kul region, depending on their chemical composition, properties and medicinal value, are divided into the following balneological groups:

water without "specific" components and properties;

siliceous thermal waters;

radon waters.

Waters without "specific" components and properties are common in the most densely populated areas with developed industry and agriculture. This group includes waters of natural cold springs and hot water wells at a depth of 800-2000 m. Nitrogen predominates in the gas composition of these waters up to 90%. According to physical properties, such sources are characterized as clean, transparent, without sediment, salty, bitter-salty taste. Since 1987 Barbulak mineral water has been bottled. Recommended for the treatment of chronic gastritis with secretory insufficiency, chronic liver disease and pancreatitis. Water is effective for balneotherapy for diseases of the nervous, musculoskeletal systems, gynecological, skin, and dental diseases. Cholponata chloride calcium-sodium, thermal waters (+35 ° C-+53 ° C) are located on the territories of the sanatoriums "Blue Issyk-Kul", "Issyk-Kul", "Cholponata", "Kazakhstan".

Siliceous thermal waters are nitrogenous in gas composition. The temperature in the springs is +25-+30°С, and in the wells - +40-+58°С. They are characterized by an alkaline environment. Silic acid is one of the biologically active substances. Thermal nitrogen waters are distributed mainly on the northern coast of Lake Zhyrgalan, Saryoi, Karaoi, Koshkol, Chonsaryoi, Choktal.

On the territory of the Issyk-Kul region, 8 out of 14 deposits of therapeutic mud with a volume of 3336.2 thousand m 3 are concentrated, which make up 91.9% of the total stock of high-quality silt mineral-sulfide therapeutic mud. Of these, only 415.0 thousand m 3 of mud are used, which is only 13% of the stock. The mud of the Issyk-Kul region is characterized as silty, continental, sulfide-low-mineralized, sandy. They are plastic, have a black or dark gray color and smell of hydrogen sulfide. Practically, the silts are not clogged; gypsum is completely absent in them. Dirt and mud solution have an alkaline reaction. All this characterizes their high quality. The mud deposits of Lake Issykkul are easily accessible for mining. Therapeutic mud is characterized by a variety of mineral salts and trace elements, organic compounds, radioactive substances, biostimulants, antibiotics and hormones. Many of these active ingredients not only impregnate the skin, but also penetrate through it into the internal environment, up to the cerebrospinal fluid, which contributes to a significant improvement in the functional state of a number of important body systems.

The silt therapeutic mud of Lake Issyk-Kul is similar to the well-known therapeutic mud of Saki, Moinaki and others. There are 3 large deposits of therapeutic mud in the Issyk-Kul region: Cholponatinskoye, Zhyrgalanskoye, Pokrovskoye. Reserve deposits are Tamchinskoye, Kurmentinskoye, Karaoyskoye.

The geographical features of the Issyk-Kul region are of great recreational importance. The mountain-sea climate, clean air, abundance of solar heat, healing mineral water of the lake, hot springs and therapeutic mud improve health, which is a favorable condition for the creation of recreational facilities and organization of recreation for tourists.

1.3 Overview of tourism opportunities in Issyk-Kul region

The geographical features of the Issyk-Kul region have

great tourist importance. The main tourist sites of the Issyk-Kul region are:

passes from Ontor to Jetyoguz. The beginning of the gorge of the Telety River is difficult to see from Ontor. In this gorge (its length in a straight line is 8 km) there are three short (2-4 km) gorges with the Gastello, Telety and Dimitrov passes (listed from north to south). In the upper reaches of the left, northernmost gorge - Gastello Pass (4001m, P, A category of difficulty); in the upper reaches of the middle gorge - the most accessible and simple Telety pass (about 3700m, 1, A category of difficulty).

In the gorge of the Telety River, in the left side ridge that separates Telety from Ayutor, there are peaks: Uglovoi Peak (3986m), Mendeleev!! (4182 m), Heroes of Krasnodon (4215 m). Students (4202 m), GERO (4228 m\ GTO (4245m) and Gastello Peak (4240m); the latter is located at the point where the side ridge branches off from the ridge separating the Karakol and Jetyoguz rivers.

Resort Jetyoguz located 28 km west of Karakol, at the beginning of the Jetyoguz gorge at an altitude of 2300 m. Regular bus service connects the resort with Karakol. Approximately 15 km from Karakol, the highway turns south near the village of Jetyoguz and soon enters the Jetyoguz gorge. In front of the resort, among the forest slopes on both banks of the river, there are spectacular outcrops of high massive red rocks, which the Kyrgyz gave the name Dzhetyoguz ("Seven bulls"). Since then, as a result of weathering processes, the number of rocks has increased markedly. The red rocks are so peculiar and beautiful that in 1968. they were depicted on Soviet postage stamps dedicated to Kyrgyzstan.

The main healing factors of the resort are the mountain climate and thermal (temperature 33-43 °) sources with high radioactivity. It treats diseases of the joints, spine (rheumatic, gouty arthritis, etc.) and peripheral nerves, mainly of metabolic origin, as well as some gynecological and skin diseases. The decay products of radon are adsorbed on the skin and form the so-called active plaque, during the decay of which the patient is exposed to radioactive irradiation for about 3 hours. A sanatorium, a canteen, and shops have been built in the Jetyoguz resort.

The Jetyoguz gorge is the second mountain section of the Issyk-Kul nature reserve. Its forests are inhabited by about 150 wild boars. From the resort to the end of the Ailanysh glacier at the foot of the Jetyoguz wall, the gorge is about 25 km long, the trail goes all the time along the right bank of the river. Above the resort, for 10.5 km, among the spruce forest, a bad country road was laid, accessible only to vehicles - trucks or with two driving axles. 4 km above the resort, in the forest, there is a base of geologists - a group of temporary wooden houses. The motor road ends in a clearing, 1.5 km short of the confluence of the right tributary of the Telety River with the Jetyoguz. Further up the gorge there is only a trail.

At 12 km from the resort, near the confluence of the Teleta, there is Kokzhayik - "Glade of Flowers". Indeed, there are excellent subalpine meadows with lush herbs and an abundance of all kinds of flowers: edelweiss, small and large white asterisks, forget-me-nots, geraniums, large dark blue and tiny blue gentian, orange "daisies" of small petals (erigeron). A path leading from the Dimitrov, Telety and Gastello passes from the Ontor gorge leads to the "Meadow of Flowers" in the Telety valley. From the glade, the two-headed Jetyoguz wall is clearly visible for 17-18 km.

The Dzhetyoguz gorge expands greatly, 18 km from the resort there is a large clearing in the Balaluusai tract, where both sources of the Dzhetyoguz merge: the right Ailanysh (Turk. "Whirlpool") and the left - Baitor ("Rich Tract"). In the clearing there are yurts and shepherds' tents. A herd of mares with foals grazes here, and from here koumiss is delivered to the resort every day. You can watch the milking of mares. Unlike a cow, a mare does not allow herself to be milked unless she is deceived by letting a foal near her for a while. Then one milkmaid removes it from the nipples and holds it by the neck near the mother so that she can see him, while the second milks the mare, comforted by the closeness of the foal.

At 20 km from the resort there is a bridge (a couple of logs across the Ailanysh River), and at 23 km - the last fir trees (height here is 2800 m) 1.5-2 km from the Ailanysh glacier. Further to the end of the glacier (2800m), only juniper bushes grow along the slopes of the valley. This is a good place to camp. In the south, at 4-5 km, rises the magnificent rock-ice Dzhetyoguz wall, the second highest peak of Terskey (5168m, IV, B category of complexity). The first ascent of the Jetyoguz wall was made in 1958. four climbers led by V. N. Naryshkin along the northwestern Dzhetyoguz glacier and the northwestern ridge (the watershed ridge between the Ailanysh River and the Baitop Gorge).

From the camp you can make several one-day walks to the Ailanysh glacier, a panoramic peak in the right side ridge (about 4000m) and to the Baitor gorge.

It is more convenient to climb the Ailanysh glacier along the shaft of the right lateral moraine, clearly visible from afar, from the border of the forest; There is a path along the crest of the moraine. The glacier gradually turns to the east, to the left along the way. From the moraine far to the north, in the gap of the Jetyoguz gorge, a section of Issyk-Kul and Kungei-Alatau is visible. After 1.5-2 hours of ascent from the border of the forest, it is better to go to the right, first grassy, and then scree slope, bypassing the icefall on the left. At an altitude of 3300-3600m on the slope of the glacier there are excellent alpine meadows with many large and bright flowers; to the plants found along the Dzhetyoguza gorge, raspberry primroses (primroses), pinkish-lilac alpine asters and golden flowers of the cinquefoil shrub and alpine poppy are added here. Along the way, the bulk of the sheer Dzhetyoguz wall is moving closer and closer, dazzlingly shining in the sun with pure ice and snow. From several hanging glaciers, clinging to the Jetyoguz wall, blocks of melted ice fall down onto the Ailanysh glacier.

A good panoramic point is the peak about 4000m high in the side ridge extending from the ridge separating Ontor and Ailanysh. The ascent to it from the edge of the forest lasts 4-4.5 hours, and the descent to the camp takes about 3 hours. At first, the ascent goes along the moraine, then along the grassy slope and scree. After 3.5 hours of travel - exit to the watershed ridge, in front of a rocky peak 4000m closes the view of the area of the Karakol peak. It is necessary to cross a scree, and then a steep ice slope (steps should be cut here) and climb the rocks to the top. It offers a panorama of the Dzhetyoguz wall: in the west, in the upper reaches of the Baytor, the sharp ridge of the Terskaya is crowned with three rocky-snowy peaks, the westernmost of them is Ailama; below in the east is the treeless Archalytor valley, behind it, behind the ridge, the Ontor glacier and the Karakol peak.

7 km below the end of the tongue of the Ailanysh glacier, the Baitor tributary flows into the river; above this place the river is called Baytor. Baitora gorge, about 7 km long, in the lower part is called At-Jailoo; tents or yurts of shepherds usually stand here. The upper part of the Baytor Gorge is closed by two pure white glaciers separated by a spectacular granite pyramid. 1 km south of this peak is the Ailama Pass, leading to the gorge of the Ailama River, a tributary of the Chon-Kyzylsuu.

Pass Archator(I, B category of complexity) connects the Jetyoguz gorge and Chon-Kyzylsuu. 1 km below the confluence of Ailanysh and Baytor near the Belalyusay glade, on the left, the Asan-Tukum tributary flows into Jetyoguz. Going down the Dzhetyoguz, it is necessary to cross the end of the watershed ridge near the mouth of Asan-Tukum. The Asan-Tukuma Gorge closes a small glacier. You need to climb this glacier closer to its left edge, then along a steep (up to 45 °) large-stone, and then slate scree. The ascent to the pass takes 4-5 hours. From the saddle behind the Chon-Kyzylsuu gorge, the Terskey-Alatau section is visible.

Descent from the Archator Pass to the treeless gorge of the same name along a steep (up to 40°) slate scree, and then along steep grassy slopes. After 1-1.5 hours of descent from the pass, the gorge narrows, the river flows in the canyon. Only juniper grows on the slopes of the gorge. After another 3/4 hours of travel, the Archator flows into the Karabatkak River on the right. Along the right wooded bank of Karabatkak, the path after 3/4 hours leads to the building of the Physiographic Station, located on a large clearing in the Chon-Kyzylsuu valley. The descent from the pass to Chon-Kyzylsuu lasts 2.5-3 hours, and the entire transition from the Jetyoguz gorge takes 7-8 hours.

5 km above the Dzhetyoguz resort there is another pass - Kokbel (about 2750 m), leading to the wide valley of Syuttubulak (Turk. "Milk source"), where a collective farm dairy farm is located.

Chon Kyzylsuu. 38 km west of Karakol on the highway is the district center of Kyzylsuu, standing on the Chon-Kyzylsuu River. 20 km southeast of Kyzylsuu is the tract Dzhyluusuu, or Keys: a shop, several houses and a group of tents near warm mineral springs; here , like Altinarashan, a kind of folk resort.The path from Kyzylsuu to Klyuchi is of little interest, and it is better to do it on a passing car.Daily, a truck runs from Kyzylsuu to Klyuchi for milk, often cars from the Physical and Geographical Station (village of Kyzylsuu, Pionerskaya St. , 19).

At 4-5 km from Kyzylsuu there is a hydroelectric power station and a large village of Svetlaya Polyana, and at 7-10 km on the slope of the valley there are outcrops of red sandstones; hence the name Chon-Kyzylsuu (Turk. "Big Red River"). Shepherds' tents and the bridge over the Chon-Kyzylsuu (no need to cross it) are 16 km away; further the gorge narrows and a spruce forest begins; a dairy farm and shepherds' tents are 19.5 km away.

The ascent to the top takes 4-5 hours, the descent is about 2.5 hours. Near the station, you should cross the Chon-Kyzylsuu and climb along the right bank of Karabatkak to the hydrometric bridge (30 minutes walk). Then climb the right grassy slope, and then along the scree. From the rocky peak you can see the blue bays of Issyk-Kul, Kun Gey-Alatau in the north, and the Jetyoguz wall in the south.

By Aylam. Behind the bridge over the Chon-Kyzylsuu at the Physico-geographical station there is a rather steep ascent along the left bank of the Karabatkak forest gorge. Half an hour later, there is a hydrometric bridge across Karabatkak. further - a swampy coast, behind it - a gentle rise. After 1.5 hours of travel - a stream from the left slope, after 2 hours (about 8 km) Ailama flows into Karabatkak on the right. At 500 m above the Ailama fork, it flows in a canyon among brown rocks and forms a 20-25-meter waterfall: you can go to the rock above the Ailama waterfall along an inconspicuous sheep path among the bushes. At 100 and 150m below the waterfall there are hydrometric bridges across Ailama, two meteorological booths and a rain gauge.

The Ailama gorge is treeless, only juniper and caragana grow here. There are camps of shepherds on Ailam, one near the waterfall, the other 2 km up the gorge. Less than 1 km behind the second shepherd camp, the trough valley turns 70-80°. Behind the turn, a panorama of the Terskey site and the Ailama glacier opens. In about 1.5 hours you can walk along the Ailama valley from the waterfall to the final moraine of the Ailama glacier.

From Klyuchi to the Physiographic Station is about 4 km. Immediately above the Keys, the gorge narrows sharply: an almost sheer rocky wall rises high above the right forest slope; the left slope is also covered with spruce forest up to half the height and ends with a jagged rocky ridge with cliffs - buttresses. At the Keys, you need to cross the bridge over the Chon-Kyzylsuu to the left bank. The trail for 1 km climbs steeply along the left forest slope and crosses two streams. Then it goes almost horizontally through the glades along the river itself. Several buildings of the Physiographic Station nestled at an altitude of 2555m, on the edge of a spruce forest on the edge of a large clearing at the confluence of Karabatkak (on the right) and Ashutor (on the left), giving rise to Chon-Kyzylsuu. Glaciologists, geomorphologists, meteorologists, botanists and zoologists of the station are doing a lot of work on a comprehensive physical and geographical study of the Tien Shan; especially extensive work has been done up to the study of glaciation and permafrost in the highlands. Having set up camp in a clearing near the station, you can make several radial walks along the gorges of Karabatkak, Ailama and Ashutor (the last two are the most picturesque), as well as go through the Ashutor pass to the Taragai syrts and, after making a loop, cross over Terskey to the Juuka gorge along the Kashkasuu pass or Jukuchak.

A good panoramic point on the Terskey site is a nameless rocky peak (height 3975m), rising on the right bank of the Chon-Kyzylsuu, almost directly above the station.

Chapter II . Theoretical aspects of the development of tourist routes

2.1 The concept and types of tourist routes, their classification

The formation of routes, tours, excursion programs, the provision of basic, additional and related services constitute the technology of tourist service, i.e. this is the formation of a specific tourist product to meet the need for a tourist service.

The content of the chapter is determined by the specificity of the topic. A lot of tourist terms necessary for the disclosure of the topic are explained in this chapter. The main concept is a tourist route. Tourist route is a geographically defined, linked to a given area and special objects and described with varying degrees of detail, the route of a hike, travel, movement. Gulyaev V.G. gives the following definition: The route is a pre-planned route of movement of a tourist for a certain time in order to provide him with the services provided for by the program.". This definition is more appropriate, since the routes presented in the work are intended for organized commercial tourism.

A brief description of the tourist route or trip - sketches (illustrations, maps, diagrams, text descriptions of objects). Travel notes are the essence of the traveler's activity - brief descriptions of a tourist route or trip, compiled during travel (or later) for their own use as a keepsake or as a guide to action on repeating this route, or for other tourists and travelers who will follow the same route or visit these places.

Characteristic types of tourist routes. Classification of tourist routes.

Tourist routes are classified according to various criteria.

Route types are:

Thematic - with a predominance of excursion services and cognitive orientation;

hiking - routes with active modes of movement;

· sports and health-improving - with a predominance in the program of sports and health-improving events;

Combined - routes that combine elements of all the listed routes.

According to seasonality, routes are divided into:

year-round (off-season);

Seasonal - operating in a certain season (ski, water, mountain, etc.)

According to the structure of the route, the routes in relation to the geographical reference of the tour to the terrain are divided into:

Linear - with a visit to one or more points (except for the initial one) located on the track. The tourist route can be linear from the place of departure to the place of destination (stay in the tourist center), most often the tourist on arrival lives in one hotel, makes sightseeing and other trips within the given area. This route is convenient for tourists who do not like to pack and unpack their suitcases and backpacks every day, often moving from one hotel to another;

radial - (stationary) with a visit to one point on the route. It is possible to travel radially from the selected tourist center or accommodation for sightseeing purposes, which include overnight stays in visited settlements and objects with a return back. At the same time, for the period of trips or excursions, places in the original tourist center remain with the tourists;

· ring (crossing tours) - with the coincidence of the points of the beginning and end of the route and visiting several points on the route. Another option may be a circular route through the visited area or country, and the place of arrival in the country or area (conditionally an airport, railway station) can be (a) unchanged, i.e. the journey through the country began and ended at the same point, and (b) different from the place of arrival in the locality or country. The latter option is typical for tours through the country, the so-called crossing tours.

The scheme "Classification of extreme tourist routes" summarizes the above material.

There may be other options for organizing tours. Everything as a whole determines the procedure for booking the transportation of tourists along the tour route.

The duration of the routes are:

multi-day (14-30 days);

several days (1-3 days) – weekend routes;

several hours (excursions).

By type of transport on the route:

· own transport of the tourist company;

rented (chartered) transport from other organizations;

personal transport of tourists.

Depending on the types of movement, there are:

hiking trails or walks. Usually the length of the route is from 2 - 6 or even up to 20-50 km;

· routes with movement on animals (horses, dogs, deer). The equestrian tourist route is very popular. Participants can visit hard-to-reach technical means movement of natural attractions;

· railway tourist routes, in which tourists get acquainted with various places and regions during the trip, while they live in a compartment of comfortable carriages, eat in mobile restaurants. The main stages of movement are provided at night, and during the day, tourists visit local attractions and objects provided for by the program in tourist centers. Tours reach a duration of 14 days or more.

· Water tourist routes. The most common - on boats of any kind, yachts or other small-sized water vessels and watercraft on a system of lakes or rivers. It can be rowing or motor boats, rafts, and the route passes through completely deserted areas and even be categorized. Some tourists prefer river or sea travel on a comfortable liner - river and sea cruises.

· Air transportation. The largest share is occupied by air transportation over long distances, including intercontinental ones across the oceans. It was with the creation of large high-speed and safe air liners for passenger transportation that tourist flows between continents sharply intensified. For tourist traffic, both scheduled routes and charter lines are used. The role of local aviation is also high, many routes within countries with a large extent of territories provide for movement by aircraft.

Small aircraft also participate in tourist transportation, especially when delivering tourists to natural and other objects that are difficult to access for other means of transportation. The services of small aviation for sightseeing flights over the area of the tourist center are widespread.

· Combined transport. Many tourist trips involve the use of several different modes of transport on the tour. Primary long-distance transport, unless it is a special tour, is most often by air. Tourists seek to minimize the time of moving a long distance to a place of rest, and the plane is the most efficient means of transportation. The transportation stage is an auxiliary element of the tour.

· camping;

rest in the mountains;

hunting and fishing, etc.

Naturally, any combination of various options for tourist routes is possible.

As a rule, extreme tourism is characterized by active modes of movement.

Active types of tourism include types of recreation and travel, entertainment, sports (rock climbing, sports games, rafting on turbulent rivers, underwater tourism, safaris, etc.), which require significant physical exertion and are not accessible to all categories of tourists. Extreme tourism stands out even more in this sense.

In the UK, a canal boat tour is popular. Unlike a similar tour of the Vuoksa lake system, where tourists not only have to row personally, but drag boats on portages, set up tents, cook, etc., in this English tour the boat is pulled by a horse following along the edge of the canal, and tourists spend the night in good and cozy rural hotels.

Various adventure tours are considered active,

· adventure trips, visits to exotic places, volcanoes, islands, waterfalls, etc. Usually this is a non-standard tour to exotic and ecologically clean natural reservations, associated with unusual travel, non-traditional vehicles. In some cases, such a tour is associated with risk and serious physical exertion. extreme tour requires courage and skills, for example, rafting on the stormy Colorado River in inflatable boats, traveling on the Kola Peninsula in winter on dog sleds. Ski resorts are popular. Participation provides for a certain physical training and skill of the participants. Such tourism is close to sports tourism, but the routes are better prepared and the conditions are much more comfortable, the risk is minimized by providing guides, intermediate camps, and tourist equipment.

· Hunting, fishing, photography, snowmobile or jeep trips in hard-to-reach areas.

Depending on the main purpose of the trip, the following tours can be distinguished:

· a tour for the purpose of hunting, fishing, trips to nature reserves to observe animals, photo hunting. The tour program includes: visiting the sights of local nature, learning to overcome obstacles, organizing camp life, learning survival techniques in extreme conditions. A convoy of cars is organized, in which, in addition to jeeps with tourists and guides, there is a transport escort with tents, food, fuel, meals, etc.;

· tour - visiting military installations and training grounds, camps for prisoners, concentration camps and prisons;

Tours to places of catastrophes, human tragedies;

Tours for the purpose of treasure hunting. Professional and amateur - adventure and entertainment character.

2.2 Stages of route development

Route development is a complex multi-stage procedure that requires a fairly high qualification and is the main element of the tourist service technology. This procedure is lengthy and sometimes takes several months. If the route is custom (one-time), then the procedure for creating it is simplified, with the exception of measures that ensure safety.

In the former USSR, about 24 thousand routes existed in the system of trade union tourism, including about 400 all-Union ones.

When developing the routes presented in the work, I followed the following steps:

1. Study of tourist resources along the proposed route.

2. Identification of restrictions on the consumption of tourist resources.

3. Market marketing for tourist services along this route route.

4. Determining the type of route.

5. Construction of a sketch model of the route.

6. Building a route route.

7. Drawing up a travel schedule, group movement schedule.

8. Linking the route to life support points.

9. Development of a safety scheme on the route.

10. Development of a route passport.

11. Coordination of the passport with the relevant services.

12. Trial hike along the route.

13. Making changes to the route scheme.

14. Consideration and approval of the route.

In addition, when developing any route, it is necessary to decide on the following questions:

1. Choosing a route is one of the most important moments of preparation. It depends, as a rule, on the goal that the group sets for itself, on the range of interests of its members. However diverse their goals may be, they can be grouped as follows: visiting a historical or natural monument; camping; physical training associated with long walks. In practice, of course, they can be combined.

2. Determining the complexity of the route.

Separate parts of the routes pass along quite “decent” roads and therefore are not connected with overcoming natural obstacles. They do not require cartographic material either - road signs and survey schemes located in places of mass recreation are quite sufficient. During such trips, it is not necessary to arrange long halts, since the time of active movement is short.

Other routes are laid not only along roads, but also along forest paths and clearings; along the banks of rivers and lakes; through swamps and clearings; mountains and passes. Some natural obstacles can be found here: windbreaks, bumps, stones, streams, ditches. A map or tourist map is required. Mandatory condition - long halts, lodging for the night.

And also observe the following rules:

· in terms of complexity and length, the section of the route of the day trip should be within the power of all tourists;

· for movement between tourist and objects, local transport is used, as well as transport belonging to the travel agency organizing the trip, a significant part of the route is overcome on foot and other means of active movement;

places for long halts and overnight stays are comfortably equipped with a supply of fuel and food, as well as equipped with communications;

· When planning a route, a reserve of time is taken into account in case of unforeseen delays on the way.

When developing the route, the most diverse material was used: reference books, guidebooks and other local history literature, cartographic material. Overview schemes of guidebooks - used for general study. For a more accurate construction of the route thread, she used special tourist schemes, atlases of roads, and maps of the region. The routes are coordinated with the traffic schedule, the regimes of admission to the reserves, and so on.

The development of the route ends with the coordination and approval of the route passport. The route passport is used in the formation of tours.

A hiking trip is a journey along a route laid over rough terrain, using active methods of transportation.

A hike or a tourist trip is a tourist service (a complex of tourist services, a tourist product) that ensures the satisfaction of the health and educational needs of tourists (if the trip is multi-day) with organized active modes of movement or movement along the tourist route. Hikes can vary in purpose: recreational, adventure (exotic), sports (categorical routes), educational and training, scientific and educational, and others. A long excursion also belongs to the category of hiking. There may be hiking trips using active vehicles (bicycles, motorcycles, cars, rafts, kayaks and boats, other vehicles, up to balloons).

Hikes are divided by type of tourism (hiking, skiing, mountain, water, etc.), by the length of the route, by category of difficulty, by duration.

The tourist trail is a subject and object of tourist interest. It is always enticing and carries a certain cognitive load. This particular concept comes from two varieties of tourism. The first and most common is a hiking trail in sanatoriums, rest houses, designed for easy walks with a controlled length, physical activity. Usually trails are laid in the form of a one-way loop, starting and ending in the same place. These trails are usually self-guided. Signs and information posters are installed on them. A special category is reserved trails designed for independent hikes of visitors and tourists on the principle of seeing and discovering. Prepared trails are either provided with information tools, signs, posters, or special brochures with detailed description. There is a special methodology for preparing tourist trails, taking into account safety, purpose, and viewing platforms.

There are trails, the passage of which by tourist groups requires the accompaniment of a guide who knows the route, and the passage of solo tourists is not recommended or prohibited. Particularly difficult routes are equipped with shelters and holiday houses for tourists, often supplied with provisions for unforeseen cases.

Another version of the tourist trail is a proven route, on the one hand, passing through (or in the vicinity for visiting or viewing) the most interesting objects of tourist interest, on the other hand, it is distinguished by optimal loads and the difficulty of overcoming it. Many trails were laid in time immemorial by hunters, pioneers, and local residents. Then they were mastered by the ubiquitous tourists, who immediately set up bivouac sites in the most beautiful and accessible places. The concept of a tourist trail also comes from the problems of organizing national and other natural parks. For tourists, trails are laid, on the one hand, the safest and most attractive, on the other hand, these trails take into account the requirements of ecology and nature conservation, as far as possible causing the least damage to flora and fauna. According to the "Rules for conducting tourist sports trips ..." sports trips are held in seven types of tourism, as well as in 6 categories of difficulty:

3. Mountain 2 k.s.

4. Water 3 k.s.

5. Bicycle 4 k.s.

6. Automobile and motorcycle 5 k.s.

7. Speleological 6th class - the most difficult

I will elaborate on the following:

Mountain – hiking in mountainous terrain with overcoming obstacles. In a hiking trip, these are crossings, swamps, vegetation, movement without paths, etc. In a mountain hike, the main obstacle is the pass. The pass is the lowest point of the mountain range separating two river valleys. Allocate sports:

Mountain tourism, mountaineering and rock climbing.

mountain tourism is a journey from point A to point B through passes and over mountain peaks. Climbing is climbing lightly to the top, descending to the camp, resting and on to the next peak. And between the exits - an alpine camp or a hotel with a hot bath (shower), normal food in the dining room, TV, dancing ... Rock climbing It's wall climbing. Mountain tourism is at the intersection of different sports disciplines. Moreover, mountaineering and rock climbing are not "tourism".

According to statistics, most tourists go to mountain and water trips.

Water. This type of tourism is immediately divided into 3 types according to the types of ships. The first type is a kayak. A single kayak is called a kayak. The second type - inflatable ships . Inflatables include all kinds of catamarans, inflatable boats and rafts. The third type is sailing ships.

Speleo. These are cave trips. Caves are horizontal, vertical, the main obstacles of which are wells, and combined. In the latter there are horizontal obstacles along with wells. The most interesting thing is that mountaineering and rock climbing are not "tourism", but caving is.

These types of tourism are characterized by the way of movement, the type of obstacles to be overcome, the length, the equipment, the category of difficulty.

Hikes are divided according to the complexity of the route.

In sports tourism, there are 6 categories of complexity. From the first (the easiest) to the sixth (the most difficult). Hike 1 k.s. (designated that way) must have a duration of at least 6 days, 2 k.s. - at least 8 days, etc. There are also length requirements. So hiking and skiing routes 1 k.s. must have a length of at least 130 km, 2 class - at least 160 km. For the mountain route, the numbers are as follows: 1 k.s. - not less than 100km, 2k.s. - not less than 120km. In addition to the duration and length, there are also requirements for obstacles encountered on the route. The most difficult obstacles are found in sixes, and the simplest - in ones. Anything below 1 k.s. belongs to the category of non-categorical trips.

You can go on a hike of a certain complexity if you have experience of the previous category of complexity of this type of tourism. So you can go to the mountain four if you have experience in the mountain three. You can lead if you already have experience of participating in hikes of the same category of complexity and managing hikes of the previous category of complexity of this type of tourism. On hiking trips 1 k.s. people are allowed not younger than 13 years old, in the rest - not younger than 14 years old, in 2 class. - not younger than 15 years old. Persons older than: 1 Ph.D. - 18, 2 k.s. - 19 years…

So, hike 1 k.s. this is, on the one hand, the easiest sports trip, on the other hand, it is a sporting event. Having successfully passed it, each participant COMPLETED THE REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING THE 3rd SPORTS DIFFERENCE IN TOURISM. For the 2nd category, 2 more trips are required: 2 and 3 k.s. But for the 3rd category, it is enough to go through a hike of 1 k.s.

The organization of trips and trips within the framework of amateur tourism is carried out by specially trained, in some cases licensed, qualified specialists, including:

tourist organizer;

Tour leader;

Tourism instructor

Tourism judges

· Methodists;

workers of control and rescue services (KSS).

The organization and conduct of tourist trips are regulated by the "Rules for Conducting Tourist Sports Trips", "Instructions for organizing and conducting tourist trips, expeditions", "bit requirements for sports tourism" and other recommendations of the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia.

In accordance with these requirements, the size of the group is determined by the category and complexity of the route and safety requirements. A group of 10-12 people is considered optimal. The participant of the hike must know the rules of sports and hiking trips well, be sufficiently prepared and trained, disciplined and follow the instructions of the leader.

The group leader is a full-time instructor-guide of a travel company organizing extreme trips.

There are several instructor titles:

Tourism instructor

Senior instructor

instructor-methodologist;

Instructor trainer.

Requirements for hikes of various categories of difficulty are determined in accordance with the table of standards.

Table #1

The minimum composition of the group in the hikes of the lowest category of complexity for adults is 4 people. The maximum number of participants in the hike depends on its complexity:

walks, one-two-day hikes, expeditions, excursions - up to 30 people;

Hiking 1,2,3 degrees of difficulty - up to 20 people;

The requirements set out in the table are imposed on the head of the tourist group.

table number 2

Hike difficulty (category)	Minimum age, years	Tourist experience and practical skills of the leader-instructor of the group
1 category of difficulty	18	Participation in a hike of the 1st category of complexity, management of a hike of the third degree of complexity - for hiking. For all types of tourism: participation in a hike of the 2nd category of difficulty, leadership of a hike of the third degree of difficulty.
2nd category of difficulty	19	Participation in a hike of the 3rd category of difficulty, leadership of a hike of the 1st category of complexity.
3 category of difficulty	20	Participation in a hike of the 4th category of difficulty, leadership of a hike of the 2nd category of difficulty.
4 category of difficulty	21	Participation in a hike of the 5th category of complexity, leadership of a hike of the 3rd category of complexity.
5th category of difficulty	22	Participation in a hike of the 5th category of complexity, leadership of a hike of the 4th category of complexity.

The team leader must have sufficient tourism and special (by type of tourism) experience. For hikes of the 1st category of complexity, training is required in the amount of a seminar for instructors of extreme tourism, 2nd category - in the amount of average tourist training.

Additional requirements for a team leader include:

Knowledge of the basics of psychology, age physiology;

ability to provide first aid.

The group leader is responsible for the safety, health and life of its members, and

also for carrying out the campaign in accordance with the planned route and plan.

Preparing for a hike requires the following steps:

Studying the route of the route and its features;

Determination of the purpose, type and category (degree) of complexity;

determination of the amount of expenses;

calculation of the trip duration in days;

· development of security measures, to notify in advance the control and rescue service, in the zone of action of which the route passes, about the conduct of the campaign;

· assembly and testing of the necessary equipment;

preparation of food products;

development of a schedule plan for the timing and activities;

selection of participants and distribution of responsibilities;

preparation of tourist documentation;

medical examination of participants;

practical and theoretical preparation of participants for the trip;

packaging of equipment, equipment, products, etc.

Difficult and dangerous sections of the route should be passed in small groups under the supervision of an instructor leader. Sections of the route are overcome in a certain order with the allocation of the guide and closing; the instructor-leader of the group corrects their actions.

The group on the route should not be divided, unless special safety conditions require it. Particular attention should be paid to driving during bad weather, poor visibility, strong winds, etc. The head at the same time decides on an unscheduled stop.

The stopping place should be chosen taking into account its safety, convenience, proximity to a water source. The camp is divided according to the established rules, taking into account fire and environmental safety, if there are no equipped parking lots on the route.

The team leader must have a detailed map of the route, a compass, communications, and regularly receive a weather forecast from the KKS.

2.3 Development of tourism in the Issyk-Kul region

Lake Issyk-Kul and its environs are among the areas whose tourist development is growing at a rapid pace. IN given time the tourism potential of the Issyk-Kul region is widely advertised through participation in international tourism fairs, conferences and the exchange of information with the world's leading travel companies. This is done by such entities as Yak-Tur-Karakol LLC, Turkestan OJSC and Edelweiss LLC. Also, over the past 3 years, under the motto "Tourism and Leisure in Kyrgyzstan", the Issyk-Kul Regional Department of the Resort and Health Complex, together with the State Agency for Tourism, Sports and Youth Policy, held tourist fairs. 100 travel companies from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Russia took part in these fairs. The fair is attended not only by recreational institutions (resorts, sanatoriums, rest houses, DOK, boarding houses), travel companies, but also by enterprises that present their services or products for sale during the summer season in Issykkul. For example, such organizations as "Bishkek-sut2", "Danazyk" and others present their food products, companies "Katel", "Intemir" - communication services. During the fair, press conferences are held with the participation of representatives of the Issyk-Kul regional state administration, the regional health resort complex with representatives of the media. Thus, on the basis of advertising and promotion of recreation in Issyk-Kul, most of the vouchers of recreational institutions and travel companies are sold at the fair.

Tourist groups penetrated the Issyk-Kul region even before the 20th century, but this was of a spontaneous, preparatory nature, excursions went to unknown places, in search of interesting natural objects of the inner Tien Shan. The 1930s can be considered the beginning of the intensive tourist development of the Issyk-Kul region.

In 1927, the dentist O. Grechikhin organized a section of the proletarian tourism society in Prezhivalsk. During these years, groups of the Ukrainian mountaineering expedition pass through Prezhivalsk to Khantengri peak. In the Central Tien Shan, a group of the Moscow House of Scientists and others are climbing. However, the groups were single and small in number.

In 1969, the Issyk-Kul tourist base was opened near the village of Ananyevo. Since that time, the tourist development of the Issyk-Kul region, as in the whole republic, has been developing rapidly. The development proceeded in intensive and extensive ways, i.e. by expanding existing businesses. So. Since 1974, the modern tourist bases "Ulan" in the northwestern part of the Issyk-Kul region and "Kyrchyn", located in the picturesque tract of the same name in the Aksuu river valley, north of the village of Semyonovka, began to function. At the existing bases located on the shore of the lake, capital residential buildings, canteens, clubs were built, wooden cottages, summer houses were installed. In addition, during the peak summer bathing and recreation season, tent camps expanded, which made it possible to increase housing stock by several thousand places.

Since 1969, the tourist base "Kazakhstan" of the Kazakh Republican Council for Tourism and Excursions has been operating in the village of Bosteri - one of the largest among tourist institutions (for 600 people). Only in the first year after its formation, 7.2 thousand planned and amateur tourists rested at the Issyk-Kul and Kazakhstan camp sites. At the same time, planned tourists spent an average of 7-9 days at camp sites, and amateur tourists spent 3 days each. At the same time, on the southern shore of the lake near the village of Tamga, the tourist center of the Ministry of Defense of the Kyrgyz Republic (the former Central Asian Military District) began its work.

In 1975-1985, planned routes in tourist establishments were divided into mountain-pedestrian ones. bus-pedestrian, water and combined and were carried out in groups of about 20 people. The planned routes were based on tourist bases, which provided tourists with places at the camp site, allocated instructors - guides, tourist equipment, food, and internal transport. The number of amateur tourists has increased dramatically over the years. Only in tourism in 1981 there were 38 groups (more than 200 people), in 1982 - 47 groups (460 people). Already by 1980, 2 all-Union and 8 republican routes passed through the territory of the Issyk-Kul region.

The main tourist sites of Issyk-Kul are: the tracts of Kokzhaiyk, Santash, the valleys of Kyrchyn, Aksuuarashan, the Zhetyoguz rock, the Barskoon waterfall, the Mertsbacher lake and others.

Kokzhayik is a tract in the Zhetyoguz gorge, between the high and mid-mountain zones of the northern slope of Teskey Alatoo. Picturesque mountain valley in the forest zone. Located at an altitude of 2400-2600 m above sea level. A river of the same name flows through the tract. Spruce forests, shrubs, and mountain meadows are common here. Summer tourism is especially developed. There is a small tourist base consisting of several cottages and yurts.

Santash is a tract in the middle reaches of the Tyup River. Intermontane flat plain between the end of Kungei Alatoo and the uplands of Bylchakay from the east and Chaarjoon from the south. The flora of the area forms mountain-steppe, meadow and spruce landscapes. In the center of the plain are the famous mound and the historical monument "Santas".

The Kyrchyn valley is the middle part of the Kichiaksuu gorge on the southern slope in the central part of Kungei Alatau. Length 7-9 km, width 2-2.5 km. Valley landscapes - spruce forests with shrubs and a picturesque lake. Tourist roads pass through Kyrchyn to the passes Suttuubulak, Zhelekaragay and Aksuu.

Rock Zhetyoguz is located in the middle reaches of the river Zhetyoguz on the northern slope of Teskey Alatau. Part of a low-mountain range composed of Tertiary (Paleogene) red-colored deposits. The rock from the south is bordered by the territory of the resort "Zhetyoguz". The northern slope is steep, covered with spruce forests with shrubs, the southern slope is steep, strongly dissected. The height of the rock above the river bottom is 70-100 m.

On one of the left tributaries of the Barskoon River there is a waterfall of the same name. The waterfall originates from sheer steep cliffs on the western side of the valley. The height of the waterfall is 24 m. The waterfall and its surroundings are very picturesque. This most important recreational facility was taken under state protection in 1975. The local history museum in the city of Karakol was opened in 1948 and contains about 6 thousand "exhibits. Here are presented the history of the city, the region, archaeological finds, objects of applied art, documents and photographic materials. east coast lakes, where, according to the will of the great traveler and explorer of Central Asia N.M. Przhevalsky, at the place where he is buried, there is a memorial and historical complex named after N.M. Przhevalsky. The employees of the complex carefully store the personal belongings and records of the traveler. They collected unique materials and information about the life of the researcher. In the spruce park near the museum there is a monument to the great traveler.

The Dungan mosque is also considered a tourist attraction in the region. This is a wooden structure made without a single iron nail in the style of an everyday pagoda, standing on a “floating” foundation that saves the building from destruction during an earthquake. The mosque was built in 1807 by the Chinese master Zhou Tzu, who was later executed in China for revealing to Muslims the secret of this kind of ritual structure.

The Church of the Holy Trinity (five domes) is a magnificent monument of Russian wooden backing. It was built in 1984 from baked bricks, but as a result of a strong earthquake it was completely destroyed, then rebuilt again. Since 1989, the church has been restored at the expense of parishioners by Russian craftsmen from Zagorsk and Sergiev Posad. In 1997, the church was consecrated by Patriarchs of All Rus' Alexy 11.

At present, tourism organizations and firms involved in stimulating the flow of tourists play an important role in the development of tourism in the Issyk-Kul region. Tourist company "Turkestan" is considered a leader not only in the Issyk-Kul region, but throughout the country. Currently, Turkestan OJSC operates throughout Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan). With the help of the company, every tourist can discover many parts of the republic, including the famous Issyk-Kul, Son-Kul, Chatyrkul, Sarychelek, Kolsai lakes, the Teskei and Kungei Alatoo ridges, the Kyrgyz ridge, the Central Tien Shan with the famous Khantengri and Pobeda peaks. The company presents programs lasting from 1 day to 1 month, and these programs are prepared in advance, using any means of communication and taking into account any wishes of customers.

The tourism department of the Asia Center company offers mountain tourism and mountaineering, excursions to natural, protected and historical places, rest in boarding houses and rest houses on Lake Issyk-Kul. The company organizes tours for amateurs and professionals to the peaks of Pobeda, Khantengri, Karakolsky, Zhigit, Prezhivalsky, Korona and Palatka. Organizes group and individual holidays with all amenities, multi-day routes and ascents for each client, groups are compiled individually. To date, the tourism department "Asia-Center" provides the following services:

· One-day trekking (17 routes);

· Multi-day (more than 20 picturesque mountain routes) of medium complexity;

· Climbing, tourist service;

· Hire of mountain equipment, professional guides, guides, instructors, porters (porters), cooks, hotel accommodation in Karakol city, transport, horses, and more.

One of the popular forms of short-term weekly rest among the population of the republic, mainly the city of Bishkek, is the weekend. During the summer season, residents of the capital come to rest for 2-3 days.

Climbing and mountain tourism is an affordable, very attractive and romantic type of outdoor activity, which is difficult to find an equivalent in terms of health and emotional effect). At the same time, mountaineering is a technically complex sport associated with great physical exertion, which is most developed in the Issyk-Kul region. The Teskey and Kungei Alatoo mountain ranges framing the Issyk-Kul basin, the Central Tien Shan, have exceptional conditions for the development of mountain tourism and mountaineering. Tourism and mountaineering activities in Issykkul began in 1930. The climbers-researchers G. Merzbacher, M.T. Pogrebetsky, A.A. Letavet, V.M. Abalakov, sports groups.

Climbers are attracted by the highest peaks of Pobeda and Khantengri. 5-6 thousandth ridges of Kakshaal Too, Teskeyalatoo, Saryzhaz, Akshyirak, large glaciers Enilchek, Kaiyndy, Adyrter (Mushketova). as well as the unique alpine lakes of Merzbacher, Alakul and others. Most qualified mountain passes and peaks have difficulty categories from IA to 6B. In total, there are more than 200 classified passes and peaks of different categories in terms of complexity of objects for climbers to climb in the region. About 250 passes have been mastered.

On the way to these majestic peaks, there are other unique objects of nature: glaciers, waterfalls, deep canyons, moraines, alpine meadows. Since 1972, a branch of the Alaarcha mountaineering camp has been operating in the city of Karakol, in 1990 it was renamed into the Alatoo mountaineering training and sports base, which serves athletes from Russia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, the Caucasus, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states. In the 1980s, a control and rescue group was created under the Issyk-Kul Regional Tourism Council. Currently, the number of tourists visiting the alpturzones of the Issyk-Kul region is growing. According to the official data of the State Agency for Tourism and Sports of the Kyrgyz Republic, 443 people visited Alpturzones in 1996, 61 people in 1997, 69 people in 1998, and 1275 people in 2000. Currently, climbers are served by such travel companies as Turkestan, Yak-Tur-Karakol, Asia Center, Heetas and others.

Among the potential tourists involved in mountain tourism, Holland is on the 1st place, England, Austria, New Zealand are on the 2nd, Germany, France, Norway, Denmark are on the 3rd. The flow of Japanese tourists has increased. The Issyk-Kul region has all the necessary conditions for the successful development of equestrian tourism, but this type of tourism is not fully represented. Currently, horse tourism services in combination with other types of recreation (hunting, mountain tourism) are represented by tourist organizations of the region.

Hunting and fishing tourism is developed on the territory of the region, which includes all forms of animal hunting associated with travel and subsequent outdoor recreation. The endemicity of animals and fish of the Issyk-Kul region serves as an additional source of attractiveness for the Issyk-Kul region. travel companies and firms of the region are engaged in special hunting tours for Marco Polo sheep, marals, foxes, wolves, gazelles, etc. In the Issyk-Kul region, 25 tour companies engaged in hunting are registered, of which 12 hunting grounds in the region are 2361.7 thousand hectares. Here it is possible to organize sports and amateur, commercial hunting, as well as spring hunting for ducks.

Marine tourism on the Issyk-Kul lake. as a means of recreation, health promotion and a source of impressions, has become increasingly popular in recent years. The passenger fleet of the Issyk-Kul Shipping Company consists of motor ships "Moscow", "Toktogul", "Kyrgyzstan", performing mainly tourist and excursion tasks. For vacationers on the lake, small yachts and rafts are rented for the purpose of traveling on the lake. The organization of sea tourism on the lake is associated with significant difficulties. It is necessary to provide all conditions for recreation, entertainment and versatile comfort, to improve preparation for flights. In addition, it is necessary to plan the route well and reasonably from the point of view of tourists, improve flight advertising, organize necessary special events during flights.

For speleotourists, the Akchunkur cave with its structure and historical monuments is of value.

An autotourist route around the lake has been developed. The length of the road is 450 km, it introduces all the natural and historical monuments, cities and villages of the Issyk-Kul region. The number of car and motorcycle trips around the Issyk-Kul ring is growing \

unorganized tourists. However, the lack of motels, service stations and gas stations, guarded round-the-clock parking at the exits to mountain gorges (where tourists could go hiking, leaving the car in the parking lot) significantly hinders the development of car tourism.

With the development of the above types of tourism, the Issyk-Kul region undoubtedly becomes very popular among tourists from near and far abroad and will become the center of international tourism in Central Asia.

Chapter III . Development of a tourist trip route and preparation of a trip plan

3.1 Methodology for developing a route for a recreational and health-improving trip

By what criteria do tourists choose the area for a health trip?

The choice of the hiking area is based on the analysis of topographic maps, diagrams and other information documents containing information about sightseeing objects in the hiking area, natural monuments, tourist sites, etc. When choosing an area for any campaign, one should, first of all, take into account the goals and objectives set for it. Accordingly, for recreational and health trips, an area is selected that will best fulfill the tasks of improving and resting the participants in the natural environment. Cognitive tasks can also be successfully combined with recreational tasks - expanding the horizons of participants, their knowledge of the geography and nature of their native land, the cultural and historical heritage of their ancestors, the traditional way of life of the local population, etc., i.e. all that we call "local lore".

From this point of view, the most optimal areas for a recreational trip are the territories with the greatest recreational potential. The tourist potential of any object (or territory) is the totality of natural and man-made bodies and phenomena confined to this object (territory), as well as conditions, opportunities and means suitable for the formation of a tourist product and the implementation of relevant tours, excursions, programs (Drozdov, 2005). Territories with a pronounced recreational potential are territories not polluted by economic activity, containing large forest areas (light pine forests, broad-leaved forests); picturesque landscapes, with a well-defined relief and observation points; hydrographic objects (rivers and lakes suitable for swimming and recreation). This is the aforementioned set of recreational resources and recreational-cognitive objects, which is necessary for the formation of a tourist product. The mere presence in such areas brings a huge boost of energy to a person, and if the trip is accompanied by an ecological, local history excursion, it gives tourists new knowledge about their region. Thus, we can formulate the first and most essential criterion for choosing the area of the campaign.

· Availability of the necessary recreational resources and target recreational and educational objects of interest to tourists in the area of the hike.

A recreational and health trip provides for mandatory, but limited and calculated taking into account the gender, age of the participants in the trip, their state of health, physical activity. The movement of participants along the route should not lead to their excessive physical, mental fatigue. On the contrary, the end of the “running” day should cause them a feeling of slight pleasant fatigue and satisfaction from the physical work done. Therefore, the area of the recreational hike should be "convenient" to achieve the goals of recreation. Convenient ways of approaching and leaving the tourist group (rail, road) should lead to it; it should contain a choice of comfortable, not tiring walking, cycling, forest or field roads and trails. This is one of the conditions necessary for the formation of a recreational tourist product, and we are ready to formulate the following criterion for choosing a hiking area.

· In the area of the trip, there should be convenient points for the beginning and end of the trip, a fairly wide network of forest and field roads, clearings that are convenient for traffic; trails (paths to reach potential key objects of the route and places of tourist stops).

It is desirable that the hiking area provides other opportunities for the best rest for the hikers. From the point of view of environmental protection and maximum comfort for participants in a recreational hike, the hiking area has an advantage, which contains equipped places for overnight stays and recreation for tourists. Moreover, such tourist camps are usually arranged in the most picturesque places suitable for recreational purposes with the presence of clean water sources. Hence - the next criterion for choosing the area of the campaign.

· Presence in the area of places specially equipped or suitable for equipment by the group for lodging and recreation for tourists and a sufficient number of sources of clean water for catering.

Finally, when choosing a recreational travel area, an important factor is the amount of free time that participants have, their potential material (financial) costs. Wellness hikes are most often weekend hikes (an effective and inexpensive means of restoring strength after a working week). Therefore, they try to choose the area of such a trip closer to the place of residence, reducing the time and material expenses for travel (this is another condition for the successful preparation and implementation of a tourist trip). So - the last of the criteria we singled out for choosing the area of \u200b\u200bthe campaign.

· The proximity of the area to the place of permanent residence of the participants, the minimum financial investment to achieve it.

The criteria for choosing a hiking area are dictated, among other things, by the motives, wishes, aspirations of tourists (subjective factor). Therefore, there may be many more of them than those mentioned above. We only hope that we have outlined the most significant of them and, for a better understanding, we present a set of criteria for choosing a hiking area. It should be said that the above criteria for choosing an area for recreational trips are best met by protected natural areas with the possibility of tourist activities (national parks). It is there that the development of tourism activities is as important as the conservation of natural recreational resources. In the territories of national parks, marked routes for recreational hikes are laid, there are cognitive objects of interest with the possibility of excursions by qualified specialists, equipped tourist bivouacs and places for lunch breaks, etc.

After choosing a hiking area, according to the available cartographic material and other information, tourists develop a specific hiking route (route thread).

What does the concept of "route thread" mean? The route thread, developed according to the topographic map of the hiking area, is the following sequence of landmarks: the starting point, landmarks for daytime crossings, places for tourist bivouacs and the finish point. In the case of marked routes (for example, marked routes of ecological hikes, excursion ecological trails), the route string is not only marked on the map, but is somehow marked (marked) on the ground.

What creative work (in terms of content) should be done when developing a route for a health trip? When developing a route, again, the main factors that are taken into account are the goals of the trip (in this case, the goals of recovery, relaxation, knowledge). A ready route should contribute to the most effective achievement of them, without unnecessary physical, organizational, financial costs. When developing a route for a recreational trip, the following creative work is carried out with a topographic map and other information materials.

· The required length of the route and the duration of the trip are determined (taking into account the composition of the group, the intended goals of the trip).

· Of all those present in the area of the trip, specific target recreational and educational objects of the visit are selected.

· Specific points of arrival (points of the beginning of the route) and points of departure of the group from the route, convenient for reaching the intended recreational and educational objects of visiting, are determined.

· The places of organization of bivouacs and large halts are determined, which should satisfy the tasks of safety, rest and recreation of participants to the maximum extent, as well as the performance of excursion and educational tasks.

· The tactical scheme of the route is determined (linear, circular, with sections of radial movement).

· The ways of reaching the planned main recreational and educational objects and points for organizing lunch halts and bivouacs (the route of the group's movement) are determined.

· The route, as a result of the above actions, is divided into separate, feasible for the participants, daily transitions of a certain length.

· At daytime crossings, landmarks are marked for precise movement along the route (point, linear, areal).

What do we mean by the concept of target recreational and educational objects on the route of the hike? In the hiking area, using a map and other sources of information, it is necessary to identify one or more target recreational and educational objects. These are the objects of the route that are most interesting for tourists to visit; satisfying their cognitive needs, contributing to their full-fledged recreation in natural conditions (“highlights” of the future route). Such objects can be: local areas of the region with picturesque landscapes, lakes or groups of lakes, marked ecological excursion trails, rural museums of folk art, crafts, etc. For example, the characteristic target objects of routes in Belarus are Lake Naroch, Lake Svityaz, the territory of the Blue Lakes landscape reserve, Mir Castle, etc. At this point of the route, you can plan a half-day, or a day with an excursion, and a margin of time for visiting the planned sights.

What is the optimal length of recreational walking and skiing routes (day crossings)? On the route of the hike, the most convenient and suitable points for lunch breaks and the organization of field camps for overnight stays (bivouacs) are outlined. Having determined bivouac points in the area of the hike, you will automatically break the route into a number of daytime crossings. It should be borne in mind that the length and duration of such transitions should be dictated by the specific composition of the participants in the campaign (their age, state of health). We have already noted above that daytime transitions should be within the capabilities of the participants and not cause them excessive physical and mental fatigue. The volume and intensity of the work done by the participants on the route must comply with the norms of physical recreation. Day trips are planned taking into account the gradual increase in physical and emotional stress on the participants. The parameters of the length of the route, common for health trips, are shown in Table 1.

Quantitative parameters of recreational skiing and hiking trips.

Table #3

How to determine places on the route for organizing bivouacs and large halts? Bivouacs and points of large lunch breaks must be planned in places that are safe and with the presence of clean water suitable for preparing hot meals. In the conditions of Belarus, it is better to place halts and bivouacs in the forest zone, for cooking on a fire, and organizing an evening rest around a fire. At the same time, one should try to choose places for bivouacs that are not only suitable, but also potentially the most suitable for a good rest. It can be a lake with the possibility of fishing and swimming in the summer; a picturesque high bank of the river, a place suitable for recreational competitions, etc. It is convenient that the places for lunch breaks, bivouacs are scheduled next to the sightseeing or recreational objects planned for visiting. If the hike passes through the territory of a national park, or other well-known recreational areas, tourist rest points can be specially equipped and marked on the tourist map (as well as historical and cultural monuments and sightseeing objects). When developing a route for a ski trip, you can not “tie” bivouac sites to water sources marked on the map (water is “under your feet” anywhere). To organize tourist camps, in this case, forests should be found on the map. Here, tourists are provided with protection from the wind and firewood for organizing an overnight stay in winter conditions (including for the operation of a tourist collapsible stove). In Belarus, coniferous forests are the best for organizing a winter bivouac and recreation (look for forests with corresponding explanatory signs on the map).

What types of tactical schemes are used when building a hiking route? Based on the location of the target recreational facilities in the selected area and convenient start and finish points of the hike, tourists determine the optimal tactical scheme for building the route: linear, ring, combined (including ring sections and sections of radial movement). It is difficult to give any specific recommendations here. This is purely your creativity. The main thing is that the chosen tactical scheme most satisfies the solution of the set recreational tasks on the route. It is clear that a linear route (linear tactical scheme) does not imply a straight line of movement on the map, and an annular route does not imply a line of movement along a circle in their geometric sense. The linear route is not closed, it has different, remote from each other, start and finish points. In the case of a circular (closed) route, a single start and finish point is assumed. In recreational and educational trips, a combined route scheme is often used with the inclusion of ring sections on a linear route in the whole route or sections of radial movement. Radial exits are carried out from the places of the bivouac or halt to the target objects, followed by a return to the starting point along the same path. The use of radial movement on the route allows tourists to effectively conduct sightseeing, to fully enjoy the unique natural objects (they are not burdened with traveling cargo, are not bound by narrow time frames).

How to choose the optimal path (route) for movement to bivouac locations and target objects on the route? Based on the analysis of cartographic and other information, specific routes to excursion, recreational facilities and bivouac sites are outlined. The map outlines forest, field (but not highway, automobile!) roads going in the right directions, other linear landmarks for movement (clearings, river banks, etc.). In a hiking trip, preference should be given to forest or field roads and paths marked on a topographic map, convenient for tourists (if they are known to the leader or described in special materials). On the contrary, the length of crossings along clearings and off-road should be limited. Overcoming obstacles is not the goal of a health trip. However, in this case, we do not have "hard" recommendations: a lot depends on the composition of a particular group and the wishes of the participants. Thus, a specific line of motion is determined on the map for each day's transition. It is important that this line runs through the territories containing the recreational resources of the region.

What are reference points for daytime crossings? Within each day's transition, a number of reference points for movement should be outlined. These landmarks will be needed in order to confidently navigate and adhere to the intended route. If on the route you meet a number of known, expected landmarks, then, accordingly, you are sure that you have not lost your way. Various landmarks of the area serve as reference landmarks of the route: point (crossroads, individual buildings, bridges, etc.); linear (roads and clearings used for movement or crossed during movement, river banks, boundaries between forests and fields, etc.); areal (settlements, lakes, small forests).

In conclusion of the done "rough" work, it is necessary to evaluate the planned route as a whole: the suitability of the point of arrival to the beginning of the route and the point of departure, the attractiveness of the selected recreational and cognitive objects, the convenience and reliability of the chosen routes to them, the logic of the chosen tactical scheme of the route, places for organizing bivouacs and etc. Based on the scale of the map, it is necessary once again carefully (strictly along the line of the proposed movement) to measure the length of all the daily transitions you have planned; determine the total length of your route and compare it with the planned parameters for a specific group of tourists. If necessary, the necessary adjustments are made to the planned route, and the final line of the route is plotted on the map indicating the starting point, finish point and places of all field overnight stays (bivouacs) with a conventional sign (D).

3.2 Methodology for developing a route for a sports trip

What are the criteria for tourists to choose the area for a sports trip? The above criteria for choosing an area for a recreational trip are also of some importance when choosing an area for conducting a sports trip (for example, the presence of interesting recreational and educational objects, convenient ways of communication with the area and potential settlements for the beginning and end of the trip). However, they are not dominant in this case. The main criteria for choosing a sports trip are dictated by its specifics. The main motive for participating in a sports trip is the successful overcoming of a route of a certain category of complexity, containing a set of natural obstacles and improving one's sports skills and qualifications. Hence the specific criteria for sports tourism in choosing a hiking area.

First of all, the area of the sports hike must meet the classification requirements for the hike. In the area of the hike, there should be a sufficient selection of natural obstacles for this type of tourism of the required category of difficulty, in order to draw up a route for a hike of a given category of difficulty. For example, for skiing and hiking tourism, the Republic of Belarus (as a tourist region) provides unlimited opportunities in terms of hiking of the 1st category of complexity. In almost any of its regions, one can “find” characteristic classified sections of the route of the 1st category of difficulty (areas of forests and wetlands of various cross-country ability, water barriers, etc.). However, there are no classified sections of the following categories of difficulty (mountain slopes, glaciers, mountain rivers and streams, etc.) in Belarus, which means that this area cannot be recommended for sports trips of the 3rd and subsequent categories of difficulty. Even "twos" in Belarus are far-fetched, with rare exceptions (such as, for example, overcoming wetlands in the Pripyat river basin, but at the moment this area is radioactively contaminated). So, we have already commented on the most important criterion for choosing a sports trip, namely:

· Sports and technical characteristics of the hike area (presence of classified areas that determine the necessary technical complexity of the hike).

When organizing a hike, it is very important to understand the degree of readiness of the participants to travel in the chosen area in terms of their sports and technical experience and their level of climatic adaptation. For example, if the tourists of the intended group overcame a ski trip of the 2nd category of complexity in Karelia (flat region) and do not have the skills and abilities to ski in a mountainous area, is it worth taking them on a hike of the 3rd category of complexity (c.s.) in mountainous areas? Or if the tourists of the intended group overcame the ski route of the 2nd k.s. By Southern Urals with relatively "mild" climatic conditions, is it worth the trip of the 3rd k.s. planning in the area of the Polar Urals with very "hard" climatic and weather conditions. Graduality in the acquisition of tourist experience, the growth of the complexity of the routes to be overcome is the key to the success of tourism activities. This principle of sports tourism allows us to formulate the following criterion for choosing a region for a sports trip.

· Correspondence of the area in terms of technical complexity and climatic and geographical characteristics to the experience of the participants of the proposed trip.

For the success of a sports trip, its comprehensive tactical preparation is important: determining the optimal tactical scheme of the route, choosing obstacles that can be overcome radially (light), choosing places for day trips and possible food deliveries, etc. Therefore, it is desirable that the hiking area provides opportunities for appropriate selection. Hence - another criterion for determining the area of the campaign.

· The breadth of opportunities for laying the route in the area (including the breadth of the choice of marching tactics).

Other, given below, criteria for choosing a region for a sports hike are understandable and do not require lengthy comments. Here are the criteria:

· Availability of sufficient information about the area of the trip, including the necessary cartographic material.

· Compliance of the district with the long-term sports plans of the group.

· The presence in the group of equipment and financial support necessary for a hike in the area.

What are the most important requirements observed by tourists when developing a route for a sports trip? In general, the creative work on developing the route of a sports hike is similar to the work on compiling the route of a recreational hike (start and finish points are selected, a tactical scheme, bivouac locations, etc.). Therefore, we will not duplicate this information, but will focus only on the features of the route development, dictated by the sports nature of the hike. First of all, we are talking about the fulfillment of regulatory requirements for routes of different categories of complexity and the “sports” motivation of the hikers. When developing a route for a sports trip, the following requirements must be taken into account.

· The route must be designed in such a way as to take into account all the classification requirements for a hike of this category of complexity (correspond to the length, duration and technical complexity).

· The route must be logical; must be composed in such a way that the set of natural obstacles organically “fits” into the route.

The route should be the basis of the tactical plan (be linear, ring or combined; determine the points of food and other deliveries, determine which natural obstacles will be overcome with full gear, and which radially, light, etc.)

· The route is the basis of the calendar plan of the trip. It must take into account the requirements of gradual increase in physical activity for participants and gradualness in the set of technical complexity.

· When drawing up the route, one should take into account the possibilities for an emergency exit to populated areas (for example, to provide qualified medical assistance to victims).

Let us give a brief explanation of a number of these requirements, using the example of the development of a hiking or skiing sports route of the 1st category of complexity. You already know the classification requirements for hiking routes (lecture "The concept of hiking"). When compiling the route, it is necessary to select a “set” of CS of the required category of difficulty from among the classified sections (CS) present in the area (including at least two CS with a difficulty category corresponding to the c.s. of the trip). In our case, this means that on the route, participants must overcome two or more CUs of the 1st category of difficulty, cover at least 130 km in 6-7 days.

How to select and “fit” the necessary classified sections into the route? The most probable obstacles (KU) in hiking and skiing trips of the 1st category of complexity on the territory of the Republic of Belarus are the following natural obstacles: water obstacles (crossings over rivers, lakes, including on ice), local and extended wetlands, local and extended areas of dense forest. In addition, characteristic obstacles are: sections of highly rugged (with a pronounced relief) terrain, extended sections of movement on deep snow, on ice with possible polynyas, etc. Your task is, using a map and other reference materials, to identify such sections in the route area you have chosen and correctly (logically) “distribute” them along the line of movement (or rather, plan the line of movement so that the classified sections naturally fit into the route of the hike).

The map itself shows you the location of forests with a minimum of forest roads (probable areas of difficult orientation and movement in azimuth), swampy and rugged terrain. Using the map, you will find clearings going in the right direction in the selected area of \u200b\u200bthe hike, the movement along which skiing in a snowy winter is most likely associated with difficult laying of ski tracks, overcoming forest blockages. On the map you will also find possible places for river crossings with indication of the necessary parameters of their width, depth and speed of the current, etc.

How to comply with the requirement of logic in building a route? Plan the line of the route in such a way that the planned KU organically fit into it. For example, avoid situations where you intend to cross a river near the bridge indicated on the map; when you plan your azimuth transition in "a couple of meters" from the road going in the same direction; when you plan to drive through a wetland close to a causeway indicated on the map, etc. These are "invented" natural obstacles. Try to create a route where there are few alternatives to driving on the KU. The path associated with overcoming natural obstacles on a given section of the route should be the most optimal for reaching the final landmark of the day and the entire trip (the least time-consuming, distance covered) or even the only possible one. If you are planning sections of movement in azimuth on the route, then such a section should begin and end with a clear landmark. Attention! Do not "overdo it" with the inclusion of KU in the route. Nobody forbids you, for example, to use passing country, forest (but not highway!) roads for movement; include in the route line sections of treeless terrain, settlements (villages, farms) as reliable reference points. Remember that the route you created must be passable in 6 days.

How to solve the necessary tactical tasks when developing a route? The actions for choosing a tactical scheme do not fundamentally differ from the actions described above in the case of developing a route for a health trip. Carefully evaluate the possible start-finish points and select the most convenient ones for the arrival and departure of the tourist group. Estimate on the map of the hiking area the location of the selected start-finish points, classified sites, and the possibilities for organizing bivouacs. Thus, the topographic map itself will tell you the best route scheme. In a hike of the 1st category of complexity, sections of radial movement are rarely found (unless if it is worth visiting natural or other attractions). Therefore, you will most likely have to determine whether your route will be linear or circular.

Another important task is to comply with the requirement for a gradual increase in physical activity, the complexity of the technical and tactical tasks solved by the participants on the route. Campaign of the 1st k.s. short. However, in this case, it is also necessary to “arrange” the KU according to 6 day transitions so that overcoming physically difficult sections of the route, the longest day transitions fall on days 3-5 of the hike, when the participants adapt to the loads and hiking conditions. It is likely that a settlement will be included “in the middle” of the route, which will allow replenishing food supplies and not starting to move along the route with the maximum starting load.

Other actions for the development of a sports route: choosing places for organizing bivouacs, dividing the route into day trips, determining landmarks for moving along the route, adjusting the “rough” route do not differ from the actions we described above in relation to recreational trips. In this case, it is only necessary to take into account the quantitative parameters of the trip (6 days, 130 km) and develop a route in accordance with them. In particular, the length of the day trips planned by you will approximately be from 15-17 km on the first day of the trip, to 20-25 km on the following days. A generalized scheme of actions for the development of routes for recreational and sports trips is presented on.

3.3 Planning a trip

The most important element of organizing a campaign is the development of its plan. Strictly speaking, planning is necessary in any kind of activity if we want to achieve the desired result. Not an exception and tourist activity in general, and the organization of a campaign in particular. A well-planned trip plan is the key to the effective achievement of hiking goals and solving the tasks set. Therefore, we can say that the preparation of a campaign plan is an important element of campaign tactics, implemented in the preparatory period. We will consider the concept of a trip plan using the example of a recreational and health-improving trip (its essence is not fundamentally different in the case of trips that are different in purpose).

What is a travel plan? In fact, this document is intended to answer the following questions: what, how and when should be done in order to fulfill the goals and objectives set before the campaign? In a recreational trip, it is necessary to solve the problems of effective rehabilitation, recreation of its participants and cognitive (educational) tasks. Therefore, the travel plan must clearly indicate the way in which these tasks are carried out by means of tourism. The trip plan is a complex concept; it usually includes the following sections: a schedule of movement along the route, a schedule of sightseeing, educational and recreational activities on the route (these two schedules are combined by the concept of a trip schedule), mode of movement and nutrition on the route, a plan for distributing weight loads on participants in the trip . Let's consider these components of the plan separately.

What is a trip schedule and how is it compiled? The schedule of movement along the route or, as it is often called the calendar plan-schedule, is the schedule of movement along the route and the schedule for the implementation of planned hiking activities. The traffic schedule is based on the developed route (corresponds to daily crossings). It determines the date and time of arrival at the beginning of the route and departure from the end point of the route; the number of daytime crossings and the dates of overnight stays at the designated points; dates and points of organizing days and half days on the route. In addition, the hiking schedule determines the timing of visits and the time of inspection of recreational facilities; excursions and recreational activities (competitions, games, beach and swimming holidays, etc.).

The route schedule is one of the components of the effective achievement of the intended goals. A well-designed schedule should take into account the specific characteristics of the group (age composition, physical capabilities of participants, their hobbies and interests, etc.). In particular, the schedule of movement should be planned taking into account the necessary and sufficient health-improving physical activity for the participants in the campaign. So, we have already mentioned above that in recreational hiking weekends, ordinary day trips do not exceed 20 km (on average 15 km), taking into account that the average speed of the group will be 3-5 km / h. It is advisable to plan the first or second transition of a multi-day trip of no more than 15 km, it is necessary to plan transitions shortened in length on difficult sections of the route, on the days of the planned sightseeing and entertainment events.

The schedule of movement along the route is an indispensable attribute of the marching documentation: it is contained in the itinerary sheet of the weekend hike, the itinerary book of a multi-day hike. An example of a plan for a schedule of movement along the route of an educational ski trip with students of BSUPC is presented in Table 2. A plan for conducting recreational and educational activities and socially useful work during the trip is also included in the route sheet of the recreational trip indicating the place and timing of each event.

What does the concept of "mode of movement" of a tourist group mean? The trip plan defines the same driving mode groups along the route. The mode of movement of tourists on the route determines the following quantitative indicators: the time of the beginning and end of movement on each running day; the number of transitions planned per day; duration of individual transitions (in minutes); the duration of small and large halts. The mode of movement should not be unnecessarily stressful for participants in recreational trips and should allow them to perform the necessary recreational and educational tasks. The mode of movement, of course, as well as other components of the plan, is built depending on the composition of the tourist group, the length of daylight hours during the hike, the season of the hike and the plan of events for each specific day of the hike. In the summer, before the big lunch break, the group makes 4-5 transitions on a health trip, lasting from 30 to 50 minutes, after a lunch break, 3-4 transitions. 10-15 minutes are allotted for small halts. A big halt takes 1.5-2 hours. In winter and autumn, the number of crossings per day is generally reduced and the time allotted for a lunch halt may be reduced. The number and duration of transitions changes in accordance with the plan of recreational and educational activities. In the case of excursions, recreational recreational activities, the number of crossings on a specific day of the trip can be significantly reduced, or the group can stay at the site of the camp for a day.

What does the concept of "load mode" mean? The load hiking mode cannot simply be determined by the time of movement along the route - it is determined by the volume and intensity of physical and other work performed by tourists on a given day of the trip, or on a given day's transition. The sections of the route are not equivalent in terms of their technical, physical, psychological complexity and, accordingly, in terms of the energy expended per unit of time (load) to overcome them. The optimal tactical scheme for a recreational trip can provide for both a uniform, health-improving load regime throughout the entire trip, and some variation in the load regime (reduced loads on the first day (days) of the trip with their gradual increase in the middle of the trip and decrease towards the end of the trip). In any case, the planning of the hiking load regime should lead to the fulfillment of the health-improving goal of the hike, i.e. loads should not go beyond physical recreation for this contingent of tourists. The developed route is the basis for regulating the load regime on specific hiking days. The amount of physical activity can be measured in the form of energy costs of the body of a tourist to perform certain work on the route (in kcal), and its control on the route can be carried out by simple physiological indicators (for example, by heart rate).

What does the concept of "diet" mean? The diet in the campaign determines the daily routine of eating. In a recreational trip, depending on its duration, the hiking season and a number of other circumstances, a three-time hot meal (breakfast, lunch, dinner) is usually used in conjunction with a “pocket” cold meal during daytime transitions or a four-time meal (three times hot meals and cold snacks) in conjunction with pocket meals. In the season with short daylight hours, the diet can be transformed into two enhanced hot meals (breakfast and dinner) and a large lunchtime snack with hot tea in combination with pocket meals.

What do we define by the concept of “dynamics of weight loads”? It is also expedient to plan the dynamics of weight loads that fall on participants in recreational trips. Naturally, the mass of the backpack on the route changes over time. The consumable contents of a hiker's backpack are food and, if the hike is through a treeless area, fuel for the hiker's heating and lighting fixtures. Before the start of the trip, the starting weight of group equipment and food (public cargo) is established per participant (participant). In a recreational trip, the weight load on the participant at the start of the trip is usually planned at the rate of 50-75% of the load on the participant. The absolute starting mass of group equipment and meals per adult (18 years and over) participant in a multi-day health trip usually does not exceed 10-12 kg.

Reduction of weight loads lends itself to planning within certain limits. The general principle is a generally uniform reduction in the mass of the backpack (consumption of transported products) among the participants of the campaign. However, "expendable" loads should be removed first from the least physically fit participants and from participants carrying the heaviest non-expendable group equipment along the route (for example, from participants carrying tents). As mentioned above, the reduction of weight loads can be planned through well-chosen tactics: replenishing food supplies on the route (and, accordingly, reducing the starting weight of the backpack, using radial exits (without heavy backpacks) on the route, organizing one or more food “drops” along route).

How to issue a route sheet for a tourist group? From the lecture on the organization of the trip, you know that the main route and application document of the group in sports trismus is the route book. In principle, an amateur health trip around the "native land" (weekend trip) can be carried out without any special documentation. However, if the trip is organized and carried out by a tourist organization (the so-called “hiking organization”), then the route document of the tourist group is the “route sheet”, the procedure for issuing which and its content we will consider in this section of the lesson. The route sheet serves as a formal confirmation that an organized tourist group is going on a hike.

The route sheet (first page) contains the composition of the group, its route, the timing of the trip. This is a kind of passport for the group on the route: all information in it must be certified by the signature of the person in charge and the seal of the organization "conducting" the trip (Appendix 1).

On the second page of the sheet, a list of the tourist group is indicated in the usual form: a table with columns No. p / p; FULL NAME; Home address, telephone. On the third page of the sheet there is a plan-schedule of the campaign indicating the information we have provided above: the date of the marching day; section of the route (day crossing); distance in kilometers; way to travel. These data can be entered in the form of a table (see table 2). In addition, the main excursion objects, the type of planned socially useful work are recorded in the route sheet. Finally, on the fourth, last page of the route sheet, you should draw a route diagram by hand in order to better imagine the route thread and the route for daytime crossings. It is not necessary to maintain the scale, but the basic proportions in distances must be maintained. The thread of the route is indicated on the diagram by a red line; overnight places - red triangles with bivouac serial number.

Conclusion

In the course of the work carried out, the results were drawn, which expressed the general orientation of this development. The main provisions of the thesis, which determine its theoretical significance, can be represented as the following conclusions:

· An analysis of natural resources and their tourism opportunities for the future has been carried out.

· The necessity of solving problems, rational nature management of the recreational potential of the region is substantiated.

1. When implementing projects in the Issyk-Kul region, pay special attention to the constructive aspects of practical recreation.

2. Organize regional structures to predict changes in the TRS.

3. Create a scientific and information center for the adoption of practical proposals to ensure the rational functioning of the TRS.

4. Adapt the activities of the economic and legal direction, to strengthen leverage in recreational nature management and environmental protection.

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