What is the name of the city now: New Mangazeya. Mangazeya: where was this legendary Russian city located?

Mangazeya is the first Russian city of the 17th century in Siberia. It was located in the north of Western Siberia, on the Taz River.

Founded as a fort in 1601, city status since 1607. It ceased to exist after the fire of 1662. It was part of the so-called Mangazeya sea route (from the mouth of the Northern Dvina through the Yugorsky Shar Strait to the Yamal Peninsula and along the Mutnaya and Zelenaya rivers to the Ob Bay, then along the Taz River and portage to the Turukhan River, a tributary of the Yenisei).

The name presumably comes from the name of the Samoyed prince Makazeus (Mongkasi).

History of Mangazeya

Pomors made treks along the route indicated above back in the 16th century. Mangazeya was founded in 1601-1607 by the Tobolsk and Berezovsky archers and Cossacks, as a stronghold for the advance of the Russians deep into Siberia. Construction was carried out on the right, high bank of the Taz River, 300 km from its mouth. The four-walled, five-towered city immediately became a significant economic center.

In 1619 (at the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov), navigation on Siberian rivers through Mangazeya was prohibited under penalty of death. There are several versions about the reasons for the ban. It was not possible to control the sea route, while all land routes were blocked by customs posts, and it was impossible to transport a single sable skin without paying a duty. The second reason is that it was mainly Pomors who used the sea route, undermining the merchants’ “monopoly” on furs. Another reason is the fear of foreign expansion of Western European trading companies to the fur-rich regions of Siberia (semi-sea voyages of Russians through the Gulf of Ob continued later). Although the validity of the latest version is questioned by some historians.

Excavations have established that Mangazeya consisted of a Kremlin-Detinets with internal buildings (the voivode's courtyard, a hut, a cathedral church, a prison) and a settlement, divided into a trading half (a guest house, customs, merchant houses, 3 churches and a chapel) and a craft half (80 -100 residential buildings, foundries, forges, etc.).

In the city, in addition to the Cossacks, there were a hundred archers with cannons. Mangazeya was in charge of all the Tazov Lower Yisei foreigners (mainly Nenets), who paid the tribute imposed on them in furs.

Local residents carried out barter trade (exchanged furs, especially sable) with the surrounding local population, themselves hunted sable, and were also engaged in fishing, cattle breeding, shipping, and crafts (foundry, bone carving, and others). Many Russian merchants came to the “boiling gold” Mangazeya, bringing domestic and Western European goods and exporting furs.

Mangazeya- the first Russian polar city of the 17th century in Siberia. It was located in the north of Western Siberia, on the Taz River at the confluence of the river. Mangazeikas.

In the monument of ancient Russian literature "The Legend of Unknown Men in eastern country and tongues of roses" the end - beginning of the 16th century, found in manuscripts from the 16th to the 18th centuries, and which is a semi-fantastic description of 9 Siberian peoples living beyond the “Ugra land”, it is reported:

“On the eastern side, beyond the Ugra land above the sea, live the Samoyed people, called Molgonzea. And their food is deer meat and fish, and they eat each other..."

see also

• Vasily Mangazeisky - Siberian first martyr

Notes

Literature

• Belov M.I. Mangazeya: Material culture of Russian polar sailors and explorers of the 16th-17th centuries. Part 1-2. M., 1981.
• Belov M.I. Pinega chronicler about the exploratory campaign of the Pomors in Mangazeya (late 16th century) // Manuscript heritage of Ancient Rus'. Based on materials from the Pushkin House. L., 1972. S. 279-285.
• Belov M. I., Ovsyannikov O. V., Starkov V. F. Mangazeya. Mangazeya sea passage. Part 1. L., 1980. 163 p.
• Butsinsky P.N. Essays. T. 2. Mangazeya. Surgut, Narym and Ketsk. Tyumen, 2000. 267 p.
• Bychkov A. A.“The original Russian land of Siberia.” M.: Olympus: AST: Astrel, 2006. 318 p. - ISBN 5-271-14047-4
• Vershinin E. V. On the correlation of data from written sources and archeology during the excavations of Mangazeya // Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium " Cultural heritage peoples of Western Siberia" (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 14-18.
• Vizgalov G. P. Russian townsman house-building in the north of Western Siberia in the 17th century (based on materials from new studies of Mangazeya) //Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 19-25.
• Kosintsev P. A., Lobanova T. V., Vizgalov G. P. Historical and environmental studies in Mangazeya // Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 36-39.
• Lipatov V. M. Legends and true stories about Vasily Mangazeisky // Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 40-43.
• Nikitin N. I. The Siberian epic of the 17th century: The beginning of the development of Siberia by Russian people. M.: Nauka, 1987. 173 p.
• Nikitin N. I. Russian exploration of Siberia in the 17th century. M.: Education, 1990. 144 p. - ISBN 5-09-002832-X
• Parkhimovich S. G. Magical building rituals in Mangazeya //Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 47-53.
• Parkhimovich S. G. New studies of the Mangazeya settlement // Tyumen Land: Yearbook of the Tyumen Regional Museum of Local Lore: 2005. Vol. 19. Tyumen, 2006. pp. 159-167. - ISBN 5-88081-556-0
• Solodkin Ya. G. Governors and written heads of Mangazeya in the first half of the 17th century (New materials) // Western Siberia: history and modernity: Notes on local history. Vol. 4. Tyumen, 2001. pp. 16-19.
• Poletaev A.V. Autumn of Mangazeya (Two documents on the history of “old” Mangazeya)
• Portal R. La Russes en Sibérie au XVII siècle // Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine. 1958. Janvier-Mars. P. 5-38. Rus. Transl.: Roger's Portal. Russians in Siberia in the 17th century

Links

• “Gold-boiling” Mangazeya (article on the website of the Yamalo-Nenets District Museum and Exhibition Complex named after I. S. Shemanovsky)
• “Gold-boiling” Mangazeya (article on the “History in Stories” website)
• P. N. Butsinsky On the history of Siberia. Mangazeya and Mangazeya district (1601-1645).

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

IN 1601 by order of Tsar Boris Godunov, it was founded in the lower reaches of the Taz River, near the Yenisei portages. city ​​of Mangazeya. In the local Zyryan dialect the word meant “land near the sea.” The city was built near the shores of the Ob Bay - a bay of the Kara Sea.

These shores are inhospitable: grass-covered hummocks, bushes, low-growing trees. Not a soul around. Only splashes of waves hitting the high right bank of the river. Nothing disturbed the sleep of the local land until the Tsar’s people came and began to cut down trees and erect fortress walls of the future trading settlement.

The “Painted List” for 1626 says: “above the Taz River... stood a beautiful chopped five-tower Kremlin - Detynets...”

Mangazeya became the final point for merchant trade caravans from Europe to Siberia. It completed the Man-Gazea sea route, an ancient Arctic route that connected Russian Pomerania (White Sea) with the great Yenisei. Peasants from all over Rus' flocked to the city, looking for freemen and wanting to get rich in the sable industry.

Life began to boil in Mangazeya very quickly. The trading people were not transferred either in winter or in summer. There was so much money and goods that it was enough to rebuild the church and the guest courtyard, and they also furnished their own courtyards very well.

There were all sorts of rumors about the wealth of Mangazeya and it was no coincidence that it was nicknamed “boiling gold.” The city bigwigs fought, as usual, over money. In 1630, as a result of an artillery duel between adherents of two Mangazeya governors who had quarreled, Grigory Kokorev and Andrei Palitsyn, the famous Gostiny Dvor was destroyed.

In 1619, by another royal decree, the Mangazeya sea passage was prohibited under pain of severe punishment - in order, on the one hand, to block the access of foreign trading companies to the rich fur market - annually up to one hundred thousand silver sable skins were mined in the Yenisei taiga and transported for sale to Mangazeya! On the other hand, the boyars wanted to stop uncontrolled trips there by Pomeranian peasants.

In 1642, the city was badly burned, and in 1672, by the next order of the new Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, it was completely abandoned. The district center, such as it was, moved to the banks of the Yenisei River, to the Turukhansk winter quarters - to Novaya Mangazeya.

Centuries have passed - more than 300 years - and a scientific expedition of the Institute of the Arctic and Antarctic, led by Doctor of Historical Sciences Mikhail Ivanovich Belov, went to the places where the once “gold-boiling” Mangazeya became famous. Researchers quickly found traces of an urban settlement beyond the Arctic Circle.

Excavations have shown that Mangazeya was a typical medieval Russian city with a Kremlin and a suburb, with craft workshops and shopping arcades. Three Kremlin towers are well preserved - Spasskaya, Uspenskaya and Ratilovskaya; the other two were washed away by an earlier landslide.

The fortress walls were erected in 1604 by the Moscow governors, Prince Mosalsky and boyar Pushkin. The former voivode's courtyard was excavated on an area of ​​800 square meters. In the central part of the settlement, the remains of buildings - foundries - were discovered, and in them, among the slag, were parts of crucibles and smelting furnaces.

Unprocessed precious stones were found in the jeweler's home - agates, carnelians, emerald grains, silver and copper rings, rings and crosses. A shoemaker's workshop was excavated with a bunch of leather scraps and a special shoemaker's knife.

On the banks of the Taz River there were also the remains of a guest courtyard and there lay magnificent bone and wooden chessboards, chests, sledges, skis, knives and axes, drills, earthenware and glassware, leather shoes, clothes and much more. Among the finds are a remarkable comb carved from mammoth bone, several hundred coins from the times of Ivan III, Ivan the Terrible, Boris Godunov, and copper coins of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - the very ones whose release caused the famous “copper riot” in Moscow.

The researchers determined not only the boundaries of the Kremlin and the contours of the settlement, but also traces of three religious buildings, primarily the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, the Assumption Church, which stood behind the fortress wall, and the chapel of St. Vasily of Mangazeya - a young man who was villainously killed by local pagans. The story goes that after a fire in 1642, the coffin with Vasily “came out” of the ground, after which miracles of healing occurred among those who touched the relics of the young man. Later, Vasily’s coffin was taken to Novaya Mangazeya.

The famous trading post existed in the north of Tyumen for only a few decades. Many trading people came to him from Rus' - Permyachs and Vyatchans, and Vymyachis and Pustozerts, and Usoltsy, and Vazhan, and Kargopol and Dvivyans, and Vologda - and trading people of all Moscow cities...”

We walked along the streets paved with the keels of ancient ships - kochas - laid on edge. They had a chance to see Mangazeya in all its splendor, listen to the ringing of the bells of wooden churches, live in houses with double walls for protection from the northern winds...

Nowadays, only imagination allows us to restore the appearance of the once noisy polar “city of Kitezh”. Mangazeya flashed on the pages of history and sank into oblivion. A third of the ancient settlement has already been taken away by the river, but what M.I.’s expedition was able to save and preserve for posterity. Belova is an invaluable asset to Russia.

Irina STREKALOVA

Yes, today, 400 years later, few people even know the name Mangazeya. But once upon a time, in the middle of the 17th century, M. was one of the most major cities located beyond the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone. And the entire Taimyr, including the modern territory of the Norilsk industrial region, was part of the Mangazeya district. The history of Mangazeya is the beginning of our Norilsk history.

For many travelers heading north, the “Land of Mangazeya” was fairyland. Legends have been formed about this mysterious area full of animals for centuries.

The legendary Lukomorye, in Pushkin’s fairy tales, is part of the vast territory of the Mangazeya district, the coast of the Ob Bay. Here is a map of Lukomorye from the 17th century. Its original is kept in Holland. But the author, place of creation and dating are unknown.

The drawing “The Mangazeya Sea from the tract”, like all Russian drawings of that time in general, is oriented from south to north. In the drawing, the compiler does not yet separate the Ob and Taz Bays; according to the concepts of the 16-17 centuries, this is a single Mangazeya Sea.

The map is conditional. The territories presented on it do not coincide with the images on modern maps. But despite the inaccuracies, the ancient drawing contains not only valuable physical and geographical data, but also the necessary ethnographic and biological information. It shows the depth, color and nature of the water, the settlement of the Nenets tribes and animal world. In the center of the lip there is an inscription: “The water is fresh. They rest three times a day. The fish in it are whales and beluga and seals.” Modern ichthyological studies confirm this characteristic.

The word "Mangazeya" is of Zyryan origin. It means "end of the earth" or "land near the sea."

The path to Mangazeya was well known to the Pomeranian peasants for a long time. Mangazeya sea passage. - The Arctic route connecting Pomorie with Siberia ran along the coast of the Pechora Sea, through the Yugorsky Shar Strait into the Kara Sea, crossing the Yamal Peninsula along a system of rivers and lakes from west to east and exiting into the Ob and Taz Bays. It is here at the confluence of the river. Taz in the Gulf of Ob by Pomeranian industrialists and merchants, according to historians, no later than 1572 a stronghold was founded - the Tazovsky town.

This place was also convenient for the parking of Pomeranian ships - koches - the main ice ships of that time.

Looking at the modern, powerful icebreaking class vessels moored at the berths of the Dudinsky port. You can’t help but think: what kind of courage and bravery did you have to have in order to set sail across the seas of the Arctic Ocean on a koch, such a fragile boat. A drawing of a kocha created by an unknown medieval author helped scientists recreate the appearance of the ship.

On the front side of the board discovered during the excavations of Mangazeya, the entire vessel is shown, and on the back its individual parts: the side set and the oval contour line. This is not so much a drawing as a peculiar one construction drawing that time. Using it, an experienced carpenter could determine the proportions of the main parts of the vessel he needed, obtain information about the steering device and bot set, and position the masts.

Kochi appeared in Rus' on the coast of the White and Barents seas in the 16th century. The name of the vessel comes from the concept “kotsa”, which means ice protection. Iron staples were packed along the waterline of the ship, onto which ice was frozen. It seemed to be dressed in an ice coat. The ship had an egg-shaped hull. For this feature, Mangazeya kochi were called round ships. When the ice melted, the ship's hull was squeezed to the surface without receiving damage. The sails were made from linen and rovduga, made from reindeer suede. These were the first Russian sea-class vessels adapted for Arctic navigation.

The small carrying capacity of the nomads, 6-8 tons, allowed them to float along the very edge of the shore, where the water did not freeze for a long time. This is clearly visible in the painting by the artist S. Morozov "Explorers of Peter the Great's Time 1700." Canvas. Oil.

The snow-covered expanses of the North have long attracted Russian and foreign travelers. Some of them, striving for the unknown, thirsted for new discoveries, others sought fame, and still others ways to get rich quick. For many centuries, Siberia has been and remains a source of wealth, a source of replenishment of the state treasury.

If today the main riches of Siberia are ore reserves, oil and gas deposits, then in the past Siberia was famous for its wealth of fur, marine and fishing industries, and the abundance of mammoth ivory.

Mammoth ivory was delivered in huge quantities to the central regions of the country and beyond. Products made from it were also in demand on the local market. Buttons, household items and parts of reindeer harness were made from mammoth bone: a needle for weaving nets, cheek pads.

Goods brought to the north by Russian merchants: household items, firearms (flint guns), jewelry, beads, large blue beads, which in Rus' were called odekuy, were incredibly expensive and were exchanged for soft junk, skins of fur-bearing animals, sable, ermine, beaver, arctic fox.

The exchange was clearly unequal. The metal cauldron cost as much as it could hold sable skins.

Expensive beads were used by local tribes to make jewelry and embroider clothes.

It is the rich sable crafts of the Mangazeya district, the fame of which has spread throughout Rus', that attracts the attention of the Moscow sovereign.

In 1600, Tsar Boris Godunov sent to the river. Taz and Yenisei from Tobolsk a hundred Streltsy and Cossacks led by Prince Miron Shakhovsky and Streltsy Head Danila Khripunov. In the Gulf of Ob, the Kochi were caught in a storm, and some of the expedition members died. The survivors were attacked by the Nenets tribes, who had long lived in the Mangazeya district, and were forced to return back to Berezov.

Later, in the winter, Miron Shakhovskaya with a small detachment on skis again went on a hike to the lower reaches of the Taz, where in the summer of 1601, on the site of a Pomeranian town, he cut down a fort.

Mangazeya has an amazing fate; many glorious pages of the history of Rus' and Siberia are associated with its name: the first campaigns beyond the Urals, geographical discoveries near the Icy Sea, the development of trade and crafts in the taiga and tundra.

Fate was unkind. The northern city did not last long. After 70 years it was abandoned by residents and soon forgotten.

Systematic archaeological research into the legendary Mngazeya began on the initiative of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute. A complex historical and geographical expedition under the leadership of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Belov, spent several field seasons exploring the cultural layer and the remains of wooden structures of the settlement with an area of ​​more than 3 hectares...

The expedition participants had to make a lot of effort, since the entire area of ​​the monument was covered with a thick layer of turf and overgrown with forest and bushes.

"Dive into the water, ice snakes.

Move aside, curtain of snow,

Gates of golden boiling Mangazeya

Opening in front of me and you!"

Leonid Martynov

Archaeologists have discovered over a thousand objects characterizing the life of the ancient city. The result of the work was a two-volume monograph by M. Belov.

The findings of Belov's expedition made it possible to recreate a picture of a large Russian medieval city, numbering about 500 buildings, with rich voivodeship estates, church domes, craft workshops and a guest courtyard. With a population of up to 2000 people.

In 1607, under the governors Davyd Zherebtsov and Kurdyuk Davydov, the construction of city defensive structures consisting of solid city cages began. The construction of five Kremlin towers dates back to this time. In which the archers served, observing the Mangazeya district. The Mangazeya garrison included 100 archers.

Behind the walls of the Kremlin, the total length of which was more than 280 meters, there was an official hut - the voivode's administration, streltsy's guardhouses, voivod's estates, mirroring each other. Two governors were appointed at a time to remote Russian cities.

The remains of the voivode's court were discovered during excavations.

One of the most significant religious buildings in the city is located here - the five-domed Trinity Church. The church played a significant role in the life of the city. She was the custodian of the royal treasury and at the same time, as a lender, she provided funds to the residents of the settlement for the development of trades, trades and crafts.

Archaeologists discovered burials under the floor of the church. The burials took place on the site of the burnt church even before the re-construction. This is the tradition. Subsequently, Mikhail Belov, based on archival documents, suggested that people of noble origin of the governor were buried here - Grigory Teryaev, his wife, someone close to him, his two daughters and his niece.

They died while returning from Tobolsk in the fall of 1643, with a caravan loaded with grain supplies for the starving Mangazeya. Grigory Teryaev tried to deliver sea ​​route bread, sacrificing for this not only his life, but also the lives of his loved ones.

Throughout the entire period of its existence, Moscow was the center of Russian culture and Orthodoxy in the north of the country.

A legend associated with another religious building cities. At the beginning of the 20th century, believers visited the building of the chapel of St. Basil of Mangazeya on the site. The name of Vasily of Mangazeya in Siberia in the 17th and 18th centuries was widely known as the name of the defender of the poor and disadvantaged. It was a cult of industrialists and explorers.

The legend says: Vasily the youth worked for hire from the evil and ferocious Mangazeya rich man. One day there was a theft in a merchant’s house, which he reported to the governor, accusing Vasily of theft. The reprisal was not long in coming. The accused was tortured in the Kremlin, in a hut, but he completely denied his guilt. Then the enraged merchant, hitting the boy in the temple with a bunch of keys, killed him.

To hide the murder, the merchant and the governor decided to bury the body in a hastily knocked together coffin in a vacant lot. Later, many years later, after the great fire of 1742, when almost all of Mangazeya burned. The coffin broke through the pavement and came out of the ground. Apparently it survived to the surface of the permafrost. The murdered man was found.

At the expense of pilgrims, a chapel was built at the site of the apparition of the coffin.

In the 60s, the abbot of the Turukhansk Trinity Monastery, Tikhon, tried to secretly take the relics to the Yenisei. But, according to the abbot, the coffin rose into the air and was not given to him. In the legend, fiction is closely intertwined with real events. During excavations, archaeologists found a chapel, under the ruins of which a cult burial was discovered, with the remains of limbs. Perhaps priest Tikhon nevertheless took part of the skeleton to Turukhansk, leaving the remaining bones in Mangazeya, at the burial site.

The secrets of the Trinity Church and the chapel of Vasily of Mangazeya turned out to be far from the only ones in a series of amazing discoveries and unexpected surprises revealed to scientists who explored this mysterious Russian city. But we will talk about this in the next program.

On the territory of the posad there was a two-story gostiny yard, numbering more than 20 barns and shops filled with goods from all over the world.

This is how he appeared before archaeologists.

No, it was not for nothing that all over Rus', Mangazeya was famous as a golden boiling land. Trade in bread, overseas and Russian goods in exchange for furs brought fabulous profits to the artels of merchants and industrialists. One ruble invested in the economy of Mangazeya gave an increase of 32 rubles.

Every year M. threw up to one hundred thousand sable skins into the country’s domestic market for a total amount of 500 thousand rubles. An income for that period equal to the annual income of the royal court.

In the city, located on the banks of the river, fishing was especially well developed. This is evidenced by many finds characterizing this type of activity. Wooden floats, birch bark weights of various shapes.

In Mangazeya, which is located on permafrost, no grain was sown. Every year, whole coravans of ships loaded with grain supplies, numbering from 20 to 30 kochs, came to the city. But they raised goats, sheep, and pigs. They raised cows and horses. They only moved around the city on horseback; outside the city walls lay swampy tundra.

Despite the large distances in time and space separating ancient Mangazeya and Norilsk, the common Arctic features inherent in the appearance of these polar cities are clearly visible. Ancient city just like Norilsk, it stood on permafrost, on stilts. Not on reinforced concrete ones, of course.

The house frames were installed on layers of frozen wood chips with birch bark pads, which protected them from moisture and contributed to the preservation of permafrost.

So, the first experience of building houses on stilts belongs to the people of Mangazeya.

Crafts: pottery, leatherworking, bone carving.

But the main sensation of Mangazeya is the discovery of a foundry. On the ruins of which crucibles were discovered - ceramic pots for smelting copper ore. An analysis of the copper remains found in 1978 at the Institute of Arctic Geology showed that they contained nickel.

In the original document, the conclusion of the examination of copper ore, NN Urvantsev, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, one of the discoverers of the Norilsk deposit, comes to the conclusion that the Mangazeya people smelted carbonate Norilsk ore.

Oxide ores come to the surface, are fusible, and are clearly visible due to their green or blue color. They were used by people of the Bronze Age.

We are located at the foot of the Norilsk Mountains. Perhaps it was here that, from time to time, ore was mined in the required quantities and transported to Mangazeya on reindeer sleds. Despite the huge distance of 400 km, between the Norilsk winter quarters, founded presumably in the 20-30s. 17th century and Mangazeya, there were quite stable connections at that time.

Today the Norilsk Combine produces millions of tons of copper, nickel, and cobalt. And the beginning was made in tiny medieval foundries and primitive furnaces that had almost nothing in common with modern giant factories.

Enterprising Mangazeya ore miners were the first to attempt to begin the industrial development of the Norilsk deposit, long before the construction of the Sotnikovskaya copper smelting furnace.

Mangazeya copper, smelted in crucibles in very small quantities, was used for all kinds of crafts and jewelry: crosses, rings, pendants, which were always in great demand among the local population.

But Mangazeya is not only a craft and cultural center, it is an outpost of Russian advance to the North and East of Siberia. From here, in search of new lands and fur riches, the pioneers set off further, “meeting the sun,” to the Yenisei and Lena. The portage routes crossed the entire interior of Taimyr from west to east.

In 1610, Russian trading people led by Kondraty Kurochkin sailed down the Yenisei, calling the newly discovered land Pyasida. What does treelessness mean? This is what our peninsula was called in the past. Local tribes living on the newly discovered lands were immediately subject to tribute - yasak...

Ivashka Patrikeev, a Mangazean yasak collector in Taimyr, wrote a petition to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.

In the 17th century, the first Russian settlements appeared on Taimyr - Khantaika, Khatanga. Volochanka, Some of them have retained their ancient Russian names to this day, such as the village of Volochanka located on the portage.

Name of the area Norilsk and r. Norilskaya, too, according to Urvantsev, is of ancient Russian origin; fishermen call “noril” or “dive” a flexible pole for underwater fishing. From the word “norilo” the river began to be called Norilka, and then the city received the same name...

Until now, time has preserved silent evidence of eras long gone from us in the form of traces of dragging in the tundra or objects left over from that time. Photographs taken in Taimyr by members of Vladimir Kozlov’s expedition, undertaken in 1989, on the initiative of the Main Directorate for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Russian Ministry of Culture, testify to this more than eloquently.

There are remains of old fishing huts and entire villages that existed in the 17th century and later, in the form of ruins of log houses with semi-decayed logs or plates of wooden tiles. Traces of life that once flourished here.

It’s hard to believe, but the current capital of Taimyr, Dudinka, also once began with a similar winter hut, lost in the endless snowy expanses of the north.

In 1667, the Mangazeya archer Ivan Sorokin set up a tribute winter hut below the Dudina River. The newly founded settlement was at the same time a convenient point for the further development of new lands in the east.

The shift of trade routes to the Yenisei and Lena, the predatory extermination of sable in the Mangazeya district, the bribery and greed of the governors who turned local tribes against themselves, led to the desolation and gradual destruction of the city. On the initiative of the governor, the administrative capital was moved to a safer place, the Turukhanskoe winter hut, built by the Magazeyas back in 1607, and was named New Mangazeya.

In 1672, by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the last Streltsy garrison left Mangazeya. The city, which once resounded with its exploits, crafts and wealth, fell into oblivion.

source http://www.osanor.ru/np/glavnay/pochti%20vce%20o%20taimire/goroda/disk/mangazey.html