Federal Republic of Nigeria: state structure, capital, population. Nigeria (Nigeria) Where is Nigeria

Nigeria is located in West Africa. This is the most populated state on the continent and one of its most powerful economies. This article will focus on the state structure of Nigeria, population, language features, major cities and attractions of the country.

Nigeria on the map of Africa: geographical features

The area of the country is 924 thousand square kilometers (10th place on the continent in terms of size). The state is located on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea (region - West Africa). Nigeria shares borders with four other countries: Niger, Benin, Cameroon and Chad. It is curious that the border with the latter country is exclusively water - it passes through the lake of the same name.

853 kilometers - this is the total length of the coastline of the state of Nigeria. You can also see on the map that the coast of the country is densely indented with deep bays, lagoons and numerous channels. According to them, by the way, ships can pass from the border with Benin and up to the border with Cameroon without leaving the oceans. The largest ports in Nigeria are Lagos, Port Harcourt, Bonnie.

The two largest rivers of the country (Niger and its left tributary Benue) divide Nigeria into two parts: southern (flat) and northern (slightly elevated, plateau). The highest point - Mount Chappal Waddi (2419 meters) - is located near the border with Cameroon.

The capital of Nigeria and the largest cities

In Nigeria today there are two hundred cities. Ten of them can be considered millionaires.

Lagos is the largest city not only in Nigeria, but in all of Africa. According to various estimates, from 10 to 21 million people live in it. Until 1991, it was the capital of Nigeria. About 50% of the entire industrial potential of the country is still concentrated here.

About 100 kilometers north of Lagos is another large city - Ibadan. It is home to at least 2.5 million people, most of whom are representatives of the Yoruba people. Kano is the largest city in northern Nigeria.

The capital of Nigeria, the city of Abuja, is only the eighth in terms of population in the state. By the end of the 20th century, Lagos was heavily overpopulated. Therefore, the country's authorities decided to move the capital inland. The choice fell on the small town of Abuja, located within the picturesque Jos Plateau. Specialist architects from Japan were invited to design the new capital. Today, Abuja houses the residence of the country's president, government offices, a university and several research institutes.

Features of the state structure

De jure, the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a democratic multi-party state, although de facto all power in the country belongs to one People's Democratic Party (PDP). The Nigerian Parliament consists of two houses. The total number of deputies is 469 people. Parliament is re-elected every four years.

The President of Nigeria is considered the head of state and leads He is elected for four years by direct and secret popular vote.

The Federal Republic of Nigeria gained its independence in 1960. Prior to that, it was one of the British colonies. The modern country is divided into 36 states and one metropolitan area.

Coat of arms, flag and national currency

"Unity and faith, peace and progress" - this is the slogan that contains the official coat of arms of Nigeria, approved in 1979. It looks like a black shield with a white forked cross in the center. By the configuration of this cross, the direction (drawing) of the two main rivers of Nigeria on the map is guessed - Niger and Benue. Silver horses support the shield on both sides, and a red eagle proudly sits above it - a symbol of strength and greatness. The coat of arms of Nigeria is located on a green meadow, which is dotted with the national flower of this country - Costus spectabilis.

It was approved even earlier - in October 1960. The cloth consists of three vertical stripes - white in the center (symbolizing peace) and two green on the sides (symbolizing the natural wealth of Nigeria). This version was developed by a student at the University of Ibadan, Michael Akinkunmi. In his original design, the white stripe also had the sun, but the commission decided to remove this element.

The national currency of Nigeria is the Nigerian Naira, which includes coins and banknotes of different denominations. On the money of this African country, you can see various traditional images: women with jugs on their heads, local folk drummers, fishermen and buffaloes, as well as some natural attractions. The Nigerian coin is called the kobo.

Population, religions and languages

About 180 million people live in Nigeria today. Demographers predict that by the middle of this century, the state may enter the top five world-leading countries in terms of population (now Nigeria ranks only seventh in this indicator). On average, one Nigerian woman gives birth to 4-5 children in her life.

The Federal Republic of Nigeria has not very rosy demographics. Thus, the country ranks third in the world in terms of HIV infection, 10th in terms of life expectancy, Nigeria is 220th in the world.

The country has a very difficult religious composition of the population: 40% are Christians, 50% are Muslims. On this basis, clashes, murders and terrorist attacks often occur in the state. One of the main sources of religious terror in Nigeria is the radical organization Boko Haram, which advocates the introduction of Sharia throughout the country.

More than 500 languages are spoken in Nigeria. The most common of them are Efik, Yoruba, Edo, Igba, Hausa. They are mainly used for private communication, some are even studied in schools (in certain regions of the country). The official language of Nigeria is English.

Economy and standard of living in Nigeria

Nigeria's modern economy can be summed up in one word: oil. The largest deposits in all of Africa have been explored here. The national economy, incomes and financial system of the republic are closely connected with the extraction of this natural wealth. The state budget of Nigeria is filled by 80% through the sale of oil and petroleum products.

Despite the presence of rich deposits of "black gold", Nigerians live in extreme poverty. More than 80% of the country's population subsist on two dollars a day. At the same time, the problem of shortage of water and electricity is very acute in the state.

Tourism is an important component of the national economy. There is something to see in Nigeria: virgin rainforests, savannahs, waterfalls and a huge number of historical and cultural monuments. However, the development of tourism infrastructure remains at a very low level.

Industry and foreign trade

About 70% of the working population of Nigeria is employed in the industrial sector. Here they are engaged in the extraction of oil, coal and tin, produce cotton, rubber products, textiles, palm oil and cement. Developed food, chemical industry, as well as the production of shoes.

Oil was discovered in Nigeria at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, a number of transnational corporations, as well as the National Oil Company of the country, are engaged in its production. Only a third of the "black gold" extracted from the depths is exported to the United States and Western Europe.

Of course, the lion's share of Nigeria's exports is oil and oil products (almost 95%). Cocoa and rubber are also exported abroad. Nigeria's main trading partners are the USA, Brazil, India, China, the Netherlands, and Spain.

Tourism in Nigeria: features, nuances, dangers

What makes Nigeria attractive for tourists? First of all, your beautiful nature. In this country, you can admire the waterfalls, go to the real jungle or go on a savannah safari. Prices for excursions are usually very low. Local residents do not advise tourists to visit the Niger Delta, as well as the northern regions of the country, where the radical organization Boko Haram is very active.

In general, there are several factors that greatly hinder the development of tourism in the republic. This:

significant poverty of the population;
high crime rate;
frequent religious conflicts and terrorist attacks;
bad roads.

Nevertheless, tourists come to Nigeria and leave about 10 billion dollars here every year.

The Embassy of Nigeria is located in Moscow, on Malaya Nikitskaya street, 13.

The main tourist attractions of the country

In the Republic of Nigeria, there are two sites that are under the protection of UNESCO: this is the cultural ball of Sukur and the grove of Osun-Osogbo.

In the vicinity of the city of Osogbo, on the banks of the Osun River, there is a unique grove in which you can see sculptures, shrines and other works of art of the Yoruba people. In 2005 it became UNESCO. The grove, in addition to historical and cultural, also has natural value. This is one of the few areas of "high forest" that have survived in southern Nigeria. About 400 plant species grow here.

Interesting for tourists and the capital of the state - Abuja. The most expressive buildings in this city are the building of the Central Bank and the National Mosque. The last one was built in 1984. This is a huge building with a large central dome and four minarets, which reach a height of 120 meters. Interestingly, non-Muslims can also enter this mosque.

Conclusion

The Federal Republic of Nigeria is located in West Africa and has a wide outlet to the Atlantic Ocean. The main wealth of the country is oil, on the extraction of which the entire economy of the state is shaken.

Nigeria has a population of 180 million (as of 2015). About 80% of them live below the poverty line. There are over 500 languages spoken in Nigeria, although English is the official language.

NIGERIA
Federal Republic of Nigeria, a state in West Africa. In terms of population, it ranks first in Africa, Nigerians make up approx. 1/8 inhabitants of the continent. The territory of the country extends from the coast of the Gulf of Guinea to the West African savannah. It borders Benin to the west, Niger to the north, Chad to the northwest, and Cameroon to the east and southeast.

Nigeria. The capital is Abuja. Population - 118 million people (1997). The population density is 127 people per 1 sq. km. km. Urban population - 38%, rural - 62%. Area: 923,768 sq. km. The highest point is Mount Chappal Waddi (2419 m). Main languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, for. Main religions: Islam, Christianity, local traditional beliefs. Administrative-territorial division: 36 states and the federal capital district. Currency: naira = 100 kobo. National holiday: Independence Day - October 1st. National anthem: "Get up countrymen, Nigeria needs you."

By the time of independence on October 1, 1960, Nigeria was a federation consisting of the former federal capital of Lagos and three large, largely autonomous administrative regions: Northern, Western and Eastern. In 1963, a fourth region, the Midwestern, was separated from the territory of Western Nigeria. With regard to Nigeria, the concepts of North and South (Eastern and Western Nigeria, as well as Lagos) have been established.
The nature of the political processes in Nigeria in the first half of the 1980s was largely determined by the struggle for power between the main peoples of the North (Hausa and Fulbe) and the South (Yoruba and Ibo), and, depending on the situation, other ethnic groups could be allies of the southerners, then northerners. This rivalry continued for more than one year. In 1966, as a result of a military coup, the parliamentary republic was abolished and a military government was created, and in 1967 the territory of Nigeria was divided into 12 states. The authorities of the Eastern region, where separatist sentiments had been growing since 1966, proclaimed the creation of an independent republic of Biafra, after which a civil war broke out. January 15, 1970, after fierce resistance to the feudal troops for 31 months, Biafra capitulated.
In 1976, there were 19 states in Nigeria instead of 5. In addition, a new federal capital territory, Abuja, was carved out of the state of Niger. In order to mitigate ethnic contradictions, the names of some states were changed. In 1987, the number of states reached 30, and in 1996 - 36, not counting Abuja. In December 1991, the government moved from Lagos to the new capital, Abuja.
NATURE
Features of relief and hydrography. Nigeria is located on a low plateau approx. 600 m above sea level The territory of the country is divided into large blocks by the valleys of the Niger and Benue rivers and separated from the ocean by a narrow belt of coastal marshes. The width of this belt usually does not exceed 16 km, with the exception of the Niger Delta, where it reaches 97 km. A complex network of lagoons and channels located behind the barrier of sandy beaches form a system of protected shallow waterways through which small craft can pass from the border with Benin in the west to the border with Cameroon in the east without access to the ocean. Further inland, the Nsukka-Okigwi ledge is clearly distinguished, rising above the valley of the Cross River, the Jos and Biu plateaus, as well as the Adamawa mountains. The mostly flat surface of the plateau, composed of crystalline rocks in the north and west of the country and sandstones in the east, is in many places dotted with island mountains (inselbergs), i.e. rocky remnant hills with steep slopes. In the northeast, the surface gradually decreases towards Lake Chad, the level of which is 245 m above sea level.
The main rivers of Nigeria are the Niger, from which the name of the country comes, and its largest tributary, the Benue. The main tributaries of Niger and Benue - Sokoto, Kaduna and Gongola, as well as rivers flowing into Lake Chad, begin on the Jos Plateau, which is the hydrographic center of Nigeria. Navigation on these and other rivers such as the Imo and the Cross is limited due to rapids and waterfalls, as well as strong seasonal fluctuations in water levels. In Niger, the movement of ships is supported all year round to the city of Onich (where a bridge was built over the river), and from June to March - to Lokoja. During the wet season, ships run to Jebba. On Benue steamboats call to Yola, but navigation is carried out only for four months - from July to October.
Climate. The climate is influenced by two air masses - equatorial sea air associated with moisture-carrying winds, and tropical continental air associated with the dry and dusty Harmattan wind that blows from the Sahara desert. There are two seasons - wet (March - September), which in the south of the country is separated by a short dry interval in August, and dry (October - February). There is more rainfall in the south than in the north. The average annual precipitation on the coast is 1800-3800 mm, and on the northern outskirts of the country - less than 25 mm. Sweltering heat and severe thunderstorms herald the beginning and end of the wet season, but between May and August, when most of the precipitation falls, severe short-term thunderstorms give way to more prolonged rains. Average temperatures are high and about the same in the north and south of the country. In the south, humidity is also high with constant heat, although temperatures rarely exceed 32 ° C, while in the north seasonal differences are noticeable, and daily temperature fluctuations are significant during the dry season. In the northeast, temperatures in the shade can reach 38°C. There are also frosts.
Soils and minerals. Almost all soils in Nigeria are acidic. In a number of areas in the east of the country, intensive leaching of soils formed on sandstones led to the formation of the so-called. "acid sands", which are easy to work, but are quickly depleted. The soils of the far north were formed from desert sands and are easily destroyed. They differ sharply from the fertile soils that have developed on heavy loams in the floodplains of many rivers, in the cocoa belt and in the Niger Delta. In some densely populated areas, intensive farming and overgrazing have caused soil erosion.
Vast areas of Nigeria are composed of sedimentary rocks enriched in iron. There are many deposits of iron ore, but they are not being developed. The largest deposits are located at Mount Patti near Lokoji and in Sokoto. In the 1980-1990s, the country produced oil and natural gas in the Niger Delta and on the shelf, tin and columbite (niobium ore) - on the Jos plateau near Enugu and limestone (for cement production) in Nkalagu, Abeokuta, Sokoto, Ukpilla and Calabar .
Flora and fauna. Mangrove and freshwater wetland forests predominate along the coast, but then give way to a strip of dense rainforest, in which the main tree species are kaya (redwood), high chlorophora and hard resin triplochiton. The oil palm is found growing wild in the tropical rainforest, and in densely populated areas the shrubbery of this palm has replaced the forest. In the more northern regions, the forest thins out and is replaced by tall grasses. This is the Guinean savanna, in which trees such as baobab, false locust and tamarind grow. More open savannahs occur north of the line marking the northern limit of root crop cultivation, while desert landscapes predominate in the far northeast. Acacia (source of gum arabic) and mimosa are common there.
The accommodation of the animals depends on the vegetation. Crocodiles, monkeys and snakes live in the southern swamps and forests, while antelopes (several species), camels, hyenas, and sometimes giraffes and lions are found in the north. Other animals found in tropical forests and wet savannahs are elephants, gazelles, gorillas, and leopards. The rivers are home to numerous species of fish, crocodiles and hippos. The diversity of birds is striking, especially along the edges of forests. African bustards, vultures, kites, hawks, snipes, quails, pigeons, ostriches and parakeets live here.
POPULATION AND SOCIETY
Demography. According to the 1991 census, its population was 88,514,501 people. This figure turned out to be 20-30 million less than that given by UN experts. Since the distribution of federal funds and political representation was based on the number of inhabitants, the government of the states overestimated the population of the states. Therefore, the federal government was forced to cancel the results of the 1962 and 1973 censuses. Only the results of the 1963 census were recognized as reliable - then 55.7 million people lived in Nigeria. True, according to UN experts, the real number of Nigerians in 1963 did not exceed 46 million people. According to estimates made in 1991, 46.8 million people lived in the North alone, while the ethnic and religious affiliation of the respondents was not ascertained. Prior to the 1991 census, the UN made a forecast for 2000, according to which the country's population should have reached 150 million by that time.
High population density is typical for most areas of the southeast, slightly less - for the southwest and north (Kano state and northern Kaduna state). The sparsely populated belt runs from the eastern part of Kwara state through the valley of the Niger River, the center of the Plateau state and most of the territory of the states of Yobe and Borno.
Ethnic composition. Over the past twenty centuries, Nigeria has experienced the effects of numerous waves of migrations or invasions, mainly from the northeast. Therefore, the ethnic and linguistic situation in the country is very diverse. More than 250 ethnic groups live in Nigeria with their own language and cultural characteristics. 80% of the population is made up of ten groups that are numerically predominant in individual states: Hausa and Fulbe in the states of Sokoto, Kaduna, Bauchi, Yobe, Katsina, Jigawa and Kano, Kanuri in Borno, Tiv in Benue and Plateau, Yoruba in Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Ekiti and Lagos, edo or Bini in Edo, for or Igbo in Imo and Anambra, Ibibio Efik in Cross River and Ijo in Bayelsa. Hausa, Yoruba and Ibo make up approx. 60% Nigerians.
Peoples of the northern states. The most numerous peoples of the North are the Hausa, Fulbe, Kanuri and Tiv. All of them, except for the Tiv, are Muslims. During the jihad, a religious war in the early 19th century, the Fulbe established their control over the lands of the Hausa and created a Muslim state - the Sokoto Caliphate. Sokoto occupied most of the territory of northern Nigeria, with the exception of the Kanuri-populated Borno in the northeast and the Tiv lands along the banks of the Benue River. Social relations among the Fulbe are more conservative than among the Hausa, whose military expansion and trading activities have led to the fact that the Hausa language has spread to many parts of West Africa and has become the lingua franca in much of northern Nigeria. The way of life and social relations of the Kanuri, the main population of the piece. Borno are largely determined by the norms of Islam, but this is not the result of the Fulbe conquests. From the 13th century and until the beginning of the colonial period, the Kanuri managed to maintain their political independence, being the ethnic core of the Muslim state of Kanema-Bornu, located around the lake. Chad. Those living in the states of Benue and Platotiv, unlike their Muslim neighbors, profess Christianity or adhere to traditional beliefs.
Peoples of the Eastern States. The three main ethnic groups in eastern Nigeria are the Ibo-speaking peoples who live in Imo and Anambra states, the Ibibio Efik in Cross River State, and the Ijo in Bayelsa State. The traditional type of settlement of all three peoples is small villages. The main form of social organization for were associations of villages and clans. The society for was democratic, all decisions were made at the council. A prominent place in the pantheon of traditional ibo deities belonged to the earth goddess Ala, and the priests of her cult often performed judicial and other power functions. Ibo art is characterized by a high degree of expression. From the overpopulated eastern regions, they migrate to other parts of the country. The exception was the period of the civil war 1967-1970. Traditionally, the ibibios lived in villages, where secular and religious leaders exercised power. Each village enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy, but groups of villages, based on blood ties and common beliefs, united into clans, which were ruled by a secular and religious leader and a council of elders. Political power was exercised by secret societies such as the ekpo and ekpe. Ijo-speaking peoples live in the Niger Delta region; their settlement areas in the eastern part of the delta in Bayelsa state are characterized by low population density. Ijo are divided into several groups: Calabari, Okrika, Nembe and Bonnie, but linguistically and culturally they all form a single community. The traditional social and political organization of the Ijo is very similar to that of the Ijo, the difference being that the Ijo villages were rarely capable of cooperative action. Most modern Ibos, Ibibios, and Ijos are Christians.
Peoples of Western Nigeria. To the southwest of the Niger River, the majority of the population is Yoruba living in the states of Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Ekiti and Lagos, and the Edo- (Bini-) speaking population of the state of Edo. The Yoruba are united by a common language, traditions and the legend of origin from a common ancestor, the creator of the world Oduduwa, but they never had a single centralized state. The Yoruba created several strong city-states. The power of some rulers of these states was not limited to the boundaries of their possessions. Oni (ruler of Ife) was considered the religious head of all Yoruba, and Alafin (ruler of Oyo) was nominally considered the first among equal Yoruba rulers. Yoruba traditional beliefs have several main cults, each associated with a specific deity, such as Shango, the god of thunder. Yoruba religious beliefs, poetry and music brought to the New World influenced the culture of Brazil and some Caribbean countries.
The most notable contribution of the Yoruba to West African art is sculpture. Since 1938, during archaeological excavations on the territory of Ife, several bronze and terracotta heads and figurines have been found. The oldest of them were made ca. 800 years ago. Yoruba sculptures are among the world's masterpieces. Recently, the expressiveness inherent in the art of the Yoruba finds a vivid expression in wooden sculpture.
The Edo-speaking population of the state of Edo is best known for the Benin Empire created by their ancestors. When at the end of the 15th c. Benin was at the zenith of its power, its influence spread from the banks of the Niger River to the territory of modern Togo.
Religion. About 35% of Nigerians are Christians, approximately 48% are Muslims. Christian missions were active in southern Nigeria. The positions of the Catholic Church are strongest among the population of the eastern part of the country, while the Methodist and Anglican churches are strongest in the west. Other Protestant churches are also active. There are also a number of local Christian-African churches that arose on the basis of schismatic movements due to the dissatisfaction of part of the population with the dominance of foreign missionaries in the church hierarchy and their negative attitude towards polygamy. Most of the Yoruba are Muslim. Thanks to the efforts of missionaries, Christianity and Western education spread in Southern Nigeria, while the population of the North remained committed to Islam.
Cities. Due to the fact that the Yoruba have traditionally lived in urban-type settlements, part of the Nigerian cities are located in the southwest of the country. In the center of this region is Ibadan, and within a radius of 145 km from it are Lagos, the former capital and still the largest commercial, port and industrial center; other major cities in the region are Ogbomosho, Oshogbo, Ilorin, Abeokuta, Ilesha, Iwo, Ado-Ekiti, Mushin, Ede, Ife and Ikerre. All of them are purely African cities with ancient history.
Many cities of the North, which are the capitals of the emirates, are as ancient as the cities of the southwest. In Kano, where the majority of the population is made up of Hausa and Fulbe, the city walls were once destroyed in a circle of 21 km, after which the city became the largest trading center. Other large cities of the North are Zaria, Katsina and Kaduna, located in the areas inhabited by Hausa and Fulbe, as well as Maiduguri (225.1 thousand), in the northeast.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Historical background. The political development of Nigeria was determined by the following factors.
Uneven development of the North and South. The peoples of Nigeria were united under British colonial rule in 1914. However, this association was largely formal, since the North and South were very different regions in socio-political terms, and the colonial administration deliberately sought to develop the South and ignored the North. After 1914, the gap in the economic, cultural and technological development of the two parts of the country widened even more. This imbalance has contributed to suspicion and conflict between the political leaders of the North and the South. The northerners were afraid of the dominance of the inhabitants of the more developed southern regions, and the southerners were afraid of the hegemony of the larger territory and population of the North. The fears on both sides culminated in a fight for control of the federal government and demands from Southern politicians to divide the North administratively.
International contradictions. Fears about the establishment of one or another people of their dominance were not limited to the conflict between the North and the South. The British colonial authorities did little to create a common Nigerian community. It was only in 1946 that the Legislative Council was established, which included elected representatives from all regions of Nigeria, and its inhabitants had the opportunity to feel like Nigerians. A constant threat to the unity of the country was posed by conflicts between the main ethnic groups - Hausa and Fulbe, Yoruba and For, as well as between them and regional ethnic minorities.
The end of the system of federalism. The political system that emerged from Nigeria's transition to independence in 1960 had to coexist with ideas of pannigerism and regional interests. It was assumed that the balance would be achieved through the establishment of a federal state system, in which a number of important powers were transferred to the administrations of the Northern, Eastern and Western regions. The struggle between the parties for control of the central government, the distribution of financial and other resources, jobs and positions of influence reached such a scale that by the mid-1960s the federal constitution had effectively ceased to operate. Two military coups in 1966 eventually led to the restoration of federalism, but weakened the federal system as a whole. Since the early 1970s, the position of the central government has been steadily and significantly strengthened. This was due to his success in the civil war of 1967-1970 and the significant increase in public financial resources as a result of the oil boom after the start of oil production in the Niger Delta region.
Constitutional development of Nigeria. In 1951 a quasi-federal government was created. However, the constitution, which provided for the concentration of almost all power in the center and gave few powers to the regions, in the conditions of Nigeria turned out to be incapacitated. In 1954 the status of the federal government was revised and the regions received more rights. This constitution lasted until the military coup of 1966. The amendments concerned the autonomy of Nigeria, the country's independence in 1960 and the proclamation of it as a republic in 1963. According to this constitution, issues related to defense, foreign policy, police, customs and excise taxes, currency and the banking system, transport and communications (railways, roads and postal service) and the work of higher educational institutions. The regional authorities were in charge of many issues of economic development of the regions, health care, school education, local government, tax collection, including income tax.
After the proclamation of Nigeria as a republic, the president, elected for a five-year term, became the head of state. The scope of his powers was very limited. The head of government, the prime minister, was accountable to the federal parliament. The Parliament consisted of a House of Representatives, elected by popular vote, and a senate with no real power, in which all regions were equally represented. Northerners dominated the House of Representatives, holding 167 seats out of 312. The struggle for control of parliament and positions in the federal government was at the center of acute political and regional conflicts. Each region had its own governor, prime minister, executive council, bicameral legislature and administrative apparatus.
After two military coups in 1966, the parliament and the cabinet of ministers were replaced by the Supreme Military Council and a body subordinate to it, which included several civilians. Civilian rule was restored in October 1979. The new constitution provided for the replacement of the British parliamentary model with the American presidential system. The president became head of state and government, and for the first time in Nigeria's history, executive and legislative powers were completely separated. The president was elected for a four-year term by direct universal suffrage, all states participated in the elections on equal terms. Legislative power was exercised by the National Assembly, which consisted of the Senate (95 senators) and the House of Representatives (450 deputies). Senators and deputies were also elected for four years.
Central government. December 31, 1983 as a result of a military coup, the legitimate government was overthrown. Many provisions of the 1979 constitution were suspended because Nigerians could now be imprisoned without a court order. The highest authority was the federal military government, which created a special council to govern the country (the National Council of State). As a result of the military coup carried out in August 1985, almost half of the former leadership was removed from power, and General Ibrahim Babangida, an active participant in the previous military coup, was appointed president. He led the country as chairman of the Armed Forces Ruling Council (AFRC), to which the government and the military governors of the states were subordinate. Babangida's rule ended in August 1993. In November 1993, Defense Minister General Sani Abacha became head of state. After the death of Sani Abacha from a heart attack on June 8, 1998, power passed to General Abdulsalam Abubakar, who promised to transfer power to a legitimately elected civilian government by May 29, 1999.
State and local governments. In 1976 the territory of Nigeria was divided into 19 states and a federal capital territory; in 1987, two new states were created, in 1991 - 9 more, and in 1996 - 6 more, after which the total number of states reached 36. Under the 1979 constitution, the governor of each state was elected for a four-year term; simultaneously with the election of the governor for the same term, the composition of the unicameral legislature of the state - the House of Assembly was elected. The states were given the right to collect taxes, but when state law conflicted with federal law, the latter took precedence. After the military coup of 1983 and until the 1991 elections in the states, the military governors of the states were appointed by the central government. In 1993, the elected governors were replaced by persons appointed by the military authorities.
Law and order. There are several legal systems in Nigeria: customary law (chief courts), Muslim law in most northern states (courts administered by Muslim Alkali judges), Nigerian statute and case law.
According to the 1979 constitution, the federal judicial system of Nigeria includes: the Supreme Court, consisting of no more than 16 members - the highest court, the Court of Appeal and the High Court. The appointment of federal judges is the prerogative of the president. Each state has its own court.
During the colonial period and after the country's independence, the question of the place of the police in the system of state bodies was the subject of constant sharp disagreement. The compromise solution eventually reached called for the creation of a unified police force under an Inspector General of Police, directly accountable to the federal government. Each state appointed a police commissioner who was subordinate to the inspector general and carried out the current orders of the state government. Under military leadership and in accordance with the constitution of 1979, the entire police force was placed at the disposal of the federal government, but the post of police commissioner was retained in each state. The local police units were disbanded and their personnel enlisted in the Nigerian Police Force.
Political parties. The country's political parties were banned from 1966 to 1978, then from 1984 to 1989, and again in 1993. Until 1966, each of the three major parties was based on the region whose legislature it controlled. The conservative Northern People's Congress (SNK) controlled the government of the Northern Region from 1952 to 1966 and the federal government from 1960 to 1966 through the creation of two coalitions with other parties. The National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCC), which arose in the wake of the national liberation movement, controlled the government of Eastern Nigeria from 1952 to 1966, and in 1966 participated, together with the CNC, in the coalition federal government. The third main political force - the Action Group (GG) - was formed on the basis of the Yoruba cultural association Egbe Omo Oduduwa "Children of Oduduwa" (Oduduwa is the legendary ancestor of all Yoruba). From 1952 to 1962, until the federal government declared a state of emergency in Western Nigeria, the State Duma controlled the government of this region. Then a split occurred in the ranks of the party, but after the state of emergency was lifted in 1963, one of its groups headed the government of Western Nigeria.
Among the smaller parties, the Union of Progressive Elements of the North (SPES) deserves mention, which, being in opposition to the SNK, blocked itself with the NSNK. SPES opposed the dominance of the leaders of the emirs in the North and conservative social norms and customs. Most of the smaller parties, as a rule, acted in alliance with larger parties, others, such as the United Congress of the Middle Belt, focused on solving purely local problems.
After the lifting of the ban on political activity in September 1978, it was decided that only those parties that managed to achieve significant support in two-thirds of the 19 states could use the right to nominate candidates for the presidency. As a result, five parties were represented in the 1979 presidential elections, and six in the 1983 elections. During both election campaigns, it emerged that only the relatively conservative National Party of Nigeria (NNP), whose candidate Shehu Shagari became president, enjoys national support. The main rival of the NPN in the elections was the Nigerian Unity Party, based on the Yoruba. The Nigerian People's Party held a strong position among the ibo. The more leftist People's Renaissance Party and the Greater Nigeria People's Party enjoyed the most support in some of the northern states. After the military coup of 1983, all political organizations in Nigeria were banned.
In May 1989, the military leadership allowed the activities of parties, after which it itself created two parties, inventing names for them and writing programs. The military believed that these two parties could express the political aspirations of all Nigerians, and other parties were not needed. The program of the Social Democratic Party (SDP), which was defined as "a little left," differed little from the program of the National Republican Convention (NRC), which was defined as "a little right." In the elections held in December 1991, the PRC won 16 governorships, and the SDP - 14. The PRC won an unexpected victory in Lagos and the state of Kano. In the national elections of July 1992, SDP candidates won in Lagos, the Yoruba southwest, and the densely populated Middle Belt. The SDP won 51 of the 92 seats in the Senate and 314 of the 593 seats in the House of Representatives. The PRC achieved good results among the Hausa and Fulbe voters of the Muslim North, although the victory of the SDP in Kano was a fly in the ointment. Only 25% of the electorate took part in the elections, which can be partly explained by the fact that the voting was not secret.
In the presidential elections in June 1993, in which 33% of the voters took part, the SDP candidate Moshud Abiola won a decisive victory over his rival from the PRC, Bashir Tofa.
Armed forces and foreign policy. The basis of the armed forces of Nigeria are the ground forces, but the country also has a small navy and air force. The size of the army, which in 1966 amounted to only 9 thousand people, increased in the late 1980s to 120 thousand, and in 1993 amounted to 76 thousand.
Nigeria is a member of the UN, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the Organization of African Unity and the Commonwealth led by the UK. Its foreign policy until 1966 can be characterized as a policy of non-alignment, then the country began to move more and more away from the West. In 1990, Nigerians formed the backbone of the military contingent of six African states that entered Liberia to end the civil war there. Nigeria was accused of supporting one of the parties to the conflict. The Nigerian contingent of troops as part of the UN peacekeeping force was in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Cambodia.
See below

Federal Republic of Nigeria, Nigeria. The state is located in West Africa, on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. Nigeria on the map of Africa borders countries in the west (Benin), east (), north (Niger) and northeast (Chad). The capital of Nigeria is Abuja.

The area of the country is 923.77 thousand square kilometers. The population of Nigeria in 2016 is 187.67 million people, and according to this indicator, the country is the leader on the continent. At the same time, in terms of area, Nigeria is only on the 14th line in the ranking of African countries. The state is known primarily for its oil industry. Two years ago, Nigeria's GDP was the largest in Africa, the country has overtaken economically even the long-term leader of South Africa. Despite this industrial orientation, there is also tourism potential in Nigeria.

Every year more and more people want to visit the country, which is caused by rich natural resources and attractions. The development of tourism in Nigeria is hindered by the unsatisfactory quality of communications, poor hygiene, and the general low level of development of the service sector. In order to learn as much as possible about the country before visiting it for tourist purposes, you should familiarize yourself with the history, features of nature and culture, the main information about attractions and prices in Nigeria.

Early history of the country

period of independence

Free Nigeria appeared on the world map on October 1, 1960, at the same time the coat of arms, anthem and flag of Nigeria were adopted. The country retained the British system of ethnic regions, each of which had its own regional governments. In 1963, another region separated from Western Nigeria - the Midwest.

The green stripes represent Nigeria's forests and abundant natural wealth, while the white stripe represents peace.

After three peaceful years, ethnic confrontations began: officers from the Igbo people carried out a military coup, which was suppressed by Muslims in the north of the country. Persecution of the Igbo began in Nigeria, which led to the migration of the people to the east of the country and the civil war of 1967-1970. Ethnic confrontation was overcome by the federal authorities, but the conflict became one of the most violent in the 1960s. According to various estimates, from 700 thousand to 3 million people died!

Until the end of the 1990s, a tense national and religious situation persisted in the country, and power changed hands several times. In 1998, the “fourth republic” was proclaimed, Christian general Olusegun Obasanjo managed to reach a compromise, according to which Muslims and Christians were to alternate in the government of Nigeria. The confrontation has subsided, but religious conflicts flare up from time to time to this day. The current president of Nigeria is Mohammadu Buhari. The capital at the moment is the city of Abuja, the former capital of Nigeria - Lagos - lost this status in 1991.

Geography and climate

The country is located in the lowland part of the continent, on the shores of the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean). The entire territory of the country is divided by the Niger and Benue rivers into lowlands (located near the bay in the southern part of Nigeria) and plateaus (in the north near the border with Niger). The coastal plain prevails in percentage terms; in the west, a chain of braids stretches off the coast of the country. Plateaus and plateaus expand to the north and reach an average height of 1000 meters. The highest flat part of Nigeria is the Jos Plateau in the center of a vast plateau. And the highest point in Nigeria is Mount Chappal Vardi, which has a height of 2419 meters.

The weather in the country is subject to the general features of the climate, which here is represented by equatorial and subequatorial types, characterized by a high degree of humidity. Average temperatures for the year in Nigeria reach +25 °C. The hottest months are March (in the north) and April (in the south), where temperatures can be both +30 °С and + 35 °С. And the coldest month in the country is August, when the main amount of precipitation falls. On the contrary, there is almost no precipitation in Nigeria in winter, the weather is “dry” by powerful winds from the Sahara, bringing sharp temperature drops. Geographically, the most precipitation falls in the Niger Delta, and the least - on the plateau of the northeast.

Culture and economy

The cultural achievements of Nigeria are represented, first of all, by the country's cinema. Film production in Nigeria is the second largest in the world, behind India and ahead of the United States. By analogy with Hollywood and Bollywood, the country's cinema is called Nollywood. But the African state is still closer in quality to India - the level of films produced here does not reach the world level. The musical culture of Nigeria is represented by ethnic styles and groups with their own national instruments. The same applies to literature that reflects the problems of the country: ethnic and regional conflicts, wars of the past, a weak level of development in the present. In general, the culture of Nigeria is based on a rich history, colorful ethnic groups and the gifts of nature (more on them in the next section).

The country's economy, as already noted, is based on the oil industry. This base began to form in the era of industrialization, and Nigeria became completely dependent on the resource in the 20th century. Numerous conflicts and armed clashes, regime changes and the inattention of the authorities to the economy have led to the fact that Nigeria does not have the proper services and infrastructure. Completely dependent on oil, the country cannot boast of stability and a high level of development. Only in recent decades have programs begun to develop other sectors of the economy, modernize communications and develop the private sector along with the service sector.

Recreation and tourism

Despite all the problems of Nigeria, tourism exists and develops here. A particularly large-scale influx of visitors from other countries of the world is not observed for the reasons listed above. But the list of tourist sites in Nigeria is extensive, and tourism itself is a significant part of the national income. So, the sights of Nigeria are divided into:

Festivals and cultural events (of particular interest are ethnic holidays such as the Durbar festival).
National parks and natural resources (Old Oyo, Cross River, Yankari).
Other geographical objects and territories.

Nigeria has sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. These are the cultural landscape of Sukur and the forest of Osun-Sogobo. The first object consists of the palace of the kings of Nigeria, terraces with fields and places sacred to the peoples of the country. During the clashes, the main part of the landscape was destroyed, so now it is protected at the international level. And Osun-Sogobo is a forest sacred to the Yoruba, revered as the dwelling place of the gods. In addition to a large number of anthropogenic objects (holy places, sculptures), the forest is also interesting as a natural object. This massif is one of the last tropical rainforests in the country.

Currency, prices in Nigeria

The currency in the country is called the Nigerian naira, and the analogue of our kopecks is kobo (1 naira = 100 kobo). The naira was introduced in 1973, and Nigeria became the last African country to abandon the pound system. Officially, the use of other currencies is prohibited, but in practice this is not controlled. In small shops, private shops and markets, you can pay with any stable currency, including dollars and euros. Credit cards are not popular, it is possible to use them only in Abuja. You can also exchange money in the capital, at several banks and exchange points. The exchange rate for today is as follows: 1 dollar = 320 naira, 1 ruble = 5 naira

Nigeria on Africa map
(all images are clickable)

Geographical position

Nigeria is a state located in the central part of the African continent. It borders Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon; has access to the Gulf of Guinea, the length of the coastline is 900 km. Almost all types of relief are represented on the territory of the country: low plateaus predominate in the north, most of the south is occupied by the Primorsky Plain, and the central one lies on a rocky plateau. The area of the state is 924 thousand km².

The climate of most of Nigeria is equatorial monsoonal. With the onset of spring, almost the entire country is covered by a strip of rain. In the south, up to 4000 mm of precipitation falls annually, in the central part - from 1000 to 1500 mm, least of all in the northeast - about 500 mm. Average monthly temperatures range from +26°C in January to +33°C in July.

Flora and fauna

Once a significant territory of the state was covered with tropical rainforests, but systematic deforestation and burning of areas for crops have significantly reduced their area. Today, tall multi-layered forests have survived mainly along the right bank of the lower reaches of the Niger River and in the valley of the Cross River. The most valuable species in these forests are kaya, sapele, iroko, opepe, agba and obech, which provide high-quality ornamental and construction wood. Baobabs, doom palms, ceibu, whitish acacias grow in the savannahs, which serve as fodder for livestock. Among the herbs, different types of the so-called. elephant grass. The coast of Lake Chad is covered with thickets of papyrus and reeds.

The fauna of the country is very diverse. In the forests there are many parrots with bright colors, red-headed woodpeckers, hoopoes. Turpans, pelicans, flamingos, kingfishers settle along the rivers. African black kites predominate among birds of prey. There are vulture, hawk, secretary bird, hornbill. In the Nigerian forests and savannas, herds of large mammals can still be found: elephants, rhinos, giraffes, as well as pygmy dik-dik antelopes, whose weight is no more than 3 kg. Wild buffaloes and scaly anteaters live far from human settlements. Tropical forests are inhabited by monkeys: chimpanzees, gorillas, baboons, monkeys, lemurs.

Hippopotamuses (including dwarf ones) and crocodiles are found in the rivers and Lake Chad. The country is inhabited by a sea cow that has become extinct in other parts of the planet.

State structure

Nigeria map

Currently, a military government is in power, although formally the head of the republic is the president. Nigeria is a member of the British Commonwealth. Administratively, the country is divided into 36 states and the capital federal district. The local currency is the naira. The capital is the city of Abuja.

Population

In terms of population (181.5 million people), Nigeria ranks first on the African continent. National composition - more than 2000 ethnic groups, each of which retains its own traditions, language and culture. Representatives of the Yoruba, Hausa and Ibu ethnic groups predominate. The official language is English. Among the inhabitants of the state, almost 50% are Muslims, 30% are Christians (including Catholics, Baptists, Evangelicals, Adventists, etc.), about 20% adhere to traditional beliefs. At the same time, the popularity of the National Church of Nigeria, which preaches a new religion - Godianism, is growing.

Economy

Nigeria is an agrarian state with a booming oil industry. About half of the population is engaged in farming, mainly using traditional farming methods. Of the agricultural crops supplied for export, cocoa, oil palm, peanuts, cotton, rubber plants, sugar cane, and cola prevail. Sorghum, millet, rice are cultivated, from root crops - yams, sweet potatoes, cassava, cocoyams, taro. Pasture animal husbandry is developed: zebu, kuri, sheep and goats are bred. Of the industrial sectors, the most developed are oil refining, metallurgical, machine-building and chemical.

Folk crafts are widespread - weaving, weaving baskets and mats from raffia palm fibers, making wooden masks and figurines, calabash.

The ancestors of modern Nigerians have lived in these lands for many millennia. The first settlements on the territory of the modern country belong to the Middle and Late Paleolithic. Starting from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. people in these places knew how to melt metals, as evidenced by slag, the remains of smelting furnaces, clay products, grains of cultivated plants discovered by archaeologists near the Nok settlement, after which this culture was named.

In the first centuries A.D. e. On the territory of Nigeria there were state formations, the inhabitants of which were engaged in various crafts (weaving, leather, dyeing), agriculture and animal husbandry. The largest states in the south were Oyo, Ife, Benin, in the north - Kanem, Bornu Kano, Katsina and Songhai. By the beginning of the XV century. Europeans landed on the shores of the country, who for several centuries were engaged in the slave trade. Ivory, palm oil, pepper and locally produced fabrics were exported. At the beginning of the XIX century. on the territory of the modern state, the Sokoto Sultanate was formed, which in 1914 was declared a British colony. The policy of oppression and exploitation of the indigenous population led to the growth of the national movement, the struggle for sovereignty, but independence Nigeria received only in 1960. Since then, the country has experienced several military coups.

Attractions

When entering, you must have a certificate with a mark of vaccination against yellow fever.

Lagos is one of the largest ports in Africa, where you can buy almost everything, and at a very reasonable price (especially if you know how to bargain).

The unique natural monument of Nigeria is the Joe Plateau. These are remnant rocks rising from the greenery of the jungle with flat tops and almost sheer slopes, eaten away by erosion. Since they consist of rocks of a gray hue, a striking contrast with the greenery of the tropical forest that surrounds them is striking.

Nigeria photo

Go to navigation Go to search

Federal Republic of Nigeria

English Federal Republic of Nigeria
Igbo Republic ndi Naigeria
yoruba
Hausa Jam-huriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya
Pattern:Lang-ff

Motto: "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress" -
"Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"

Hymn: "Arise O Compatriots, Nigeria's Call Obey"

date of independence

October 1, 1960 (dated)

Official language

English Yoruba and Igbo

Capital

Largest cities

Form of government

federal presidential republic

The president

Mohammadu Buhari

Vice President

Yemi Osinbajo

Territory

31st in the world

Total

923,768 km²

% water surface

1,4

Population

Score (2019)

↗ 203,008,216 people (7th)

Density

219.7 people/km²

GDP

Total (2016)

$485 billion (24th)

Per capita

$2640

GDP (PPP)

Total

$1089 billion

Per capita

$5855

HDI (2018)

▲ 0.532 (low; 157th)

Names of residents

Nigerian, Nigerian, Nigerians

Currency

naira (₦) (NGN)

Internet domain

.ng

ISO code

IOC code

NGR

Telephone code

+234

Time Zones

car traffic

on right

Nigeria(English Nigeria), Federal Republic of Nigeria(English Federal Republic of Nigeria; Igbo Republic ndi Naigeria; yoruba Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àpapọ̀ ilẹ̀ Nàìjíría; hausa Jam-huriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya; Fula Republik Federaal bu Niiseriya) - state in .

In 2014, Africa's leading oil producer, Nigeria became Africa's largest economy, overtaking South Africa in terms of GDP.

Etymology

The toponym "Nigeria" is formed from the hydronym of the same name - the name of the Niger River. The toponym "Nigeria", as an element of political and administrative names (Northern and Southern Nigeria), has been used since 1900, as the name of the country - British Nigeria - since 1914. Niger - from Latin means "black".

Geographic Information

Main article: Geography of Nigeria

Nigeria map

Sport

Main article: Sports in Nigeria

The national sport, as in many countries, is football. The Nigerian national football team has achieved significant success: it took part in 6 world championships (in 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, 2014 and 2018), won the African Cup in 1980, 1994 and 2013. In 1996, Nigeria won gold at the Olympics, beating Argentina in the final. In addition, the Nigerian youth team (under 20 years old) is the silver medalist of the 1989 and 2005 World Cups, and the Nigerian youth team (under 17 years old) won the world championships four times (1985, 1993, 2007, 2013) and reached three more times. finals (1987, 2001, 2009). Many Nigerian football players play in European championships.

Nigerian athletes have been participating in the Olympic Games since 1952. By 2012, athletes from Nigeria had won 23 medals, most of which (13) were won by track and field athletes, including 2 gold medals. The rest of the medals were won in football, boxing, weightlifting and taekwondo.

mass media

State broadcaster NTA ( Nigerian Television Authority- “Nigerian Television Authority”), includes the TV channel of the same name, the state radio company FRCN ( Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria- "Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria"), includes radio stations Radio Nigeria and regional radio stations, created in 1978 by the merger of NBC ( Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation- "Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation") and BCNN ( Broadcasting Corporation of Northern Nigeria, Northern Nigeria Broadcasting Corporation)

Crime

In Nigeria, kidnapping of foreign citizens for ransom is quite common. Most of the kidnappings are committed in the oil-bearing regions in the south and south-east of the country. Rebel groups are active here, opposing the extraction of Nigerian hydrocarbons by foreign corporations.

The phenomenon of “Nigerian spam” or “Nigerian letters” is a well-known phenomenon - a fraud scheme when they establish contact by e-mail and extort amounts of money on the order of hundreds or thousands of dollars in exchange for the expectation of the victim of very large sums. Although representatives of other nations are also involved in this type of criminal business, it was initially widespread in Nigeria.

Notes

Atlas of the world: The most detailed information / Project leaders: A. N. Bushnev, A. P. Pritvorov. - Moscow: AST, 2017. - S. 64. - 96 p. - ISBN 978-5-17-10261-4.
census.gov. country rank. Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 201s (indefinite) (unavailable link). U.S. Department of Commerce (2016). Date of treatment July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013.
Human Development Indices and Indicators(English) . United Nations Development Program (2018). - Human Development Report on the website of the United Nations Development Program. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
Nigeria has become the largest economy in Africa, overtaking South Africa in terms of GDP // TASS
Pospelov, 2002, p. 289.
CIA. The World Factbook. Nigeria (English) . Retrieved 7 September 2008.
Unrest in Nigeria continues to claim thousands of lives
138 killed in religious clashes in Nigeria (unavailable link)
Muslims and Christians clash in Nigeria
Clashes between Christians and Muslims have ceased in Nigeria, in which hundreds of citizens of the country have recently died
Nigerias Mächtige rüsten zum Showdown (German)
Entsetzen über Massaker an Christen in Nigeria (German)
Nigerian President Yar'Adua is dead, says state TV
Lenta.ru: In the world: The results of the presidential election provoked riots in Nigeria (Russian)
Afrikas Riese gerät ins Schlingern (unavailable link)(German)
Democracy Index 2018: Me too? Political participation, protest and democracy (indefinite) . The Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU). Retrieved 25 January 2019.
ICFNL. Constitution Of the Federal Republic of Nigeria(English) . Retrieved March 27, 2011. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
UN. List of UN member states (Russian). Retrieved September 9, 2008. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
nationsencyclopedia.com. Nigeria. international cooperation(English) . Retrieved 9 September 2008.
Statoids. States of Nigeria. Retrieved September 6, 2008. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
Pankaj Ghemawat. World 3.0: Global integration without barriers. - M. : Alpina Publisher, 2013. - 415 p. - ISBN 978-5-9614-4438-4.
The World Factbook
Ethnologue. Languages of Nigeria. Retrieved September 6, 2008. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
mapsofworld.com. Nigerian Language (unavailable link). Retrieved September 7, 2008. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011.
Nigeria: Retired Lieutenant Colonel Elected Primate of Anglican Church (indefinite) . "Blagovest-Info" (September 17, 2009). Retrieved October 8, 2013.
Patrick Johnstone, Jason Mandryk. Nigeria // Operation World 2001. - London: Paternoster Publishing, 2001. - 798 p. - (Operation World Series). - ISBN 1-8507-8357-8.
J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann. Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. - Oxford, England: ABC CLIO, 2010. - S. 2107-2110. - 3200 s. - ISBN 1-57607-223-1.
Left Coast. Boko Haram burnt down 16 settlements in Nigeria, 2,000 reported killed (01/08/2014).
A nation divided - The Economist
http://www.histant.ru/sites/default/files/inafran/Rassohin_disser.pdf P. 167
Nigeria's oil revenue reaches 2.4 billion euros
"Oil prices have risen significantly", RosBusinessConsulting dated June 30, 2009: "Oil prices have risen amid another attack by Nigerian militants on Royal Dutch Shell oil facilities."
Library of Congress Country Studies, Nigeria.
Archibong, Maurice. Nigeria: Gold mine waiting to be tapped The Sun Online, The Sun Publishing Ltd. (March 18, 2004). Archived from the original on April 26, 2007.
Nigeria starts taking tourism seriously, afrol.com, afrol news.
Analysis of the UIS International Survey on Feature Film Statistics
African movie spam. Lenta.ru (Russian)
Nigeria wins African Cup, Rossiyskaya Gazeta (February 11, 2013). Retrieved February 11, 2013.
Nigerian rebels kidnap two German citizens (indefinite) . Lenta.ru (April 19, 2010). Retrieved 14 August 2010.

Literature

History of Nigeria in modern and recent times / I. V. Sledzevsky, N. B. Kochakova, G. S. Kiselev and others; Ed. Yu. N. Zotova, I. V. Sledzevsky; Institute for Africa of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - M.: Science. The main edition of Eastern literature, 1981. - 356, p. - (History of African countries). - 2500 copies.
Pospelov E. M. Geographical names of the world. Toponymic Dictionary / rev. ed. R. A. Ageeva. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Russian dictionaries, Astrel, AST, 2002. - 512 p. - 3,000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-001389-2.

All about car tuning