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A new state appeared in the world - South Sudan. South Sudan: geography, economy, sights

South Sudan is a young state in the very center of the African continent. Previously, these lands were called Kush, then - Nubia. For a long time, these territories were part of Sudan, and only in 2011 they were proclaimed independent.

To the east, the country is bordered by Ethiopia, Uganda and Kenya. The country shares its southern borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the northern borders with Sudan. To the west, South Sudan borders the Central African Republic. The country has no access to the sea.

At the moment the capital is the city Juba, however, the government plans to move it to the city Ramsel.

The country is divided into several historical regions: Upper Nile, Bahr el Ghazal And Equatoria.

Population

8,260,490 people (2008)

Population density

13.33 people/km²

English

Religion

Christianity

Form of government

republic

sudanese pound, south sudanese pound

Timezone

International dialing code

Domain zone

Electricity

Climate and weather

The climate in South Sudan is subequatorial. It's quite humid here. The thermometer rises to +35…+38 °С and fluctuates slightly throughout the year. Only during the dry season at night does the temperature drop significantly.

Up to 700 mm of precipitation falls annually in the north of the country, and up to 1400 mm in the southwest. The dry season lasts from November to March. In the south of the country in June-July there is another dry season.

The best time to travel to South Sudan is from late July to October.

Nature

Part of the country's territory is within the region swamps Sudd. This swampy area was formed by tributaries White Nile which the locals call Bahr el Abyal. The river crosses the country from the south and has many tributaries.

The territory of South Sudan is located at an altitude of 200-400 meters above sea level. There are also small mountains in the southwest of the country, and in the southeast the mountains of the system rise Great African Rift.

Almost throughout the country, forests grow, which are clearly divided into two types. In the north, a series of swamps and lowlands stretched, overgrown with floodplain tropical forests, which pass into dry savannahs and flooded grasslands. In the south of the country there are dense equatorial forests (in the floodplains) and East African dry forests (in the foothills).

In the east, closer to the Ethiopian highlands, grassy steppes and semi-desert zones begin.

As for the fauna, various types of antelopes, elephants, lions, giraffes, hyenas, crocodiles and buffaloes live here - and this is not a complete list. The country has 12 reserves and 6 national ones.

Attractions

The main attraction of South Sudan is its nature. Here are the territories, the second largest animal migration in the world.

Unique places are the national boma park And South National Park near the border with the Congo. It is home to large populations of Kongoni, kob antelope, buffalo, marsh, giraffes, elephants and lions.

The whole country is covered with forests, which can be divided into two types: monsoon tropical and equatorial. The river valleys are overgrown with gallery forests, which are quite rare. In such forests you can find mahogany, teak, rubber creeper.

The Ethiopian Highlands and the Central African Plateau are covered with mountain forests and shrubs.

Nutrition

The national cuisine of South Sudan has not yet really formed, since the state was formed quite recently. However, some regularities in cooking and favorite dishes of local residents can already be noted.

Traditions of French, English, Italian cuisine are mixed here. Not without Egyptian notes in the taste of local dishes.

The basis of national dishes are beans, beans, eggplants, peppers, as well as sauces, herbs, hot spices, garlic and onions.

The meat here is usually cooked lamb and chicken. As a side dish, rice or various vegetables are most often served, which are steamed, fried or canned.

Try the dish ful. These are beans and beans that are cooked with meat, vegetables and lots of seasonings. It will be interesting to try sorghum pilaf. Quite popular are kebabs, kalavi and traditional sweater.

Desserts are made by hand here. They are usually very sweet and have a lot of cream in them.

They drink a wide variety of teas and coffees in South Sudan, but alcohol is prohibited.

Accommodation

There are not very many hotels in South Sudan. All of them are concentrated in Juba and in several other major cities. By African standards, the hotels are very good: the rooms have hot water, TV, air conditioning and a refrigerator. For such a double room you will have to pay about $ 100. The same single will cost you $75 per night.

Breakfast is not included in the price. You will not find additional features (like a spa or a casino) at the hotel.

It is almost impossible to rent a house here, and few people would agree to the conditions in which the locals live: dilapidated houses with thatched roofs, lack of running water and sewerage…

Entertainment and recreation

Perhaps, for tourists in South Sudan there are only a few entertainments. One of them is safari. Local authorities have high hopes that safaris and local national parks will attract tourists to the country.

For a safari, you need to issue a permit - then you will even be assisted when visiting the parks: they will give you security guards and show you the best places.

Another type of outdoor activity is hiking. True, there are no particularly picturesque places here, but there are more than enough exotics!

Also in the capital of South Sudan you can visit cafes and restaurants. In small towns they are not, but in Juba you will find very colorful places, however, only in the city center.

Purchases

You always want to take with you a piece of the country you have visited. To keep South Sudan in your memory for a long time, you can bring African jewelry as souvenirs. Also noteworthy are the various products of local craftsmen.

Of particular note are the masks of African tribes, sculptures, wooden figurines and totems that tourists bring from South Sudan as a keepsake. African tribes are famous for their skillful products made from natural materials. Such things have a certain magical or religious significance for them.

A good purchase would be figurines of zebras, giraffes, elephants and rhinos handmade from noble wood. The works of local artists may also seem interesting to you.

If you want to add African flavor to your life, bring wooden dishes and ceramic vases with African patterns from your trip. Woolen carpets, which are woven by local women from threads of rich colors, are also suitable for this.

Figurines of animals and birds made of precious metals and stones will be a magnificent and expensive gift from South Sudan. In high esteem and products from crocodile and snake skin.

Often people buy national clothes, bright African dresses or safari costumes as souvenirs.

In the markets of South Sudan, you can also buy original products made from palm bast and reed, elephant grass.

Transport

Transport in South Sudan is underdeveloped. Although there are 23 airports in the country, only 2 of them are paved.

The roads here are in very poor condition, many of them are emergency. There are practically no paved roads.

The railroads are no better off. Their length is 236 kilometers, and they are also in disrepair. There are plans to develop the network, but now the country simply does not have the funds.

Public transport is available only in major cities and between them. These are usually very old buses or trains. Travel is inexpensive.

You can use the services of local residents who, for a moderate fee, will take you to the right place.

Connection

Mobile communication here complies with the GSM 900 standard. Roaming is provided by 2 Russian mobile operators - Beeline and Megafon. Reception throughout the country is unstable.

There are also two local operators in South Sudan: Mobitel and Sudatel. Their tariffs are based on prepayment, in all post offices you can buy special cards to pay for communications.

Banks and post offices have pay phones, cards for which can be bought there. Local calls are very cheap, but international calls will cost you much more.

All major cities have internet cafes. You can also make video calls from them. Headphone and microphone rentals are charged separately.

There is Internet in hotels, cafes and restaurants.

Safety

South Sudan has a rather tense criminal situation. There are often complaints of extortion, even by the police.

Another danger that may lie in wait for a traveler in Sudan is infections. You must be very picky about food, eat only processed foods, drink only bottled or boiled water!

You must be vaccinated against malaria, cholera, tetanus, typhoid and meningitis before traveling.

Business climate

The country has only recently gained independence, so the legislation in the field of entrepreneurship is not fully formed here. Corruption thrives here, so it is incredibly difficult to resolve any issues regarding any documentation legally.

The country's economy is extremely unstable, so investing in it will be very risky.

A lot of oil is produced here, but this has little effect on the country's economy. The region is also rich in other natural resources such as gold, silver, copper, iron ore, and zinc. Investments in the development of their deposits have some prospects.

Real estate

The real estate market in South Sudan can hardly generate interest. There are no conditions for investment here, and for personal purposes such housing can hardly be called attractive. There is no running water or sewerage. Electricity is available only in the central regions of Juba and is available only to wealthy people.

The houses themselves here are a rather pathetic sight: they are made of clay, with thatched roofs, without windows ... In a word, one can only dream of comfort here.

Traveling in South Sudan cannot be called safe, so be sure to take care of your health insurance.

It is also best to make copies of the documents you take with you.

On a trip, collect a good first aid kit, and take hygiene products with an antiseptic effect. In the first aid kit, you should take medicines for gastrointestinal disorders, antimalarial drugs.

To get into the national parks, you need to issue and pay for special permits, and you will not be allowed to shoot there. For excursions in parks and reserves, it is better to choose comfortable shoes.

This is a young and very peculiar state of Africa. Think about it: it has only 30 km of paved roads and about 250 km of railroad tracks. Yes, and they are not in the best condition. Even the capital of South Sudan does not have running water. However, its inhabitants do not lose heart and look to the future with hope, expecting only the best from it.

General information

  • The full name is the Republic of South Sudan.
  • The area of ​​the country is 620 thousand square kilometers.
  • The capital of South Sudan is the city of Juba.
  • Population - 11.8 million people (as of July 2014).
  • Population density - 19 people / sq. km.
  • The official language is English.
  • Currency - South Sudanese pound.
  • The time difference with Moscow is minus 1 hour.

Geographical position

South Sudan is the youngest state in modern Africa. Only in the summer of 2011, it gained independence from Sudan and thus acquired a new status. South Sudan is located in East Africa. It has no access to the sea. The north and center of the country are occupied by plains, and highlands stretch in the south. home geographical feature of this hot African country lies in the fact that a river flows through its entire territory. This is one of the tributaries of the Nile - the White Nile. This is what gives a very good potential for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. South Sudan borders on Kenya and Ethiopia, Uganda, Sudan, Congo, and the Central African Republic.

Climate

The country is geographically located in the zone of the subequatorial climatic zone. From this follows the characteristics of its weather conditions. It's hot here all year round. Seasons differ from each other only in the amount of precipitation. The winter period is shorter. It is characterized by low rainfall. Summer is more rainy. In the north of the country, the annual precipitation is 700 mm, while in the south and south-west these figures are 2 times higher - 1400 mm. During summer, rivers and swampy areas located in the central part of the republic are fed.

Flora and fauna

It is safe to say that South Sudan is a country that is relatively lucky with natural conditions. After all, a river flows through its entire territory, making it possible for plants and animals to exist. The country has a lot of trees and shrubs. The south of the state is occupied by tropical regions. In the extreme south, equatorial ones stretched. The Central African Highlands and the Ethiopian Range are covered with mountain forests. Along the riverbed are gallery hearths and bushes. The leadership of the state is trying to preserve the natural wealth of its country. It was the protection of nature that the president designated as one of the most important areas of domestic policy. There are many protected areas and nature reserves. The migration routes of wild animals run through South Sudan. Nature has created ideal conditions for the settlement of these places by elephants, lions, giraffes, antelopes and other representatives of the fauna.

Population

Sudanese live in very difficult conditions. Until old age, more precisely, until the age of 65, almost a few survive, only 2%. The infant mortality rate is very high. This is due to many reasons. Low living standards, poor quality food, lack of drinking water, poorly developed medicine, frequent infection from sick animals - all this leads to the development of infectious diseases in the state of South Sudan. The population of the country is just over 11 million people. Agree, it's not much.

And even despite high mortality and active migration, population growth rates remain high. The reason for this is a good birth rate. The average number of children per woman in the country is 5 or 4. The ethnic composition is quite complex: more than 570 different ethnic groups and nationalities live here, most of them black Africans. The main religion is Christianity, although the importance of local African beliefs is great. The official language is English, but Arabic is also very common. The main part of the population lives in rural areas, in villages. Urban dwellers make up only 19% of the total population. The literacy rate also leaves much to be desired - 27%. Among men, this percentage is 40%, women - only 16%.

Political structure

Now South Sudan is an independent independent state. The country received this status after July 9, 2011, when it withdrew from Sudan. The country is governed by the president, who is both the head of the republic and the head of government. He is elected for 4 years. The country's parliament is bicameral, consisting of the Council of States and the National Legislative Assembly. There are 3 political parties in parliament. Territorial division: The state of South Sudan consists of 10 states, which used to be provinces. Each of them has its own constitution and governing bodies.

Flag

It is an alternation of stripes - black, white, red, white and green. On the left side is a blue triangle with a star. What does the flag symbolize? Black color speaks of the black nation. White is a symbol of freedom, which the people have dreamed of gaining for so long. Red is the color of the blood shed by millions in the struggle for their independence. Green is a symbol of the fertility of the land, the richness of the flora and fauna of South Sudan. The blue color symbolizes the waters of the White Nile - the river that gives life to this country. The star on the flag of the state speaks of the integrity of its individual 10 states. The idea of ​​such a state symbol is as follows: black Africans inhabiting South Sudan united in a difficult struggle for peace and prosperity for all the inhabitants of their country.

Coat of arms

Another distinguishing sign of the state is also very symbolic. The coat of arms depicts a bird with spread wings. Namely, the secretary bird. This representative of the genus of birds lives in African grasslands and savannahs, and is distinguished by its special endurance. For a long time it tracks down and attacks its prey (small lizards, snakes and even young gazelles), moving on foot. The secretary bird is held in high esteem by many African peoples. Her image is present on the presidential flag, the state seal, and on military insignia. On the coat of arms, her head is turned to the right, a characteristic crest is visible in profile. At the top of the image there is a banner with the inscription "Victory is ours", at the bottom there is another one with the name of the state "Republic of Sudan". The bird has a shield in its paws. Along the edge of the emblem, the full name of the state is once again indicated.

History of the development of the state

On the modern territory of South Sudan during the colonization of Africa, there was no state as such. Only separate tribes lived here, which peacefully existed with each other. They represented different nationalities, which got along well side by side. When European states, primarily Great Britain, began to actively attack new lands, exposing them to colonization, the peace of the local residents was disturbed. The colonialists seize territories in order to take possession of their resources. South Sudan is no exception.

Europeans were interested in both slaves and gold, wood, and ivory. The first such invasions began in 1820-1821, and the Turkish-Egyptian troops turned out to be the invaders. As a result of these raids, millions of inhabitants became slaves in neighboring Arab countries. For more than 60 years, the Turkish-Egyptian regime existed on the territory of Sudan. Then power passed to the Ottoman Empire. After its collapse, Egypt and Great Britain colluded to take Sudan, dividing it into north and south. And only since 1956 Sudan became independent, having different administrative structures for the north and south. Since that time, civil clashes began within the country.

Historians and political scientists believe that in the north of the country the colonialists developed the socio-economic sectors of life, while they did not deal with the south, leaving everything at the mercy of Christian missionaries. There were different development programs for the north and south, a visa regime was introduced for crossing borders, residents of South Sudan were forbidden to contact foreigners. All this only increased without bringing the desired socio-economic development. Then the British colonialists changed their policy, starting a "unifying" mission. However, she turned out to be against the southerners. In fact, the British, having united with the elite of the north, dictated the conditions of life for the population of the south. South Sudan was left without political and economic power.

In 1955, an uprising broke out against the invaders. This civil war lasted 17 years. As a result, in 1972 an agreement was signed that gave some freedom to the Republic of South Sudan. Independence, however, largely remained only on paper. Violent Islamization, enslavement, massacres, executions and complete stagnation in socio-economic life continued. The real change came in 2005 when another peace agreement was signed in Nairobi, Kenya. It stipulated that South Sudan would receive a new Constitution, a certain amount of autonomy and self-government. On July 9, 2005, the leader of the black liberation movement, Dr. Garang, became the first vice-president of the Republic of Sudan. The agreement determined a period of 6 years, after which the republic could hold a referendum on self-determination. And on July 9, 2011, a popular vote took place, in which 98% of the inhabitants of South Sudan spoke in favor of the sovereignty of the state. Since that time, a new stage in the life of the country began.

Foreign policy

After the referendum was held and the declaration of independence, South Sudan acquired sovereignty. Surprisingly, the first state to officially recognize this was its northern neighbor. At present, almost all the powers of the world have recognized the new state, including Russia. Foreign policy is focused on nearby African countries, including the UK. Interaction with Northern Sudan remains extremely difficult due to the large number of contentious economic and territorial issues. But many international organizations are successfully cooperating with the new state. For example, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Union, the International Olympic Committee, the UN. It was recognized by all members and countries of the BRICS.

Economy

South Sudan and North Sudan have been at war with each other for too long. This did not have a positive impact on the country's economy. Although there are more than enough problems in the national economy, South Sudan has huge potential. The country is rich in resources. It is primarily oil. The budget of Sudan is 98% filled with income from the sale of black gold. The presence of the river makes it possible to obtain cheap hydropower for the development of industry. There are many other minerals - copper, zinc, tungsten, gold and silver. Lack of transport routes, lack of electricity, poor quality of drinking water, destroyed infrastructure - all this hinders the development of the economy. However, the country has no external debt, the level of income exceeds expenditures. That is why Sudan is considered a country with high potential. In agriculture, cotton, peanuts, papayas, mangoes, bananas, sesame and wheat are grown. Cattle breeding is based on the breeding of camels and sheep.

healthcare

This social sphere is developed very poorly. Poor infrastructure and literacy contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. Every now and then epidemics of malaria and cholera, black fever break out. The country has one of the highest rates of HIV infection in the world. Here there are strange diseases that are not found anywhere else in the world, for example, nodding fever.

Attractions

The cities of South Sudan cannot boast of anything unusual. The main attraction of the country is its beautiful and unique nature. It is in pristine, untouched condition. Here you can enjoy the views of the savannah and its inhabitants. This is a paradise for safari lovers. In the National Park on the border with the Congo and in the Boma National Park, you can see wild animals - giraffes, lions, antelopes - in their natural habitat.

Big cities

The capital of the republic is the largest city in it. The population of Juba is about 372 thousand people.

Other large cities are Wau, which is home to 110 thousand, Malakay - 95 thousand, Yei - 62 thousand, Uvail - 49 thousand. As already noted, this is mainly a rural country, only 19% of the population lives in cities. However, the government plans to move the capital to Ramsel. So far, Juba remains the main city. South Sudan announced the construction of a new administrative capital region in the center of the country.

South Sudan is a state in Africa with its capital in Juba (it is planned to move the capital to the central part of the country - to the city of Ramsel, which is being established in the Lake Province). Bordered by Ethiopia in the east, Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the south, the Central African Republic in the west and Sudan in the north, the total length of the borders is 6018 km. Area - 644,329 km². The sovereign status of South Sudan came into force on July 9, 2011, after the signing of a declaration declaring it an independent state. Member of the UN since July 14, 2011. Has no access to the sea.

Information

  • date of independence: 9 July 2011 (from Sudan)
  • Official language: English
  • Capital: Juba
  • The largest city: Juba
  • Form of government: presidential republic
  • Territory: 644,329 km²
  • Population: 12 340 000 people
  • Internet domain:.ss
  • ISO code:SS
  • IOC code: SSD
  • Telephone code: +211
  • Time Zones: +3

By the time of the colonization of Africa by European countries in South Sudan, there were no state entities in the modern sense. The Arabs have also failed to integrate this region over the centuries. Some progress occurred under the Ottoman rule of Egypt, when in 1820-1821 the regime of Muhammad Ali, dependent on the Porte, began an active colonization of the region.
During the existence of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1898-1955), Great Britain tried to limit Islamic and Arab influence on South Sudan by introducing a separate administration of the North and South of Sudan, respectively, and in 1922 even by issuing an Act on the introduction of visas for the Sudanese population for movement between two regions. At the same time, the Christianization of South Sudan was carried out. In 1956, the creation of a unified Sudanese state with its capital in Khartoum was proclaimed, and the dominance of politicians from the North, who tried to Arabize and Islamize the South, was consolidated in the government of the country.
The signing of the Addis Ababa Agreement in 1972 led to the end of the 17-year First Civil War (1955-1972) between the Arab North and the black South and the granting of a certain internal self-government to the South.
After about a decade of calm, Jafar Nimeiri, who seized power in a military coup in 1969, resumed the policy of Islamization. Punishments such as stoning, public flogging and amputation of hands, prescribed by Islamic law, were introduced into the criminal legislation of the country, after which the armed conflict was resumed by the Sudan People's Liberation Army.
According to American estimates, in the two decades since the resumption of armed conflict in southern Sudan, government forces have killed about 2 million civilians. As a result of periodic droughts, famine, lack of fuel, expanding armed confrontation, human rights violations, more than 4 million southerners were forced to leave their homes and flee to cities or to neighboring countries - Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and the Central African Republic, as well as to Egypt and Israel. Refugees are deprived of the opportunity to cultivate the land or otherwise earn a living, suffer from malnutrition and malnutrition, and lack access to education and health care. Years of war has led to a humanitarian catastrophe.
Negotiations between the rebels and the government in 2003-2004 formally ended the 22-year second civil war, although sporadic armed clashes in a number of southern regions continued later. On January 9, 2005, the Naivasha Agreement was signed in Kenya, which granted autonomy to the region, and the leader of the South, John Garang, became Vice President of Sudan. South Sudan received the right after 6 years of autonomy to hold a referendum on its independence. Revenues from oil production during this period should
were, by agreement, divided equally between the central government and the leadership of the southern autonomy. This eased the tension somewhat. However, on July 30, 2005, Garang died in a helicopter crash, and the situation began to heat up again. To resolve the conflict in September 2007, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon visited South Sudan. The international community has brought peacekeeping and humanitarian forces into the conflict zone. During a 6-year period, the southern authorities organized a fairly complete and effective control of their territory by the current Government of South Sudan with all ministries, including the armed forces and law enforcement agencies. According to all estimates, the ability and desire of the non-Arab region to live independently was not in doubt. In June 2010, the US announced that it would welcome the emergence of a new state in the event of a positive outcome of the referendum. On the eve of the referendum, on January 4, 2011, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, during a visit to the South Sudanese capital of Juba, promised to recognize any results of the plebiscite, and even expressed his readiness to take part in official celebrations on the occasion of the formation of a new state if southerners vote for independence in a referendum. In addition, he promised freedom of movement between the two countries, offered to help the southerners create a secure and stable state, and organize an equal union of two states like the European Union if the South gained independence. As a result of the positive outcome of the referendum, the new state was proclaimed on July 9, 2011...

Climate

The dry period in the region is very short and lasts only in the winter months (in the north it is longer, but still lasts a smaller part of the year). The annual rainfall ranges from 700 mm in the north to about 1400 mm in the southwest. The whole of South Sudan is covered with forests, which are divided into two parts. These are monsoon (tropical) forests - in the south, and equatorial - in the extreme south, that is, monsoon (95%) and equatorial (5%).

Population

The population of South Sudan is, according to various sources, from 7.5 to 13 million people. According to the results of the Sudanese census in 2008, the population of the South was 8,260,490 people, but the authorities of South Sudan do not recognize these results, since the central bureau of statistics in Khartoum refused to provide them with raw data for the region for their own processing and evaluation.
The majority of the population of South Sudan belongs to the Negroid race and professes either Christianity or traditional African animistic religions. The main population group is made up of representatives of the Nilotic peoples, the most numerous of which are the Dinka, Nuer, Azande, Bari and Shilluk.

Language

The official language of the country is English. Most people in South Sudan speak a variety of Nilotic, Adamawa-Ubangi, Central Sudanese and other languages ​​and dialects, the largest of which is the Dinka language.

Religion

The majority of the population of South Sudan practice either Christianity or traditional African animistic religions.

Bandingilo National Park

Bandingilo National Park, sometimes spelled Badingilo, is located in the region of South Sudan, within the states of Central Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria. It was founded in 1992. Located in a wooded area near the White Nile River, it covers an area of ​​more than 10,000 square kilometers (3,900 sq mi). This is the second largest annual animal migration (the largest migration of the Serengeti), includes several species of antelope, including the wading goat, white-eared kob, and the reserve is also home to the iconic African megafauna like the giraffe. It also contains large swamps extending into Jonglei State. The park supports numerous bird populations. On July 6, 2011, three days before South Sudan formally withdrew from Sudan, the Administrative Head Office was officially opened in a ceremony led by Equatoria Central Governor Clement Wani and USAID Sudan Director William Hamminck...

Imatuna mountains

The Imatuna Mountains (also Immatun, or rarely Maton) are located in the state of Eastern Equatoria in southeastern South Sudan and extend into the Northern region of Uganda. Mount Chineti is the most high mountain at 3,187 meters (10,456 feet) high and South Sudan's highest point. The range has an equatorial climate and dense montane forests supporting a variety of wildlife. Since the middle of the 20th century, the rich ecology has been increasingly degraded by forestry and subsistence farming, causing extensive slope erosion...

Radom National Park

Radoma National Park is a biosphere reserve in South Darfur, Sudan, Africa. Its area is 1,250,970 hectares (3,091,200 acres). The Adda and Amblashi rivers form the northern and southern boundaries of the park. Near Radom is the André Felix National Park of the Central African Republic. Established as a park, in 1979 it was a member of the World Biosphere Reserve Network. Rivers, streams and permanent pools cover much of the park, which is characterized as a wooded savanna. Approximately 90% of the habitat is thickets of low-growing (1-2 m) evergreen xerophytic shrubs, while the rest is forest. The average annual relative humidity is 57-65%; and the average annual temperature is 16-27 C. The largest villages in the park include: Radom, Mesheitir, Bireikat, Songo, al Khufra, Bimeza and many more...

Ez Zeraf Game Reserve

Ez Zeraf Game Reserve covers an area of ​​675,000 hectares (1,670,000 acres) and is located in northern South Sudan. It was established in 1939 when the area was within Sudan. Within the territory of the reserve is located in the Sudd swamp. Ez Zeraf is an IUCN Category VI site with a mostly seasonally flooded field and forest landscape. It is globally important for its large concentrations of mammals. The reserve is also home to the Hippo. A significant part of the reserve is located on the island of Zeraf, a seasonally flooded island region, isolated by the White Nile in the West and the Bahr el Zeraf River in the east...

South National Park

South National Park is located in South Sudan. It was formed in 1939. This place is 23,000 km². A.B. Anderson, a former Assistant Game Controller, reported that in 1950, the southern National Park was extended to an area of ​​7,800 square miles (20,000 square kilometers). It was drained by three rivers: the Jur River in the west, a well-defined channel that joined the Nile; the river Gela in the east; and the Ibba River in the center of the park. The Ibba and Gel rivers formed a floodplain that made the habitat swampy. Bushveld, true rainforest vegetation, has been found in the park. During the monsoon season, the park had a vast field that covered an area (4.6 m). The soil usually had whitish clay in its composition...

boma national park

Boma National Park is a protected area in eastern South Sudan near the Ethiopian border. It was formed in 1986 and covers an area of ​​22,800 square kilometers (8,800 sq mi) of fields and floodplains. The park is an important sanctuary for white-eared kobs, Corrygum and Mongalla's gazelle. Other large mammals are buffaloes, elephants, leopards, giraffes, zebras, oryxes, harbingers and cheetahs. It is also an important bird habitat: the avifauna includes the Rappell's Vulture (African Vulture) and the black-breasted Serpent's Eagle. The neighboring Gambela National Park in Ethiopia protects similar species. The most prominent variety national park Boms - white-eared kob (Kobus kob leucotis). A UNEP study reports that the white-eared cob is found mainly in the east of the Nile River in South Sudan in clay flats and wetlands ...



Source. wikipedia.org, hotelsbroker.com

South Sudan (English South Sudan), official name The Republic of South Sudan is a state in Africa with its capital in the city of Juba. It borders Ethiopia to the east, Kenya, Uganda and the DRC to the south, Central African Republic to the west, and the Republic of Sudan to the north. The area is 619,745 km2. The sovereign status of South Sudan came into force on July 9, 2011, after the signing of a declaration declaring it an independent state. Member of the UN since July 14 of the same year.

By the time of the colonization of Africa by European countries in South Sudan, there were no state entities in the modern sense. The Arabs have also failed to integrate this region over the centuries. Some progress occurred under the Ottoman rule of Egypt, when in 1820-1821. Muhammad Ali's regime, dependent on Porta, began an active colonization of the region.

During the existence of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1898-1955), Great Britain tried to limit Islamic and Arab influence on South Sudan by introducing a separate administration of the North and South of Sudan, respectively, and in 1922 even by issuing an Act on the introduction of visas for the Sudanese population for movement between the two regions. At the same time, the Christianization of South Sudan was carried out. In 1956, the creation of a unified Sudanese state with its capital in Khartoum was proclaimed, and the dominance of politicians from the North, who tried to Arabize and Islamize the South, was consolidated in the government of the country.

The signing of the Addis Ababa Agreement in 1972 ended the 17-year First Civil War (1955-1972) between the Arab North and the Negroid South, and gave the South some internal self-government. After about a decade of calm, Jafar Nimeiri, who seized power in a military coup in 1969, resumed the policy of Islamization. Punishments such as stoning, public flogging and amputation of hands, prescribed by Islamic law, were introduced into the criminal legislation of the country, after which the armed conflict was resumed by the Sudan People's Liberation Army.

According to American estimates, in the two decades since the resumption of armed conflict in southern Sudan, government forces have killed about 2 million civilians. As a result of periodic droughts, famine, lack of fuel, expanding armed confrontation, human rights violations, more than 4 million southerners were forced to leave their homes and flee to cities or to neighboring countries - Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and the Central African Republic, as well as to Egypt. Refugees are deprived of the opportunity to cultivate the land or otherwise earn a living, suffer from malnutrition and malnutrition, and lack access to education and health care. Years of war has led to a humanitarian catastrophe.

Negotiations between the rebels and the government in 2003-2004 formally ended the 22-year second civil war, although sporadic armed clashes in a number of southern regions continued later. On January 9, 2005, the Naivasha Agreement was signed in Kenya, which granted autonomy to the region, and the leader of the South, John Garang, became Vice President of Sudan. South Sudan received the right after 6 years of autonomy to hold a referendum on its independence. Revenues from oil production during this period were, by agreement, to be divided equally between the central government and the leadership of the southern autonomy. This eased the tension somewhat. However, on July 30, 2005, Garang died in a helicopter crash, and the situation began to heat up again.

To resolve the conflict in September 2007, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon visited South Sudan. The international community has brought peacekeeping and humanitarian forces into the conflict zone. During a 6-year time period, the southern authorities organized fairly complete and effective control of their territory by the current Government of South Sudan with all ministries, including the armed forces and law enforcement agencies. According to all estimates, the ability and desire of the non-Arab region to live independently was not in doubt. In June 2010, the US announced that it would welcome the emergence of a new state in the event of a positive outcome of the referendum. On the eve of the referendum, on January 4, 2011, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, during a visit to the South Sudanese capital of Juba, promised to recognize any results of the plebiscite, and even expressed his readiness to take part in official celebrations on the occasion of the formation of a new state if southerners vote for independence in a referendum. In addition, he promised freedom of movement between the two countries, offered to help the southerners create a secure and stable state, and organize an equal union of two states like the European Union if the South gained independence. As a result of the positive outcome of the referendum, the new state was proclaimed on July 9, 2011.

South Sudan independence referendum

From 9 to 15 January 2011, a referendum was held in South Sudan on independence from Sudan. In addition, a referendum was to be held in areas near the city of Abyei on the issue of joining South Sudan, but it was postponed. On December 22, 2009, the Sudanese parliament approved a law setting the rules for the 2011 referendum. May 27, 2010 President of Sudan Omar al-Bashir promised to hold a referendum on self-determination of South Sudan on the scheduled date, in January 2011. Employees of UNDP and other international organizations took an active part in the preparations for the referendum, providing, among other things, financial assistance. The official results of the referendum were announced on February 7, according to them, 98.83% of the total number of valid ballots were cast for the separation of South Sudan. The official declaration of the new state took place on July 9, 2011, until this date Sudan continued to exist as a single state.

A number of states have announced that they intend to recognize the independence of South Sudan after 9 July 2011. The Sudanese government welcomed the results of the referendum and announced that it plans to open an embassy in Juba after the division of the state into two parts, neighboring countries also welcomed the independence of the region. Egypt was one of the first countries to declare its intention to recognize South Sudan. The UK plans to open an embassy in South Sudan.

Administrative divisions of South Sudan

South Sudan includes 10 states - the former vilayats of Sudan (the occupied territory is indicated in brackets): Warab (31,027 km2), Upper Nile (77,773 km2), Eastern Equatoria (82,542 km2), Jongliy (122,479 km2), Western Equatoria (79,319 km2), Western Bahr el Ghazal (93,900 km2), Western Upper Nile (35,956 km2), Ozerny (40,235 km2), Northern Bahr el Ghazal (33,558 km2), Central Equatoria (22 956 km2).

Population of South Sudan

The population of South Sudan is, according to various sources, from 7.5 to 13 million people. According to the results of the Sudanese census in 2008, the population of the South was 8,260,490 people, but the authorities of South Sudan do not recognize these results, since the central bureau of statistics in Khartoum refused to provide them with raw data for the region for their own processing and evaluation.

The majority of the population of South Sudan belongs to the Negroid race and professes either Christianity or traditional African animistic religions. The main population group is made up of representatives of the Nilotic peoples, the most numerous of which are the Dinka, Nuer, Azande, Bari and Shilluk.

The official language of the country is English. Most people in South Sudan speak a variety of Nilotic, Adamawa-Ubangi, Central Sudanese and other languages ​​and dialects, the largest of which is the Dinka language. Religion in South Sudan is a set of religious beliefs inherent in the peoples of South Sudan. The majority of the population of South Sudan professes either Christianity or traditional African animistic religions, which to some extent led to a clash with the Muslim North.

The southern part of the country is dominated by both pagan and Christian influences, reflected in life local population, although Islam is also practiced by a small number of the population. Christianity In addition to the Catholic communities in the country, there are Anglican parishes and structures of various charismatic Christian denominations.

The number of Catholics in South Sudan is about 1 million 700 thousand people (about 22% of the total population). Most adherents of Catholicism live in the southern states of Equatoria East, Equatoria Central and Equatoria West, where Catholics form a large majority. The smallest number of Catholics lives in the state of Upper Nile (45,000 people with a total population of 2 million 750 thousand people).

Health care system in South Sudan

The health care system in South Sudan is poorly developed, which, combined with the country's overall low literacy rate, as well as poor infrastructure, seriously hampers disease control. Malaria and cholera are common in South Sudan. Despite international intervention, many residents do not have access to qualified medical care, which was one of the reasons for the outbreak of black fever in 2010.

South Sudan has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world. However, there are no exact data for the country. According to the reports of the special session of the UN General Assembly for 2008, 3.1% of adults in the country are HIV-infected. This number is almost twice as high as in neighboring Sudan.

A number of rare diseases have been reported in South Sudan that do not occur anywhere else in the region. For example, in the southern part of the country there is a rare disease of unknown nature, called nodding syndrome. It is distributed in a relatively small area and affects mainly children from 5 to 15 years old. As of 2011, the number of cases is several thousand. Neither the cause of the disease nor the means of its treatment are known.

The climate of South Sudan

The dry period in the region lasts only 1 month. The annual rainfall ranges from 700 mm in the north to about 1400 mm in the southwest. The whole of South Sudan is covered with forests, which are divided into two parts. These are monsoon (tropical) forests - in the south, and equatorial - in the extreme south, that is, monsoon (25%), and equatorial (5%).

Economy of South Sudan

The economy of South Sudan is one of the typical African underdeveloped economies. South Sudan is one of the poorest countries in the world.

Oil is the main resource of the country, on which the entire economy of South Sudan relies. Of the 500 thousand barrels of oil produced in Sudan, about 75% of oil production comes from fields in the South. Since the oil-bearing regions are located mainly in South Sudan, since July 9, 2011, Northern Sudan has been cut off from them. However, North Sudan controls the pipelines through which oil is exported, in connection with this, each side has its own interests in matters related to the distribution of oil profits. The Minister of Investment of South Sudan, Colonel-General Oyai Deng Ajak, has repeatedly stated the need for an international solution to the issue of the Abyei oil region.

South Sudan exports timber to the international market. Massifs of teak forest fund are located in Kavala, Lijo, Loca West and Nuni. Western equatorial timber resources are found in Mvuba (Zamoi). The region is rich in natural resources such as iron ore, copper, chromium ores, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, and hydropower.

The economy of the country, like many other developing countries, is heavily dependent on agriculture. Some items from agricultural products include: cotton, peanuts, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sugarcane, tapioca, mango, papayas, bananas, sweet potato and sesame. In the central equatorial part of the plantations are located on Kegulu.

Until 1992, the currency in the country was the dinar, which was replaced by the Sudanese pound. On July 9, 2011, the South Sudanese pound was introduced in South Sudan, which will begin full circulation throughout the country from August.

Russia is poorly represented in the foreign trade sector of South Sudan. There are no large Russian companies in the country, and economic interaction is sporadic, mainly in the field of Russian supplies of equipment and weapons.

Source - http://ru.wikipedia.org/

The climate is hot, with seasonal precipitation decreasing from the mountainous regions in the south to the north. The terrain gradually rises from the plains in the north and in the center to the southern highlands on the border with Uganda and Kenya; The White Nile, flowing north from the highlands of Central Africa, feeds with its waters a large swampy area in the center (more than 100,000 km2, which is 15% of the area) and determines the main geographical characteristics of the country, its flora and fauna and the features of agricultural development.
The highest point is Mount Chineti (3187 m).

Natural resources:
oil, deposits of gold, diamonds, limestone, iron ore, copper, chrome ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver; timber, fertile agricultural land.

POPULATION

8 million 260 thousand 490 people (according to the controversial 2008 census; the actual number may reach 9 million 280 thousand people) (2008 estimate).
Age structure: young people under the age of 14 make up 44.4% of the population. Over 65 years old - 2.6% of the population (2008).

Child mortality: 102 deaths per 1000 live births (2006). The level of infectious diseases associated with the quality of water and food and contact with sick animals is very high: diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever, malaria, dengue fever, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), schistosomiasis, respiratory diseases, meningococcal meningitis, rabies .

One of the most ethnically complex states of the African continent and the planet - approx. 570 peoples and ethnic groups: Azande, Atvot, Alur, Anyuak, Acholi, Baggara, Bari, Beja, Bongo, Danagle, Dinka, Lango, Lokoya, Luluba, Murle, Nuba, Pari, Fore, Hausa, Shilluk, etc.) and others

Religion - Christianity and local beliefs. The official language is supposed to be English, although the population uses Arabic and local dialects.

Urbanization:
The urban population is 22% (2009). Big cities: Juba (capital) - 250,000 thousand people. (2008).
Literacy: 27% of the total population aged 15 and over can read and write, 40% of this number are men, 16% are women.

STATE DEVELOPMENT.

Republic.
Executive and legislative power: Head of State - President Salva Kiir Mayardit (since July 9, 2011), Vice President Riek Machara (since July 10, 2011); The president is both head of state and head of government.

The Cabinet of Ministers is formed by the President and approved by the Legislative Assembly.

Bicameral National Parliament, consists of the National Legislative Assembly (170 seats) and the Council of States (48 seats), elections occur every four years.

South Sudan is divided into 10 states.
The upper house of parliament, the Council of States, resolves issues by a 2/3 majority of all its members. States have their own constitution, police, government and civil services, mass media; they themselves will regulate religious matters and questions of the use of land owned by the state and make their own budget. A number of issues of economic and social development, education and research, development of agriculture, housing construction, trade, industry, banks and insurance companies, water management, etc. are in the joint powers of the states and the state.

Political parties:
Sudanese People's Liberation Movement, National Congress Party, Sudanese People's Liberation Movement for Democratic Change.

ECONOMY

South Sudan has rich natural resources. The country produces almost three-quarters of the total oil production for the former Sudan (nearly one and a half million barrels per day). 98% of all South Sudan's budget revenues come from oil production. Oil reserves are more than 3 billion barrels.
Industry and infrastructure in South Sudan are underdeveloped after several decades of civil war. Railways have a length of 236 km and are mostly in disrepair. There are only 60 km of paved roads in the country. Electricity is produced mainly by expensive diesel generators; Running drinking water is not enough.

Despite the fact that South Sudan has one of the richest agricultural regions in Africa (in the White Nile Valley, which has fertile soils and abundant water), subsistence agriculture provides a minimum subsistence level for the vast majority of the population. Agriculture specializes in the cultivation of sorghum, corn, rice, millet, wheat, sugarcane, mango, papayas, bananas, sunflower sweet potatoes, cotton, sesame, cassava, beans, peanuts, and the production of gum arabic. Both cattle (about 20 million heads) and small cattle, mainly sheep, are bred.

South Sudan also has large herds of wildlife that could be used to attract ecotourists in the future. In addition, the waters of the White Nile have the potential to generate large amounts of hydroelectric power.

South Sudan is heavily dependent on imports of goods, services and capital from the north; Since 2005, more than $4 billion has been received by the region in foreign aid, mainly from the UK, the US, Norway and the Netherlands. The World Bank plans to support investments in infrastructure and agriculture in South Sudan. The government of South Sudan has set a target of 6% economic growth at the end of 2011 and expects 7.2% growth in 2012. Inflation was 8.6% in April 2011. High fuel prices drive up food prices.

The government's long-term goals include reducing poverty, maintaining macroeconomic stability, and improving tax collection and financial management.
Currency - South Sudanese pound.

STORY

History of South Sudan until 2011 see article SUDAN.

The declaration of independence by South Sudan was the result of a 21-year civil war that claimed the lives of, according to various estimates, from one to two million people. The ceasefire agreement, the so-called Comprehensive Peace Treaty, was signed by the warring parties (the authorities of the Republic of Sudan and the rebels from the south of the country) in 2005. According to this document, South Sudan received the status of an autonomy independent from the north, which was granted the right to a referendum on withdrawal from composition of the republic. The referendum itself took place only at the beginning of 2011. During the voting, more than 98% of the population of South Sudan supported the creation of an independent state.

The first of the countries to recognize the independence of South Sudan was the Republic of Sudan. As a result of the agreement, the borders of the two states were established in accordance with the borders as of January 1, 1956, that is, at the time of the start of the first civil war between north and south Sudan.

On July 9, 2011, on the basis of the Declaration of Independence of the Republic of South Sudan, the President of the new state, S. Kiir, by his decree, enacted an interim constitution as the Basic Law of the country for the transitional period. It will be valid for four years - until 2015.

During the transitional period, a parliament will operate, consisting of two chambers - the National Assembly (lower house) and the Council of States (upper house). The National Assembly will be composed of members of the already functioning Legislative Assembly of South Sudan and all South Sudanese citizens who have been members of the Sudanese Parliament. The Council of States will be composed of all citizens of South Sudan who have been representatives of the upper house in the Republic of the Sudan and 20 representatives appointed by the President.

During the transitional period, a Constitutional Commission was established to draft a permanent constitution. The President, who makes his amendments and comments, submits the text of the Basic Law to the Constitutional Conference for final approval. The conference is convened by the president and will be composed of representatives from political parties, civil society organizations, trade unions and other organizations and representative categories of citizens. The conference must approve the draft permanent constitution by a 2/3 majority of all delegates, after which the president of the country will put it into effect.
The constitution will establish a "decentralized system of government": national, state, and local.

The Basic Law establishes the mandatory participation of women in the work of state bodies at all levels, for which a quota of at least 25% of the total number of employees is now provided.
On July 15, 2011, the UN General Assembly accepted South Sudan into the ranks of the United Nations. South Sudan became the 193rd country in the world and the 54th state on the African continent.

According to experts, the new state will be among the poorest countries. Despite official recognition from Northern Sudan, the possibility of territorial conflicts between these countries is high, in particular over the disputed oil-bearing territories in the Abyei region, where bursts of violence are still noted.

In March and April 2012, armed clashes between Sudan and South Sudan took place on the territory of the city of Heglig.