Small sailing ships. Classification of sailing ships (sailing equipment)

Bombardier ship

Sailing 2-, 3-masted ship of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. with increased hull strength, armed with smoothbore guns. They first appeared in France in 1681, in Russia - during the construction of the Azov Fleet. Bombardier ships were armed with 2-18 large-caliber guns (mortars or unicorns) to fight against coastal fortifications and 8-12 small-caliber guns. They were part of the military fleets of all countries. In the Russian fleet existed until 1828

Brig

Military 2-masted ship with direct sailing, designed for cruising, reconnaissance and messenger services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns, crew up to 120 people. Possessed good seaworthiness and maneuverability. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. brigs were part of all the fleets of the world

Brigantine

2-masted sailing ship of the 17th - 19th centuries with a straight sail on the front mast (fore) and oblique on the back (mainsail). Used in the navies of Europe for reconnaissance and messenger services. On the upper deck, 6- 8 small caliber guns

Galion

A sailing ship of the 15th - 17th centuries, the forerunner of a sailing ship of the line. It had fore and main masts with straight sails and mizzen with slanting ones. Displacement about 1550 tons. Military galleons had up to 100 guns and up to 500 soldiers on board

Caravel

A high-sided single-deck 3-, 4-masted ship with high superstructures at the bow and stern, with a displacement of 200-400 tons. It had good seaworthiness and was widely used by Italian, Spanish and Portuguese navigators in the 13th - 17th centuries. Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama made their famous voyages on caravels

Karakka

Sailing 3-masted ship XIV - XVII centuries. displacement up to 2 thousand tons. Armament 30-40 guns. Could accommodate up to 1200 people. Cannon ports were used for the first time on karakka and guns were placed in closed batteries

Clipper

A 3-masted sailing (or sailing-steam with a propeller) ship of the 19th century, used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. Displacement up to 1500 tons, speed up to 15 knots (28 km/h), armament up to 24 guns, crew up to 200 people

Corvette

A ship of the sailing fleet of the 18th - mid-19th centuries, intended for reconnaissance, messenger service, and sometimes for cruising. In the first half of the XVIII century. 2-masted, and then 3-masted ship with direct sailing, 400-600 tons displacement, open (20-32 guns) or closed (14-24 guns) batteries

Battleship

A large, usually 3-deck (3 artillery decks), 3-masted ship with direct sailing weapons, designed for artillery combat with the same ships in the wake formation (battle line). Displacement up to 5 thousand tons. Armament: 80-130 smoothbore guns along the sides. Battleships were widely used in wars in the second half of the 17th - first half of the 19th century. The introduction of steam engines and propellers, rifled artillery and armor led in the 60s. 19th century to the complete replacement of sailing battleships with battleships

flutes

Sailing 3-masted ship of the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries, used in the navy as a transport. Armed with 4-6 guns. It had sides that were littered inward above the waterline. The rudder was used for the first time on the flute. In Russia, flutes were part of the Baltic Fleet from the 17th century.

Frigate sailing

A 3-masted ship, second in terms of armament (up to 60 guns) and displacement after a battleship, but surpassing it in speed. It was intended mainly for operations on sea lanes.

Sloop

Three-masted ship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. with straight sails on the forward masts and a slanting sail on the stern mast. Displacement 300-900 tons, artillery armament 16-32 guns. It was used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services, as well as a transport and expeditionary vessel. In Russia, the sloop was often used for circumnavigation (O.E. Kotzebue, F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, etc.)

Shnyava

A small sailing ship, common in the XVII - XVIII centuries. in the Scandinavian countries and in Russia. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. They were armed with 12-18 small-caliber guns and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service as part of the skerry fleet of Peter I. The length of the shnyava is 25-30 m, the width is 6-8 m, the displacement is about 150 tons, the crew is up to 80 people.

Schooner

A sea sailing vessel with a displacement of 100-800 tons, having 2 or more masts, is armed mainly with slanting sails. Schooners were used in sailing fleets as messenger ships. The schooners of the Russian fleet were armed with up to 16 guns.

Currently, a ship is called a warship. Tankers, bulk carriers, dry cargo ships, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civil or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once, at the dawn of shipping, when humanity was still filling the white spaces on the sailing directions with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailboat was considered a ship. On board each of them were guns, and the team consisted of desperate fellows, ready to do anything for the sake of profit and romance of distant wanderings. Then, in these troubled centuries, there was a division into types of ships. The list, taking into account modern additions, would be very long, so it is worth focusing on sailboats. Well, maybe some rowboats can be added.

galleys

Getting on them is an unenviable share. Such a punishment in ancient times awaited inveterate criminals. And in ancient Egypt, and in Finland, and in Hellas they already were. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. Those same convicts served as the main driving force, but they were sometimes assisted by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. According to modern concepts, these ships were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and the length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those days the size of the ships was not gigantic at all. The rowers sat in rows, according to historians, no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of the galleys is represented by ballistae and bow rams; in later centuries, these weapons were supplemented by artillery. The move, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.

barks

So, a bark (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word "bark") is a ship with three to five masts. All of her sails are straight, with the exception of the oblique rigging of the mizzen (stern mast). Barks - the ships are quite large, for example, the Kruzenshtern has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 meters, a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, its design also includes an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts, loaded at two constant steps. Even today the speed of the ship does not seem low; under sail, the speed of this barge reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, is common for the merchant fleet of the 19th century - the delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers along sea lines.

The brigantine raises the sails

In fact, the same barges, but with two masts, are called brigantines. All differ in their purpose and navigable qualities. Brigantines stand out for their speed and lightness. Sailing equipment is mixed, on the fore (front mast) the sails are straight, and on the mainsail oblique. Favorite ship of pirates of all seas. Historical sources mention brigantines with the so-called "Bermuda grotto", that is, a triangular sail stretched between the lyktros and the luff, but none of the surviving representatives of the species can boast of it. However, these nuances are of interest only to specialists.

Frigates

As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others took on a different meaning. A frigate is an example. This concept survived later types such as ironclads, dreadnoughts and even battleships. True, a modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow more beautiful. In the original sense, it means a three-masted ship with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. Since the 17th century, the adjective “Dunkirk” has been added to the word “frigate”, for a long time, meaning the predominant use in a separate zone of the maritime theater of operations adjacent to the Pas de Calais. This type was fast. Then, as the radius of autonomy increased, they began to be called simply frigates. Displacement - average for that time, approximately The most famous Russian frigate was called "Pallada", on it in 1855 a glorious expedition was undertaken to the shores of East Asia under the command of Admiral E.V. Putyatin.

caravels

“She passed like a caravel ...” - is sung in a famous pop song. It is not harmful to study the types of sailing ships before writing lyrics for future hits. The compliment turned out to be somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared with a lifting, large and rather heavy vessel. In addition, the nose of the caravel is turned up high, which can also be seen as an undesirable hint.

However, basically this type, of course, has good seaworthiness. He is most famous for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World precisely on three caravels (Santa Maria, Pinta and Nina). Outwardly, they can be distinguished by the mentioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by sailing equipment. There are three masts, with straight foresails, and the rest with latin (oblique) sails.

Appointment - distant sea and transoceanic campaigns.

From the word "caravel" morphologically comes the Russian word "ship". It gave the name to the famous French passenger airliner, very beautiful.

Clippers

For fast navigation, all types of ships are created, they are not always remembered, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word "cruiser", and then everyone around will think something - some "Aurora", others "Varyag". As for clippers, there is only one option - “Cutty Sark”. This vessel with a long and narrow hull has gone down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was its speed. It was the lot of clippers and their crews to deliver tea from China, quickly bring mail to distant colonies, and carry out especially delicate tasks for the queen. And these ships did their work until the advent of steamships, and in some cases even later.

galleons

Going through the old types of warships, one cannot help but recall the Great Armada, which competed with the British fleet in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. Not a single sailing ship of that time could compare in perfection with it. At its core, this is an improved caravel, with a reduced superstructure of the tank (that very “upturned nose” has practically disappeared) and an elongated hull. As a result, the old Spanish shipbuilders achieved increased stability, reduced wave resistance and, as a result, increased speed. Maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the 16th century looked shorter and too high next to the galleon (this was a disadvantage, it was easier to hit such a target). The outlines of the poop (stern superstructure) acquired a rectangular shape, and the crew conditions became more comfortable. It was on the galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of the word.

The displacement of these "battleships of the 16th century" ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, they were decorated with skillful carvings, and the nose was crowned with a majestic sculpture.

Schooners

There are types of large ships that have become "workhorses" designed to carry a wide variety of goods. Schooners occupy a special place among them. These are multi-masted vessels, distinguished by the fact that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are topsail, staysail, Bermuda or gaff, depending on which masts are equipped with slanting sails. In this case, it should be borne in mind that the line between a two-masted brahmsel or topsail schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. He reached the greatest distribution in the American merchant fleet, in particular Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, with his team hunts for it on a schooner. Compared to it, other types of ships are more difficult to manage (According to J. London, this process is accessible even to a lone sailor). Most often, schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A peculiar record was set in 1902, when a ship with seven masts was launched (Thomas Double Lawson, Quincy shipyard).

Other types of ships

Photos of sailboats that arrived at the international regatta from all over the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on website pages. Such a parade is always an event, the beauty of these ships is incomparable with anything. Barges, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, keches, yachts represent all types of ships that, fortunately, have survived to this day. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer into the past centuries, full of adventures and romance of distant wanderings. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, as they say in many countries, including ours. Having climbed up the shrouds, unfolded the sails and breathed in the free wind of the sea, you can take your seats at the modern control panels of bulk carriers, bulk carrier tankers and cruise liners. You can safely trust such a sailor with the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers, he will not let you down.

Picking up wallpaper for your desktop, I came across several photos of sailing ships flying the Russian flag. Surprised and intrigued me. Yes, and forced to raise materials on this issue. So the sailboats of Russia.

Bark "Kruzenshtern"

The company Laiesch und K, which existed in Hamburg at the beginning of the 20th century, owned a total of 56 barges, which had steel hulls and spars and excellent driving performance. Their names traditionally began with the letter "P" - "Flying P". The last of these was the four-masted barque Padua built in 1926 at the shipyard in Geestemünde. Until 1936, he carried saltpeter and phosphates from Chile to Germany and wheat from Australia, making two record crossings to Australia in 67 days, with an average voyage of 88 days. Since the beginning of the war, the bark was used as a cargo lighter, and when the fleet of Nazi Germany was divided, it was transferred to the Soviet Union as an indemnity.

In January 1946, the Soviet flag was hoisted on the ship, and it received a new name - in honor of the great Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846), commander of the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva".

The condition of the vessel was not the best, there were no funds for repairs, and until 1955 the Kruzenshtern served as a floating barracks without going to sea. In June 1955, he was first taken to the raid for testing. The bark easily completed all the given maneuvers, and it was decided to use it as a training vessel, equipped according to modern requirements. In 1959 - 1961 the ship was overhauled. Two diesel engines of 588 kW each and all the necessary equipment were installed on it.

From 1961 to 1966 Kruzenshtern is a research ship of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Bark visited with expeditions Bermuda, Jamaica, Gibraltar, Casablanca, Halifax and other ports. Since 1966 - a training sailing ship with a home port - Riga, since 1981. - Tallinn, and since 1991 - Kaliningrad.

Kruzenshtern is the winner of the 1992 and 1994 Boston-Liverpool races, showing a record speed of 17.4 knots. This was not the limit, but given the age of the vessel, it was considered dangerous to develop a high speed.

In 1993, the barque again underwent a major overhaul in Wismar (Germany) with the replacement of engines and the installation of the most modern navigation and communication systems. It is still one of the largest sailing ships in the world (only the sail-motor training ship Sedov is larger than it).

Now, under the guidance of qualified mentors, cadets of nautical schools receive their first maritime knowledge and skills on the sailing and motor barque Kruzenshtern. Every year, about 800 young men who have chosen a maritime specialty practice here.

PERFORMANCE DATA

Maximum length with bowsprit, m - 114.5
Length between perpendiculars, m - 95.5
Midsection width, m - 14.05
Board height, m ​​- 8.5
Freeboard height, m ​​- 2.22
Draft at full displacement, m - 6.85
Empty displacement, t - 3760
Displacement in full load, t - 5725
Maximum speed under engines, knots - 9.4
Speed ​​under sail, knots - up to 16
Power of two main engines, l. With. – 1600
Sail area, m2 - 3655
Navigation area - unlimited
Crew size - 70
Number of places for cadets - 203

Bark "Sedov"

The ship was built at the Krupp shipyard in Kiel (Germany) in 1921. Its first owner, Carl Winnen, named the ship after his daughter, Magdalena Winnen. The vessel was designed and built for the purpose of transporting bulk cargoes between the ports of Europe and South America, Australia, Southeast Asia and Oceania. In 1936, Carl Winnen sold this four-masted barque to the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. The new shipowner equipped the vessel with cabins for 70 cadets and began to use it both as a cargo and training ship. The barque was given a new name - "Kommondor Jensen".

After the defeat of fascist Germany and the end of the Second World War, in accordance with the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, the division of the military and auxiliary German fleets was carried out between the allies. The Soviet Union, in compensation for the sailing ships lost during the war, received, in particular, the Commodore Jensen ship, renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (1877 - 1914).

On January 11, 1946, the Sedov sailboat was handed over to the Soviet Navy as a training ship. First sea ​​navigation in this quality he accomplished in 1952.
Since 1957, "Sedov", remaining in the class of a training vessel, began to perform the functions of an oceanographic vessel. In the course of these studies, the crew and the team of scientists, by joint efforts, erased many "blank spots" from the map of the Atlantic Ocean.

In 1965, the ship was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries for the purpose of training the personnel of the fishing fleet. Riga became Sedov's home port. In the early 70s, the barque was going through difficult times and almost died. In anticipation of a long overdue repair, the ship stood in Leningrad for almost four years and waited for the decision of its fate. The new owners essentially planned to scrap the barque, proving the futility of the idea of ​​updating the training vessel. But more than 100 famous sailors and heads of maritime schools came to the defense of the veteran. At different times, each of them lived the same life with the Sedov, sharing the difficulties and romance of sailing together. The initiative of the sailors was heard and the ship was sent for repairs to Kronstadt, where, over the course of six years of reconstruction, the old 500-horsepower engine was replaced with a new one, with a capacity of 1180 hp, electronic navigation equipment was supplied and places for 164 students were equipped. The ship was put back into service in 1981.
His first flight, now as the flagship of the training fleet of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries, "Sedov" made to Denmark, where at that time the 300th anniversary of the birth of the Dane Vitus Jonassen Bering was celebrated.

In 1983, for the first time during its stay in the Soviet Union, the ship visited its native port of Bremerhavn, where our sailors invited former members of the German crews of the sailing ship, including one of its first owners, on board.

In 1984, the Sedov made a voyage dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the founding of the city of Arkhangelsk. The flight, which began in the Baltic, passed around Scandinavia. In July, the sailboat arrived in Arkhangelsk, where the holiday began.

During this voyage, declared a voyage of peace, visitors to the Soviet barque "Sedov" signed on the Sail of Peace. There was also the signature of the Danish cartoonist Herluf Bidstrup.

In 1986, the Sedov took part in its first international races and since then has become a frequent participant in them, including the 1992 Columbus Regatta. Since 1989, in addition to domestic cadets, the ship has also accepted foreign adventurers for training.

In April 1991, in connection with Latvia's independence, Russia transferred the ship from Riga to Murmansk and transferred it to the Murmansk State Technical University.
"Sedov" - a four-masted barque, is the largest sailing ship in the world of traditional construction and the second largest after the 5-masted Royal Clipper. UPS "Sedov" is listed in the "Guinness Book of Records" as the largest of the sailing ships that have survived to this day.

Despite its venerable age, the sailboat continues to participate in regattas.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Nationality: Russia
Home port: Murmansk
Year built: 1921
Shipyard: Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, Kiel
Vessel type: 4-masted barque
Case: steel
Displacement: 6148 t
Length: 117.50 m.
Draft: 6.70 m.
Width: 14.70 m.
Mast height (from waterline): 58 m
Sailing area: 4.192 m²
Number of sails: 32 pcs
Wind energy: 8.000 HP
Engine brand: Vartsila
Engine power: 2.800 HP
Speed ​​under sail: up to 18 knots
Hull length: 109 m
Tonnage: 3556 tons
Sailing area: 4192 m2
Crew: 70
Cadets: 164

At the end of the 80s, ships of the same type were built in Poland: "Gift of Youth" for the city of Gdynia, "Druzhba" for the city of Odessa, "Mir" for the city of Leningrad, "Khersones" for the city of Sevastopol, "Pallada" and "Nadezhda" for the city of Vladivostok.

Training sailing ship "Mir" (training frigate)

Training sailing ship "Mir" was built in 1987 in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard. As one of the five training sailing ships of this type. December 1, 1987 - the flag of the Soviet Union was raised on the stern flagpole of the "Mir" and then the ship arrived at its home port - Leningrad. State Academy. adm. S.O. Makarova (at that time the Leningrad Higher Marine Engineering School) became its shipowner. The first captain was V.N. Antonov.
From 1989 to 1991, the ship belonged to the Baltic Shipping Company, then the Academy again became the owner of the ship.

From the very beginning, the ship was designed and built as a training ship, intended for the passage of swimming practice for cadets of the navigation faculty and taking part in sailing ship races.

At different times, from 70 to 140 cadets not only of the State Marine Academy, but also of other maritime educational institutions of the former Soviet Union, as well as England and the USA, practiced on board the ship.

"Mir" actively participates in the races of sailing ships. A significant event was the participation of "Mir" in the international grand regatta "Columbus-92", dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. "Mir" came to the finish line of this race as an absolute winner. The prize was presented to the crew by King Juan Carlos I of Spain.

"Mir" took part in the transatlantic regatta "Tall Ships 2000". "Mir" is the only class "A" ship that won the main prize of this race twice in a row (2003 and 2004).

The training sailing ship "Mir" is the current symbol of the maritime St. Petersburg, the bearer of the idea of ​​​​international cooperation between port cities, a kind of ambassador of St. Petersburg in foreign countries.

According to the practice developed in recent years, Mir operates in the area of ​​the Baltic and North Seas from April to October, visiting from 15 to 20 ports during the season. Cadets of the State Maritime Academy and other maritime educational institutions practice on the ship.

Main technical characteristics:

Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 110 m
maximum width - 14 m
draft - 6.7 m
displacement - 2256 t
total engine power - 1100 hp
mast height: fore and mainsail - 49.5 m, mizzen - 46.5 m
sail area - 2771 sq.m.
crew (including 144 cadets) - 199 people

Training sailing vessel "Nadezhda" (training frigate)

"Nadezhda" is a training three-masted ship belonging to the Maritime State University. G. I. Nevelskoy (Vladivostok). Built in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard in 1991. The flag of the Russian Federation was raised on June 5, 1992.

This three-masted ship was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has a complete sailing equipment ship type. 26 sails are controlled exclusively by hand and are the main propulsion of the vessel. Two engines driven by one controllable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving the port. The frigate has full sailing equipment.

The history of the Russian fleet knows several sailing ships with the name "Nadezhda". The modern frigate "Nadezhda" is a continuation of the life of sailing ships that have left a good memory of themselves: as the first training sailing ship in Russia, as the first Russian ship to circumnavigate the world, as a ship whose name is given to straits, capes, an island. In the history of the fleet, there are few ships with such a rich history, ships that have served their Fatherland so regularly, leaving their mark both in military affairs and in science.

On account of the sailboat - dozens of expeditions and voyages to different latitudes. Each sea voyage is a difficult test both for the ship itself, and for its crew, and for the cadets who pass their sixth “floating” semester on the high seas. During long trips, cadets not only perform all ship work, participate in all-hands work, stand watch on the bridge, but also study. There are several basic subjects studied on the voyage. According to the captain of the frigate, it is important for the cadets to develop an understanding of the real scale of the World Ocean. For example, during the "round the world" with the participation of cadets, laser and acoustic sounding of the sea mass was continuously carried out, water samples were taken from various depths with their subsequent analysis. Laser sounding of the atmosphere was regularly carried out, for which there is a unique Lidar installation on board the sailboat.

Currently, the frigate continues the glorious traditions of its predecessors and is used as a sailing training and research vessel.

Tactical and technical characteristics
Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 109.4 m
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 7.3 m
Displacement - 2,984 tons
Engine power - 2x450 kW
Main mast height - 49.5 m
Sailing area - 2768 sq.m
Crew - 50 people
Number of places for trainees - 143

Training sailing ship "Pallada" (training frigate)

"Pallada" is a three-masted training ship belonging to the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok).

Named after the frigate "Pallada" of the Russian navy, which in 1852-1855 made a voyage from Kronstadt to the shores of Japan with the diplomatic mission of Vice Admiral E.V. Putyatin. This three-masted ship was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has a full armament of the "frigate" type. Two motors driven by one controllable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving the port. The controllable pitch screw can be moved to the so-called "vane position" to reduce drag when sailing.

The frigate "Pallada" set the official speed record of 18.7 knots for class "A" sailing ships. However, during the 2007-2008 circumnavigation, the Pallada set a new record of 18.8 knots. This record was recorded in the logbook, and also filmed on video, but not officially issued.

Currently, the frigate is used as a sailing training and research vessel.

Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 6.6 m
Displacement - 2,284 tons
Engine power - 2 × 419 kW
Main mast height - 49.5 m
Number of sails - 26
Sailing area - 2771 m²
Crew - 51 people.
Number of places for trainees - 144

Training sailing ship "Khersones" (training frigate)

"Khersones" is a three-masted training ship (a ship with full sailing equipment) belonging to the Kerch State Marine Technological University (port of registry - Kerch).

Built in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard named after Lenin in 1989. The first name is "Alexander Grin", but at the end of the construction, due to political and religious considerations, in honor of the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Russia, it was named "Chersonesos".

From 1991 to 2006, it was operated on a lease basis travel company Inmaris as a cruise ship. Since 2006, due to a financial dispute between the lessee and the shipowner, the operation has been discontinued, the vessel is laid up in the port of Kerch. Since 2006, the ship has not gone to sea.

Currently, the frigate is the flagship of the training fleet of the Kerch State Marine Technological University. Although there is a dispute between the Federal Agency for Fishery and the Ministry of Transport of Russia for the right to own the vessel. But on October 9, 2015, Khersones arrived at the Sevastopol branch of Zvezdochka for repairs. As of December 10, 2015, the frigate was docked for repairs.

Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 108.6 m
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 7.3 m
Displacement - 2,987 tons
Main mast height - 51 m
The ship's power plant is two main Zultzer-Zigelski diesel engines with a total capacity of 1140 hp. s. (2 x 570)

Two-masted motor-sailing schooner "Nadezhda"

There is a legend that the schooner, later known as “Nadezhda”, is the “Sterna” (“Stern”) yacht of Felix Graf von Luckner, the national hero of Germany during the First World War.

"Sterna" was built in 1912 in Leiderdorp (Netherlands) at the shipyard of Gebrouders as a steel sail logger for fishing. When built in 1912, the schooner was equipped with a two-stroke two-cylinder engine manufactured by Deutsche Werke (Deutsche Werke) with a capacity of 70 hp. With.

On August 2, 1927, the schooner was sold to Bernhard Heinecke from Hamburg, who converted her into a universal cargo ship and renamed her "Edelgard" ("Edelgard").

On July 3, 1936, the schooner was sold to Count Felix von Luckner. Luckner rebuilt the schooner, changing the bow, installed a new 140-horsepower main engine and converted it into a comfortable seaworthy yacht. The schooner received a new name "Seeteufel" ("Seeteufel" - German "Sea Devil"). Under this name and under the command of von Luckner, from April 18, 1937 to July 19, 1939, the schooner circumnavigated the world along the route.
The crew of the ship consisted of scouts and cartographers. Under the guise of a round-the-world trip, the main goal was to collect information about the ports of a potential enemy before the start of the war. The voyage was prepared by the propaganda and naval intelligence services of fascist Germany.

In 1943, the schooner was acquired by the outstanding sea diver Hans Haas for the institute he was creating for marine research. The schooner was to become an expedition ship and a base for underwater filming and photography. However, it turned out to be impossible to transfer the schooner from Stettin, where she was at that time.

On February 12, 1947, the schooner was transferred as a trophy to the Naval Order of Lenin Academy. K. E. Voroshilova. The schooner was named "Hope" and, together with another schooner "Study", was included in the detachment of training ships of the Leningrad Naval Preparatory School. On June 14, 1948, the schooner was transferred to the Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School. On July 24, 1956, the schooner was transferred to the yacht club of the Leningrad Naval Base. In 1958, the schooner was renamed PKZ-134.

On June 18, 1958, she was expelled from the USSR Navy and donated to the Central Yacht Club of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, receiving the name "Leningrad" and becoming the flagship of the yacht club. In 1962, the schooner was overhauled and re-equipped at the Almaz plant. A 3D12 diesel engine (300 hp) was installed as the main one, a poop and a new wheelhouse appeared, significantly changing the silhouette of the schooner.
On the schooner, cadets of naval schools, students of the Children's and Youth Sports School, and students of oceanography practiced. The schooner repeatedly participated in the filming of Soviet, Russian and foreign filmmakers, playing the roles of both frigates and Pomeranian schooners.

From 1970 to 1979, the schooner was the main participant in the city holidays of the Scarlet Sails graduates. After the city of Leningrad became St. Petersburg, in 1993 the former name "Hope" was returned to the schooner. Due to financial difficulties and poor technical condition since 2005, the schooner was practically not operated.

In 2009-2010, at the Rechnaya shipyard in St. Petersburg, work was carried out to repair the hull of the schooner, replanned the lower rooms, changed the architecture of the hull above the main deck, replaced the standing and running rigging, sewed new sails, moved the main engine, installed two new diesel generator, new radio navigation equipment.

Since 2014 - the Fund for Support, Reconstruction and Revival of Historic Ships and Classic Yachts of the St. Petersburg Yacht Club.

In 2004, the Felix von Luckner Society was founded in Halle. One of the goals of this society is "the repatriation of the Seeteufel schooner to Germany."

Displacement - 180 (200) t
Length - 36 m
Width - 6.6 m
Board height - 3.5 (3.2) m
Draft - 2.8 m
Mast height - 22.0 m from the waterline
Number of sails - 9
Sailing area - 340 (460) m²

Sailing training vessel "Young Baltiets"

The training sailing vessel "Young Baltiets" was laid down on February 4, 1988 at the Baltiysky Zavod im. S. Ordzhonikidze in the city of Leningrad. On June 2, 1989, the state flag of the USSR was raised on the ship.

The first independent exit from the berth of the plant in May 1989. The crew of the ship is 52 people, including 32 trainees, cabin boys aged 12 to 18 years. In the summer of 1990, the sailboat visited German ports: Kiel, Travemünde, Bremerhaven. After these visits, invitations began to come to participate in sailing holidays held in Germany. In 1993, in the Cutty Sark race at the first stage in group A, the ship took sixth place after well-known sailboats like Mir, Kruzernshtern and Sedov. Abroad, they began to show interest in the sailboat, because it turned out to be the only sailboat on which schoolchildren are practicing. Over the years, "Young Baltiets" has received many invitations from both Europe and America, and visited many European ports.

Tactical and technical characteristics:
Length - 48.4 m
Width - 8.4 m
Height - 36.0 m
Displacement - 441t / 132t
Sailing area - 500 sq.m
The power of the main mover is 408 hp.
Travel speed under the main propulsion unit - 9.5 knots
Speed ​​under sail - 10.5 knots
Crew - 20 people
Interns - 32 people

The current copy of the historical frigate Shtandart.

Shtandart is a copy of the Shtandart frigate of the time of Peter the Great, built by the non-governmental non-profit organization Project Shtandart.

In 1994, Vladimir Martus, with an initiative group, took up the construction of a historical replica of the ship. On September 4, 1999, the Shtandart was solemnly launched at the Petrovsky Admiralty shipyard. The frigate is used by the non-governmental non-profit organization Project Shtandart.

The crew of the "Standard" is made up of volunteers, trained and prepared before the start of each voyage. In June 2000, the Shtandart set off on its maiden voyage along the route of the Great Embassy - to those cities and countries that Peter I visited while studying ship craft. At the beginning of 2012, the Shtandart frigate made twelve voyages across Europe, visiting 54 ports in 12 European countries. In 2009, Shtandart passed from St. Petersburg to the Norwegian port of Kirkenes, rounding the North Cape. From 2005 to 2009, he repeatedly entered the waters of the Neva to participate in the Scarlet Sails festival. Shtandart takes an active part in international marine regattas, festivals, filming.

But in June 2009, the Shtandart was presented to the inspectors of the Russian River Register. During the dock inspection, the registry inspectors identified a number of “significant” non-compliances with the requirements. On June 18, 2009, in order to restore the vessel on the classification register, the Russian River Register presented the shipowner with a requirement to eliminate all non-compliances with the Register rules before going on a voyage.

The shipowner, the non-profit partnership Project Shtandart, considering the requirements presented in principle unfeasible, taking into account the historical design of the ship, decided to stop the operation of the ship in the waters of the Russian Federation until the issues of Russian legislation on historical and traditional ships are settled.

Since 2009, Shtandart has been carrying out educational and training voyages in the waters of European countries. The vessel has been tested for compliance with the safety standards of the German maritime administration BG Verkehr, has a certificate from the Dutch Register of Historical and Sailing Vessels Register Holland. On June 15, 2010, Shtandart applied to the Russian Maritime Register with a request to conduct a survey of the vessel as a sport sailing vessel according to the newly approved rules. But consideration of documents is not completed. Shtandart is forced to remain outside the territorial waters of the Russian Federation.

The Shtandart is currently being used for the filming of the film Set Michiel De Ruyter.

The current copy of the historic battleship "Goto Predestination" ("God's foresight")

Historical copy of the Russian battleship "Goto Predestination" of the times of Peter the Great, built in 2011-2014. The ship is moored at Admiralteiskaya Square in Voronezh and is a museum ship.

In early 2010, we began to create drawings based on archival documents. The work on the creation of the project was complicated by the fact that most of the documents related to the construction of the battleship were not preserved. When creating a replica of the ship, notes from the state archive were used, as well as paintings and engravings of the 18th century, and the design of the ship was based on a watercolor by Peter Bergman.

On June 15, 2011, the foundation board of the future sailboat was solemnly installed at the Pavlovsk Shipyard. The wooden part of the ship was recreated from a watercolor by Peter Bergman painted in 1700. According to Alexander Tikhomirov, designer of the superstructure, the same materials were used for its construction, from which the original ship was built: pine and oak, and at least 100 years old.

On July 21, 2013, the lower part of the ship from Pavlovsk, with the help of 2 tugs along the Don and Voronezh rivers, went to the Voronezh reservoir to Petrovsky Island, where it was moored on July 25. The next day, the ship was moored to Petrovskaya embankment. of the future ship In mid-September, the installation of the superstructure began. At the end of December 2013, the ship was transferred to Admiralteyskaya Square.

In January 2014, the arrangement of the coastal parking for the ship began. In April, all the ship's masts were installed. July 2, 2014 the ship went on its first voyage for sea trials.

July 27, 2014, on the day of the Navy, the ship "Goto Predestination" was inaugurated near the Admiralteyskaya Square in the city of Voronezh. The Andreevsky flag was raised on the ship. After that, the ship went on its first voyage, in which the workers of the Pavlovsk Shipyard, who built the ship, took part. During the departure, a volley was fired from the ship's cannons. The ship made a circle of honor and moored back to the pier at Admiralteyskaya Square. About 40 people worked on the ship in total. It took a little more than 3 years to create the ship from the moment of laying, while the original was built in the time of Peter the Great a little less than 1.5 years.
In addition to the existing existing copies of historical ships, there was another copy. A copy of the frigate "Holy Spirit".

A working copy of the historical Frigate "Holy Spirit"
The Polar Odyssey club and the Karelia-TAMP firm were recreated in 1992 at the Avangard shipyard.

According to historical fact, during the years of the Northern Russian-Swedish War of 1700-1721, two small frigates "Courier" and "Holy Spirit" in August 1702 were dragged along the "Sovereign" road 170 miles long through the Karelian forests and swamps. The movement of ships and troops overland from the White Sea to Lake Onega was part of a military-strategic operation to capture the Noteburg fortress at the source of the Neva.

The remake of the ship had the approximate dimensions of its historical prototype, carried 6 bronze cannons on board. But unlike the ships of the 17th century, the frigate was equipped with a 90-horsepower diesel engine.

The main technical data of the remake:
maximum length - 26.8 m
length according to design waterline - 17 m
width - 5.2 m
draft - 2.5 m
displacement - 90 t
sail area - 280 sq. m

In 1992 "Holy Spirit" took part in the festival of wooden boats in the city of Kotka (Finland) and on the Alan Islands.
In the same year, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation determined the status of the ship as a military-historical vessel of the Russian fleet and issued a certificate to the frigate for the right to raise the Andreevsky flag.

In 1993, the flagship of the Russian historical fleet "Holy Spirit" was recognized as the best ship of the naval parade in St. Petersburg.

In 1994, the frigate takes part in the first international festival of sailing ships in Karelia "Blue Onego-94".

But on October 20, 1994, the frigate "Holy Spirit" sank off the coast of Holland during a strong storm in the North Sea on its way to the festival in the city of Amsterdam.

Also, at the moment, the shipyard of the historical shipbuilding "Poltava" is engaged in the reconstruction of the first large battleship of the Baltic Fleet, launched in the St. Petersburg Admiralty in 1712 - "Poltava".
The construction of the original battleship of the 4th rank "Poltava" began in 1709 and ended in 1712, the construction lasted 3 years. Peter the Great took part in the design of the ship, and Fedosey Sklyaev supervised the construction.

A full-size replica of the ship "Poltava" was conceived in 2013, launching is planned for 2016.

In the summer of 2013, the midsection frame was laid, and the production of keel pieces and other frames began. The process was complicated by difficult weather conditions, it became clear that it was necessary to build a large hangar for the future ship. In early 2014, the hangar was completed and work accelerated. Soon the keel was laid, the first frames were installed. The set of the ship's hull and carved decorations are made of oak, the spars of the ship are made of pine, and the lining is planned to be made of larch. 54 cannons that will be installed on the ship "Poltava" are cast at the factory from cast iron according to the regulations of 1715.

The shipyard already employs more than 130 professionals with experience gained during the construction of the Shtandart frigate or at the Poltava shipyard.

On May 1, 2014, the shipyard solemnly opened its doors to visitors, it became possible to go on excursions and see how a real sailing ship of the Peter the Great era was being built. Today, the shipyard hosts daily tours, workshops and events on weekends.

Barque- (goal bark), a sea sailing transport vessel (3-5 masts) with straight sails on all masts, except for the mizzen mast carrying slanting sails. Initially, the barque was a small merchant ship intended for coastal navigation. But then the size of this type gradually increased. Barges were mass-produced until the 1930s. XX century., Their displacement reached 10 thousand tons. The two largest modern sailboats "Kruzenshtern" and "Sedov" are a 5-masted barque.

Barge- (Italian, Spanish barca, French barquc), originally it was a sailing rowing deckless fishing, sometimes a coaster, which appeared for the first time in Italy in the 7th century. Subsequently, the barque turned into a light high-speed vessel, common in Western Europe in the late Middle Ages, built like a galley. Even later, the oars disappeared on the barges and they became completely sailing ships, with two masts, which carried the fore, fore-marseille (fore-mast) and the main, marseille (main-mast). An interesting feature was that the mizzen was mounted directly on the main mast. Barges were predominantly coastal merchant ships.

Warship- (English warship - warship). Judging by the image and characteristics in the game, this is the same frigate. In general, warships from the middle of the 16th century were called ships of medium and large displacement, built specifically for military purposes.

Galleon- (Spanish galeon), a sailing warship of the 16th - 17th centuries. It had an average length of about 40m, a width of 10-14m, a transom shape, vertical sides, 3-4 masts. On the foremast and mainmast, straight sails were set, on the mizzen mast - slanting, on the bowsprit - a blind. The high aft superstructure had up to 7 decks, where living quarters were located. Artillery. armament consisted of 50-80 guns, usually located on 2 decks. Galleons had low seaworthiness due to high sides and bulky superstructures.

Caravel- (Italian caravella), marine single-deck sailing ship with high sides and superstructures in the bow and stern. Distributed in the XIII - XVII centuries. in the countries of the Mediterranean. Caravels went down in history as the first ships that crossed the Atlantic, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and on which the New World was discovered. Characteristic features of caravels are high sides, deep sheer deck in the middle part of the vessel and mixed sailing equipment. The ship had 3-4 masts, which either all carried oblique sails or set straight sails on the fore and main masts. Latin sails on the slanting yards of the main and mizzen masts allowed ships to sail steeply into the wind.

Karakka- (fr. caraque), a large sailing ship, common in the XIII - XVI centuries. and used for military and commercial purposes. It had a length of up to 36m. and a width of 9.4m. and up to 4 decks. Developed superstructures at the bow and stern, and 3-5 masts. The sides were rounded and slightly bent inward, such sides made boarding difficult. In addition, boarding nets were used on ships, which prevented enemy soldiers from getting on the ship. Fore and main masts carried direct weapons (mainsail and fore), mizzen masts - oblique. Topsails were often additionally placed on the foremast and mainmast. Artillery. armament consisted of 30-40 guns. By the first half of the XV century. time karakka became the largest, most advanced and armed vessel.

Corvette- (French corvette), a high-speed sailing warship of the 18th - 19th centuries. The ship had the same rigging as the frigate, with the only exception: a jib and a boom jib were immediately added to the blind. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger service. Artillery armament up to 40 guns located on one deck.

Battleship- in the sailing fleet of the XVII - XIX centuries. the largest warship, had 3 masts with full sailing weapons. Possessed strong artillery armament from 60 to 130 guns. Depending on the number of guns, ships were divided into ranks: 60-80 guns - the third rank, 80-90 guns - the second rank, 100 and above - the first rank. They were huge, heavy, low-maneuverable ships with great firepower.

Pinasse- (fr. pinasse, eng. pinnace), a small flute-type sailing vessel, but differing from it in less concave frames and a flat stern. The front of the ship ended in an almost rectangular transverse bulkhead, extending in height from the deck to the forecastle. This form of the front of the ship existed until the beginning of the 18th century. Pinasse was up to 44 m long, had three masts and a powerful bowsprit. On the main and fore masts, straight sails were hoisted, on the mizzen mast - a mizzen and a cruisel above it, and on the bowsprit - blind and bom blind. The displacement of pinasses is 150 - 800 tons. They were intended mainly for trading purposes. distributed in the countries of the North. Europe in the 16th-17th centuries. It had a flat stern, 2-3 masts, served mainly for trading purposes.

Pink- (goal pink), fishing and merchant ship of the 16th - 18th centuries. On the North Sea it had 2, and on the Mediterranean 3 masts with oblique sails (sprint sailing equipment) and a narrow stern. He had on board up to 20 guns of small caliber. As a pirate ship, it was mainly used in the North Sea.

flutes- (goal fluit), sailing sailing transport ship of the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries. It had sides with a collapse above the waterline, which were littered inward at the top, a rounded stern with a superstructure, and a small draft. The deck had a sheer and was quite narrow, which was explained by the fact that the width of the deck was a decisive factor in determining the amount of duty by the Sound Customs. On the fore and main masts there were direct sails (fore, main and topsails), and on the mizzen mast - mizzen and topsail. A blind was placed on the bowsprit, sometimes a bom-blind. By the 18th century bramsels appeared above the topsails, and a cruysel appeared above the topsail. The first flute was built in 1595 in Horn, the center of shipbuilding in Holland. The length of these vessels was 4-6 or more times their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind. For the first time in the spars, the topmasts invented in 1570 were introduced. The height of the masts now exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards, on the contrary, began to be made shorter. Thus, small, narrow and easy-to-maintain sails were created, which reduced the overall number of the top crew. On the mizzen mast, a straight sail of the cruysel was raised above the usual oblique sail. On flutes, a rudder appeared for the first time, which made it easier to shift the rudder. Flutes of the beginning of the 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, a carrying capacity of 350 - 400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. These ships were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed and large capacity, and therefore were used mainly as military transport ships. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position among merchant ships on all seas.

Frigate- (head. fregat), three-masted sailing ship of the XVIII - XX centuries. with full ship's sailing equipment. Initially, there was a blind on the brushsprit, later a jib and a boom jib were added, even later the blind was removed, and a midsection jib was installed instead. The crew of the frigate was 250 - 300 people. The multi-purpose ship was used to escort trade caravans or single ships, intercept enemy merchant ships, long-range reconnaissance and cruising service. Artillery armament of frigates up to 62 guns located on 2 decks. Frigates differed from sailing battleships in their smaller size and artillery. weapons. Sometimes frigates were included in the battle line and were called linear.

Sloop- (go. sloep), there were several types of ships. Sailing 3-masted warship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with direct sailing. In size, it occupied an intermediate position between a corvette and a brig. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger service. There were also single-masted sloops. Used for trade and fishing. Common in Europe and America in the XVIII - XX centuries. The rigging consists of a hafel or Bermuda mainsail, a gaff topsail and a jib. Sometimes they were additionally supplied with another jib and staysail.

Shnyava- (goal snauw), a small sailing merchant or military vessel, common in the 17th - 18th centuries. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. The main feature of the shnyava was the shnyav-or trisel-mast. It was a thin mast, set on deck in a block of wood just behind the mainmast. Its top was fastened with an iron yoke or a transverse wooden beam on (or under) the back side of the main-mars. Shnyavs who were in military service were usually called corvettes or sloops of war. Often they did not carry a schnaw-mast, and in its place from the rear side of the top of the main mast a cable was laid, which was stuffed on the deck with lashings on the lufers. The mizzen was attached to this stay, and the hafel was very heavy. The length of the shnyava was 20 - 30 m, the width was 5 - 7.5 m, the displacement was about 150 tons, the crew was up to 80 people. Military shnyavs were armed with 12 - 18 small-caliber guns and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service.

Schooner- (English schooner), a sailing ship with slanting sails. The first appeared in North America in the XVIII century. and had 2-3 masts initially only with oblique sails (gaff schooners). They had such advantages as a large carrying capacity, the ability to walk very steeply to the wind, they had a smaller crew on board than ships with direct sailing weapons required, and therefore they were widely used in a variety of modifications. Schooners were not used as military sailboats, but they were popular with pirates.

• Small sailing ships have one or two masts. To emphasize their difference from large ones, small two-masted sailing ships have only a mainmast (first from the bow) and a mizzen mast (second). The mizzen mast is usually much smaller than the main mast, which is why such ships are sometimes referred to as "one and a half masts". Historically, there were small sailboats with three or more masts (for example, a lugger).

According to the type of sailing armament, the following types of ships are distinguished:

• Ships with direct sailing weapons - have direct sails on all masts;
• Vessels with mixed sailing weapons - have both straight and oblique sails on the masts;
• Vessels with oblique sailing equipment - have oblique sails on all masts;

The division is conditional, since combinations of straight and oblique sails are possible for all types. However, weapons are considered direct, in which the main ones are straight sails (adapted primarily for them), and oblique - where the main sails are oblique. Large sailing ships may have any type of sailing rig. Small sailing ships most often have only oblique armament.

Large ships with direct sailing

Ship

The ship has direct armament on all masts (three or more in number).

The front mast is called the fore mast, the rear mast is called the mizzen mast, the rest are mainmasts (if there are several mainmasts, they are called from bow to stern: first, second, and so on).

Foremast yards: foka-ray, fore-mars-ray (upper and lower are possible), fore-bram-ray (upper and lower), fore-bom-bram-ray, fore-hold-ray.

Rails of the mainmast: mainsail, mainsail-mars-rei (upper and lower), mainsail-bram-rei (upper and lower), mainsail-bom-bram-rei, mainsail-hold-rei. In the case of several mainmasts, the number is added (for example: the first lower mainsail yard).

Mizzen-mast yards: begin-rei, cruise-marsa-rei (upper and lower), cruise-bram-rei (upper and lower), cruise-bom-bram-rei, cruise-hold-rei.

Fore mast sails: fore, fore-marseille (upper and lower), fore-bramsel (upper and lower), fore-bom-bramsel, fore-trumsel. May have slanting sails: foka-trisel and fore-bram trisel

Mainmast sails: mainsail, mainsail (upper and lower), mainsail (upper and lower), mainsail-bom-brassel, mainsail. Oblique sails are possible: main-trisel and main-bram trisel.

Mizzen-mast sails: mizzen (mizzen and counter-mizzen), cruise marseille (less commonly referred to as cruisel, upper and lower), cruise-bramsel (upper and lower), cruise-bom-bramsel, cruise-trümsel.

If a straight sail is installed on the first tier of the mizzen mast, then it is called a mizzen, and gaff sail called counter-mizzen. If there is no direct sail on the first tier, then a gaff sail is called mizzen.

Head sails: fore-staysail or fore-stay-staysail, jib, bom-jib, flying jib - oblique. Historically, a bowsprit could have straight sails: a blind hanging under it (on a blind yard) and a bom blind (on a blind top).

Staysails between the foremast and the main mast: mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, bram, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail. If there are several mainmasts, they are named with the addition of a number.

Staysails between the mainmast and the mizzen mast: apsel, cruise-stay-stay, cruise-bram-stay-stay, cruise-bom-bram-stay-stay, cruise-hold-stay-stay.

Additionally, it can carry foxes, exhibited on fox-alcohols side by side from direct sails.

Brig

The brig always has two masts with straight sails.

The spars of the brig consist of two masts: foremast and mainmast, bowsprit and yardarms and corresponding topmasts, jigs and alcohols. The main mast also has a boom and hafel for attaching hafel mizzen.

Brigs are always smaller than ships and barges, and have fewer tiers of direct armament. Therefore, there are no straight sails and corresponding spars.

Foremast yards: foca-ray, fore-marsa-ray, fore-bram-ray, fore-bom-bram-ray.

Mainmast yards: mainsail, mains-mars-rey, mains-bram-ray, mains-bom-bram-ray.

On the main mast, a main boom and a main hafel are also installed.

Fore mast sails: fore, fore-marseille, fore-bramsel, fore-bom-bramseil.

Mainmast sails: mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail-bom-sail.

Head sails: fore-staysail or fore-sten-staysail, jib, boom jib, flying jib.

Mainsails: mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, mainsail, bram, mainsail, staysail.

Large vessels with mixed rigging

Barque

The barque has at least three masts, carries slanting sails on the mizzen mast and straight sails on the remaining masts.

The forward mast is called the foremast, the rear mast is called the mizzen mast, the rest are called mainmasts.

Sails mizzen mast: oblique mizzen (mizzen), haf topsail.

The armament of the remaining masts is the same as when arming a ship.

Brigantine (schooner brig)

Brigantine (schooner brig)

The brigantine has two masts, carries straight sails on the fore mast and oblique sails on the main mast. Their names do not differ from the corresponding barque sails.

Barquentine

Barkentina has at least three masts, of which the first (fore-) mast carries straight sails, and the rest - slanting. Accordingly, the oblique gaff sail of the mainmast is called the mainsail, the topsail above it is the mainsail-gaff-topsail (If there are several mainmasts, they are named with the addition of a number), and the same sails of the mizzen-mast are called mizzen and cruise-gaff-topsail.

Large vessels with slanting rigging

Large ships with oblique sailing are called schooners. The type of schooner is determined by the type of main and additional sails on the masts. There are the following types of schooners:

• gaff - equipped with gaff sails.

• Bermuda - equipped with Bermuda (triangular) sails.

Staysail schooner

• staysail - the main ones are staysails on all masts, they are complemented by trisails and mizzen.

Marseille schooner

The last two types are, strictly speaking, mixed. However, according to tradition, they are called schooners and belong to ships with oblique weapons. The difference between a two-masted topsail schooner and a brigantine is that in the first, the spars and rigging are adapted primarily for oblique sails, and straight lines are additionally installed.

small craft

Double-masted

• Ketch is a type of sailing rig. The vessel has a main and mizzen masts. The defining feature is that the ketch has the head of the rudder stock located behind the mizzen mast. When arming the ship with Kechem, the mizzen area is 15 - 25%% of the total windage. May be Bermuda or Gaff. Ketch is also a local type of sailing ship, which began to be armed with ketch since the 19th century. But it has its own characteristics, and is usually called with a specification, for example (Baltic ketch).

hafel iol

• Yol is a type of oblique weapon. A two-masted vessel with main and mizzen masts. Unlike Ketch, Yol's rudder head is located forward of the mizzen mast. The mizzen area is 8 - 10%% of the total windage. May be Bermuda or Gaff. Yol is also called a local type of sailing vessel, not necessarily armed with a yol, but characteristic of a certain time on the North Sea.

Single mast

• Tender - a single-masted type with a mast shifted amidships, having a hafel or Bermuda mainsail, a topsail, several staysails and jibs. The type of mainsail determines whether the tender is hafel or Bermuda.

• A sloop is a type of rig with a slanting mainsail and one staysail. If there is a gaff grotto, then a second sail is placed above it - a haf topsail.

• Kat - a type of weaponry with one oblique sail.

Literature

• Sulerzhitsky, A. D., Sulerzhitsky, I. D. Marine Dictionary. M., Military Publishing, 1956.
• Marquardt, K. H. Spars, rigging and sails of ships of the 18th century. L., Shipbuilding, 1991. ISBN 5-7355-0131-3
• Jenny Bennett, Veres Laszlo. Sailing rigs: an illustrated guide. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis MD, 2005. ISBN 1-59114-813-8

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