What is the name of the ice on the water. sea ice
Info-lesson on the topic PARONYMS ICE - ICE
Info Lesson Plan:
1. Lexical meaning of paronyms icy - icy
2. Examples of phrases with a paronym ice
3. Examples of sentences with a paronym ice
4. Examples of phrases with a paronym ice
5. Examples of sentences with a paronym ice
1. LEXICAL MEANING OF PARONYMS ICE - ICE
ICE- 1) located, located on the ice;
2) occurring in ice.
ICE- 1) consisting of ice, covered with ice;
2) very cold (cold as ice);
3) (transfer.) extremely restrained, contemptuously cold, destroying.
2. EXAMPLES OF PHRASES WITH A PARONYM - ICE
1) ice continent
2) ice palace
3) ice stadium
4) ice airport
5) ice trip
6) ice road
7) ice track
8) ice rink
9) ice field
10) ice expedition
11) Battle on the Ice
12) ice fun
13) ice regime
14) ice barrier
15) ice jams
16) ice barrier
17) ice blockage
18) ice crossing
3. EXAMPLES OF OFFERS WITH A PARONNYM - ICE
1) Water temperature Barents Sea at different depths during the year is not constant, since the amount of warm water brought by the North Cape current. It varies depending on the season. This also affects ice sea mode.
2) When meeting with ice In the field, the icebreaker “creeps” with its bow on the ice edge and breaks it.
3) Exploring Antarctica, Captain Nemo gets into ice captivity.
4) The first Heroes of the Soviet Union were Soviet pilots who saved the expedition of the Chelyuskin steamer, which fell into ice captivity.
5) Up to 4 km in height above sea level rises ice Shield of Antarctica.
6) "Road of life" - ice
8) Work ice roads, "roads of life", were hampered by enemy aircraft.
9) Communication with Leningrad was maintained only by air and through Lake Ladoga, through which it was laid in winter ice track - the legendary "road of life".
10) In the center of Russia, along the mighty Yenisei River, lies Siberian land - a region that is called taiga, although it is mountainous, and tundra, and arctic, and ice.
11)Ice drift lasted 4 months.
12) People say: November is leafy, semi-winter, ice blacksmith.
13) Classes are held in the gym and on ice site.
14)Ice the regime plays a big role in the life of Lake Baikal.
15)Ice the regime of the river is very complex.
16) Even in Antarctica there are people who study ice cover, relief and climate of the mainland.
17) In 1821, Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, together with Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, penetrated ice barrier that surrounded the South Pole.
18) Glacier - ice hat on the tops of the mountains.
19) In the northern part of the Atlantic, where busy sea routes lie, a special ice patrol.
20) Bobsleigh - a sport that is a downhill from the mountains on specially equipped ice trails on controlled sledges - beans.
21) In the summer of 1956, within the framework of the Third International Geophysical Year, a high-latitude Arctic expedition was carried out to explore the strait between Greenland and Svalbard by scientists from the USSR, Sweden and Norway. The program of work provided for the landing of an international group of scientists on ice the dome of Northern Svalbard, and a MI-4 helicopter was assigned to perform this task, commanded by test pilot R.I. Kaprelyan.
22)Ice the shell on Baikal lasts from 4.5 to 6 months.
23) Ice hockey - a sports team game on ice
24) In winter, where it works ice crossing, put signs about the permissible load on this road.
25) In 1242, at sunrise, on the ice of Lake Peipsi, a famous battle took place, called Ice carnage.
4. EXAMPLES OF PHRASES WITH A PARONYM - ICE
1) ice zone
2) ice continent
3) ice peaks
4) ice block
5) ice mountain
6) ice shore
7) ice track
8) ice wave
9) ice cover
10) ice edge
11) ice world
12) ice cave
13) ice wind
14) ice frost
15) ice water
16) freezing rain
17) ice groats
18) ice crumb
19) ice icicle
20) ice crystal
21) ice crust
22) ice ball
23) ice wand
24) ice tone
25) ice look
26) ice trick
27) ice fingers
5. EXAMPLES OF OFFERS WITH A PARONYM - ICE
1) Antarctica - ice mainland.
2)In icy The cover of Antarctica contains about 80% of all fresh water on the Earth and 90% of the volume of all natural ice on the planet.
3) Fish are splashing in ice water.
4)Icy the surface of the pond had been covered with a thick layer of snow since the beginning of winter.
5) The boy on a sled went down from ice slides.
6) The waters of the mighty ocean are bound by ice. Dead white desert look boundless icy fields with frozen blocks of ice. They are called hummocks. (N.I. Sladkov. From north to south ...)
7) It's blowing from the north ice wind.
8) The face is covered in one moment ice crust, and icicles grow on the eyebrows and beard.
9)He went around this giant icy fields, trying to find a passage in the ice, and as a result completely went around this ice array.
10) Kungurskaya icy the cave is a unique monument of nature.
11) Kungurskaya icy the cave was formed on the site of the Great Perm Sea 10 - 12 thousand years ago.
12)Icy the surface of East Antarctica is more flat and high (up to 4000 meters).
13) If the main difficulty in studying the relief icy domes are climatic conditions that make it difficult to carry out geodetic work and aerial surveys, then to study the under-ice relief, one must also learn to see through the ice. It can only geophysics. Therefore, she owns the main word about the structure of Antarctica.
14) From small icy crystals in the clouds form snowflakes.
15) The Arctic is divided into two zones: icy zone and zone of arctic deserts.
16)Icy the zone is the seas of the Arctic Ocean together with the islands.
17) On the islands of the Arctic is located icy zone.
18) South ice zone along the shores of the northern seas stretches the tundra zone.
19) Sokuy - one of the types of ice on Lake Baikal. It is formed in the initial phase of freezing of the lake in the form of a thin ice edges - take care, or in the fall from splashes of waves on rocks and stones.
20) Snowflake is ice crystal with hexagonal symmetry.
21) Snow is precipitation in the form icy crystals.
22) Fluffy icy frost covered the branches.
23) Gerda managed to melt icy Kai's heart
24) Hanging a bag outside the window ice,
It is full of drops and smells like spring. (Icicle)
25) High sheer cliffs icy The coastline is an insurmountable barrier.
27) In icy The cover of Antarctica contains 80% of all fresh water on the planet. The surface of the mainland icy shield is covered with a layer of snow.
28) In March-April 2002 from icy An iceberg more than 70 km long separated from the Antarctic shield, which is a rarity and is considered as one of the evidence of modern climate warming.
29) And who has been there [in Antarctica] once, he will always remember the great silence ice desert, painted in the morning in a gentle glow, lilac and pink tones of the bed, cold flashes and polar lights, cozy lights of winterings covered with snowdrifts. (According to A.M. Gusev)
30) How can fresh water contained in glaciers be used? The project of transporting icebergs to countries with an arid climate began to be developed in the 20th century. Several methods have been proposed to solve this problem. One of them is the crushing of the iceberg on the spot, loading the resulting ice crumbs in tankers and further transportation to the destination. The advantage of this method is that in this case you do not have to worry about melting - the resulting water will splash reliably in the tanker. The obvious downside is the cost.
31) Winter is a wonderful season. Her icy beauty captivates and inspires admiration.
32) Lovers of swimming in winter in ice water are called walruses.
33) In ice
34)Ice
35) On the last day of Shrovetide, women, celebrating the end of spinning, rolled with ice mountains on the bottoms of the spinning wheels, while it was believed that the farther they go, the longer the flax will be born.
36)Ice cover makes the life of underwater inhabitants difficult.
37) Polar bear inhabits icy expanses and islands of the Polar Basin south to the northern coasts of Siberia and North America.
38) In which fairy tale the evil queen took the boy to her ice castle?
39) The polar bear is often called the tireless wanderer of the Arctic. Most often, he can be seen slowly wandering among the endless snow fields or icy hummocks. This huge beast has iron muscles. From the cold it is covered with a thick layer of fat and a white or slightly golden skin with thick wool. Even the soles of the paws are protected by fur. The beast is able to swim in ice open ocean water cover distances of tens of kilometers.
40) Igloo - ice home of the natives of northern North America.
6.TESTS
1)ice wind
2)icy expedition
3)icy frost
4)icy water
In one of the phrases below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.
1)ice hike
2)icy icicle
3)ice crystal
4)icy crust
In one of the phrases below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.
1)ice rain
2)icy groats
3)icy chit
4)Icy carnage
In one of the phrases below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Find the error and fix it. Write the number of the phrase and the correct word.
1)ice obstruction
2)ice crossing
3)ice sight
4)ice mainland
1) Ice hockey is a sports team game on ice playground with puck and sticks.
2) Lovers of swimming in winter ice water are called walruses.
3)In ice lichens, mosses, polar poppies grow in the zone.
4)Ice the wind blows overhead.
In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONG. Find the error and fix it. Write the sentence number and the correct word.
1) Snow is precipitation in the form icy crystals.
2) Fluffy icy frost covered the branches.
3) "Road of life" - icy road through Ladoga in the winter of 1941-1943.
4) Gerda managed to melt icy Kai's heart
7. ANSWERS
|
test item number |
Phrase or sentence number | |
|
ice |
Ice- mineral with chem. formula H 2 O is water in the crystalline state.
The chemical composition of ice: H - 11.2%, O - 88.8%. Sometimes contains gaseous and solid mechanical impurities.
In nature, ice is mainly represented by one of several crystalline modifications, stable in the temperature range from 0 to 80°C, with a melting point of 0°C. There are 10 crystalline modifications of ice and amorphous ice. The most studied is ice of the 1st modification - the only modification found in nature. Ice occurs in nature in the form of ice proper (mainland, floating, underground, etc.), as well as in the form of snow, frost, etc.
See also:
STRUCTURE
The crystal structure of ice is similar to the structure: each H 2 0 molecule is surrounded by four molecules closest to it, located at the same distance from it, equal to 2.76Α and located at the vertices of a regular tetrahedron. Due to the low coordination number, the ice structure is openwork, which affects its density (0.917). Ice has a hexagonal spatial lattice and is formed by freezing water at 0°C and atmospheric pressure. The lattice of all crystalline modifications of ice has a tetrahedral structure. Parameters of the unit cell of ice (at t 0°C): a=0.45446 nm, c=0.73670 nm (c is twice the distance between adjacent main planes). As the temperature decreases, they change very little. H 2 0 molecules in the ice lattice are linked by hydrogen bonds. The mobility of hydrogen atoms in the ice lattice is much higher than the mobility of oxygen atoms, due to which the molecules change their neighbors. In the presence of significant vibrational and rotational motions of molecules in the ice lattice, translational jumps of molecules from the site of their spatial connection occur with a violation of further ordering and the formation of dislocations. This explains the manifestation of specific rheological properties in ice, which characterize the relationship between irreversible deformations (flow) of ice and the stresses that caused them (plasticity, viscosity, yield strength, creep, etc.). Due to these circumstances, glaciers flow similarly to highly viscous fluids, and thus natural ice actively participate in the water cycle on Earth. Ice crystals are relatively large (transverse size from fractions of a millimeter to several tens of centimeters). They are characterized by the anisotropy of the viscosity coefficient, the value of which can vary by several orders of magnitude. Crystals are capable of reorientation under the influence of loads, which affects their metamorphism and the speed of glacier flow.
PROPERTIES
Ice is colorless. In large clusters, it acquires a bluish tint. Glass luster. Transparent. Has no cleavage. Hardness 1.5. Fragile. Optically positive, refractive index very low (n = 1.310, nm = 1.309). In nature, 14 modifications of ice are known. True, everything, except for the ice familiar to us, which crystallizes in the hexagonal syngony and is designated as ice I, is formed under exotic conditions - at very low temperatures (about -110150 0С) and high pressures, when the angles of hydrogen bonds in the water molecule change and systems are formed, other than hexagonal. Such conditions are reminiscent of cosmic conditions and are not found on Earth. For example, at temperatures below -110 ° C, water vapor precipitates on a metal plate in the form of octahedrons and cubes several nanometers in size - this is the so-called cubic ice. If the temperature is slightly above –110 °C, and the vapor concentration is very low, a layer of exceptionally dense amorphous ice forms on the plate.
MORPHOLOGY
Ice is a very common mineral in nature. There are several types of ice in the earth's crust: river, lake, sea, ground, firn and glacier. More often it forms aggregate accumulations of fine-grained grains. Also known are crystalline formations of ice that arise by sublimation, that is, directly from the vapor state. In these cases, the ice has the appearance of skeletal crystals (snowflakes) and aggregates of skeletal and dendritic growth (cave ice, frost, hoarfrost, and patterns on glass). Large, well-cut crystals are found, but very rarely. N. N. Stulov described ice crystals of the northeastern part of Russia, found at a depth of 55-60 m from the surface, having an isometric and columnar appearance, with the length of the largest crystal being 60 cm and the diameter of its base being 15 cm. forms on ice crystals, only faces of a hexagonal prism (1120), a hexagonal bipyramid (1121), and a pinacoid (0001) were revealed.
Ice stalactites, colloquially called "icicles", are familiar to everyone. With temperature differences of about 0 ° in the autumn-winter seasons, they grow everywhere on the surface of the Earth with slow freezing (crystallization) of flowing and dripping water. They are also common in ice caves.
Ice shores are strips of ice cover from ice that crystallizes at the water-air boundary along the edges of reservoirs and fringing the edges of puddles, banks of rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, etc. with the rest of the water area not freezing. With their complete coalescence, a continuous ice cover is formed on the surface of the reservoir.
Ice also forms parallel columnar aggregates in the form of fibrous veinlets in porous soils, and ice antholiths on their surface.
ORIGIN
Ice is formed mainly in water basins when the air temperature drops. At the same time, ice porridge, made up of ice needles, appears on the surface of the water. From below, long ice crystals grow on it, in which the sixth-order symmetry axes are perpendicular to the surface of the crust. The ratios between ice crystals under different conditions of formation are shown in fig. Ice is widespread wherever there is moisture and where the temperature drops below 0 ° C. In some areas, ground ice thaws only to an insignificant depth, below which permafrost begins. These are the so-called permafrost regions; in the areas of distribution of permafrost in the upper layers of the earth's crust, there are so-called underground ice, among which modern and fossil underground ice are distinguished. At least 10% of the entire land area of the Earth is covered by glaciers, the monolithic ice rock that composes them is called glacial ice. Glacial ice is formed mainly from the accumulation of snow as a result of its compaction and transformation. The ice sheet covers about 75% of the area of Greenland and almost all of Antarctica; the largest thickness of glaciers (4330 m) was established near Baird Station (Antarctica). In central Greenland, the thickness of the ice reaches 3200 m.
Ice deposits are well known. In areas with cold long winters and short summers, as well as in high mountainous regions, ice caves with stalactites and stalagmites are formed, among which the most interesting are Kungurskaya in the Perm region of the Urals, as well as the Dobshine cave in Slovakia.
As a result of freezing sea water sea ice is formed. Characteristic properties sea ice are salinity and porosity, which determine the range of its density from 0.85 to 0.94 g / cm 3. Due to such a low density, ice floes rise above the surface of the water by 1/7-1/10 of their thickness. Sea ice begins to melt at temperatures above -2.3°C; it is more elastic and more difficult to break apart than freshwater ice.
APPLICATION
In the late 1980s, the Argonne laboratory developed a technology for the manufacture of ice slurry (Ice Slurry), capable of flowing freely through pipes of various diameters, without gathering into ice buildups, without sticking together and without clogging cooling systems. Salt water suspension consisted of many very small rounded ice crystals. Thanks to this, the mobility of water is preserved and, at the same time, from the point of view of thermal engineering, it is ice, which is 5-7 times more effective than plain cold water in the cooling systems of buildings. In addition, such mixtures are promising for medicine. Animal experiments have shown that microcrystals of the ice mixture pass perfectly into fairly small blood vessels and do not damage cells. Frozen Blood extends the time it takes to save an injured person. For example, during cardiac arrest, this time lengthens, according to conservative estimates, from 10-15 to 30-45 minutes.
The use of ice as a structural material is widespread in the circumpolar regions for the construction of dwellings - igloos. Ice is part of the Pikerite material proposed by D. Pike, from which it was proposed to make the world's largest aircraft carrier.
Ice (English Ice) - H 2 O
CLASSIFICATION
| Strunz (8th Edition) | 4/A.01-10 |
| Nickel-Strunz (10th edition) | 4.AA.05 |
| Dana (8th edition) | 4.1.2.1 |
| Hey's CIM Ref. | 7.1.1 |
, cal/g
0.51 (0°C)
79,69
677
Decreases strongly with decreasing temperature
Thermal expansion coefficient, 1/°C
9.1 10 -5 (0°C)
Thermal conductivity,cal/( cm sec°C)
4.99 10 -3
Refractive index:
For an ordinary beam
For an extraordinary beam
1.309 (-3°C)
1.3104 (-3°C)
Specific electrical conductivity,ohm -1 ·cm -1
10 -9 (0°C)
Apparent activation energy 11kcal/mol
surface tnaya electrical conductivity,ohm -1
10 -10 (-11°C)
Apparent activation energy 32kcal/mol
Young's modulusdynes/cm
9 10 10 (-5°C)
Polycrystalline ice
Resistance,Mn/m 2 :
crushed
Gap
slice
2,5
1,11
0,57
Polycrystalline ice
Polycrystalline ice
Polycrystalline ice
Average effective viscosity,pz
10 14
Polycrystalline ice
Exponent of the power law of flow
Activation energy during deformation and mechanical relaxation,kcal/mol
11,44-21,3
Linearly increasing by 0.0361kcal/( mole°C) 0 to 273.16 K
Note. 1 cal/(g× °С)=4.186kjl( kg(TO); 1 ohm -1 × cm -1 =100 sim / m; 1 dynes/cm=10 -3 n/m; 1 cal/( cm( sec× °С)=418.68Tue/( m(TO); 1 pz=10 -1 n( sec/m 2 .
Tab. 2. - Quantity, distribution and lifetime of ice 1
| Distribution area | Average end | Weight gain rate, g/year | Average life time, year |
||||
| underground ice | |||||||
| sea ice | |||||||
| Snow cover | |||||||
| icebergs | |||||||
| atmospheric ice | |||||||
In connection with the wide distribution of water and ice on the earth's surface, the sharp difference between some of the properties of ice and the properties of other substances plays an important role in natural processes. Due to its lower density than that of water, ice forms a floating cover on the surface of the water, which protects rivers and reservoirs from freezing to the bottom. The relationship between the steady flow velocity and stress in polycrystalline ice is hyperbolic; with an approximate description of it by a power equation, the exponent increases as the voltage increases; in addition, the flow velocity is directly proportional to the activation energy and inversely proportional to the absolute temperature, so that as the temperature decreases, the ice approaches an absolutely solid body. On average, at a temperature close to melting, the fluidity of ice is 10 6 times higher than that of rocks. Due to fluidity, ice does not accumulate indefinitely, but flows down from those parts of the earth's surface where more of it falls than melts (see Glaciers). Due to the very high reflectivity of ice (0.45) and especially snow (up to 0.95), the area covered by them - an average of about 72 million km 2 per year in the high and middle latitudes of both hemispheres - receives solar heat 65% less than the norm and is a powerful source of cooling of the earth's surface, which largely determines the modern latitudinal climatic zonality. In summer, in the polar regions, solar radiation is greater than in the equatorial belt, nevertheless, the temperature remains low, since a significant part of the absorbed heat is spent on melting ice, which has a very high melting heat.
Ices II, III and V remain at atmospheric pressure for a long time if the temperature does not exceed -170°C. When heated to about -150°C, they turn into cubic ice (ice Ic), not shown in the diagram, since it is not known whether it is a stable phase. Dr. method of obtaining ice Ic - condensation of water vapor on a substrate cooled to -120°C. When vapors condense on a colder substrate, amorphous ice is formed. Both of these forms of ice can spontaneously transform into hexagonal ice I, and the faster, the higher the temperature.
Ice IV is a metastable phase in the stability zone of ice V. Ice IV is more easily formed, and possibly stable, if heavy water is subjected to pressure. The melting curve of ice VII was studied up to a pressure of 20 H/m 2 (200 thousand kgf/cm 2). Under this pressure, ice VII melts at 400°C. Ice VIII is a low-temperature ordered form of ice VII. Ice IX is a metastable phase that occurs when ice III is supercooled and essentially represents its low-temperature form. In general, supercooling phenomena and metastable equilibria are very characteristic of phases formed by water. Some of the lines of metastable equilibria are indicated in the diagram by dotted lines.
Rice. Fig. 2. Scheme of the structure of ice I (oxygen atoms and directions of hydrogen bonds are shown) in two projections.
Being in a state of aggregation, which tends to have a gaseous or liquid form at room temperature. The properties of ice began to be studied hundreds of years ago. About two hundred years ago, scientists discovered that water is not a simple compound, but a complex chemical element consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. After the discovery, the formula of water began to look like H 2 O.
Ice structure
H 2 O consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. At rest, hydrogen is located at the tops of the oxygen atom. Oxygen and hydrogen ions should occupy the vertices of an isosceles triangle: oxygen is located at the top of a right angle. This structure of water is called a dipole.
Ice is 11.2% hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. The properties of ice depend on its chemical structure. Sometimes it contains gaseous or mechanical formations - impurities.
Ice occurs in nature in the form of a few crystalline species that stably retain their structure at temperatures from zero and below, but at zero and above it begins to melt.
Crystal structure
The properties of ice, snow and steam are completely different and depend on In the solid state, H 2 O is surrounded by four molecules located at the corners of the tetrahedron. Since the coordination number is low, the ice may have an openwork structure. This is reflected in the properties of ice and its density.
ice shapes
Ice is one of the most common substances in nature. On Earth, there are the following varieties of it:
- river;
- lacustrine;
- nautical;
- firn;
- glacial;
- ground.
There is ice that is directly formed by sublimation, i.e. from the vapor state. This type takes on a skeletal form (we call them snowflakes) and aggregates of dendritic and skeletal growth (frost, frost).
One of the most common forms are stalactites, i.e. icicles. They grow all over the world: on the surface of the Earth, in caves. This type of ice is formed by dripping water drops at a temperature difference of about zero degrees in the autumn-spring period.
Formations in the form of ice strips that appear along the edges of reservoirs, at the border of water and air, as well as along the edge of puddles, are called ice banks.
Ice can form in porous soils in the form of fibrous veins.
Ice properties
A substance can be in different states. Based on this, the question arises: what property of ice is manifested in a particular state?
Scientists distinguish physical and mechanical properties. Each of them has its own characteristics.
Physical properties
The physical properties of ice include:
- Density. In physics, an inhomogeneous medium is represented by the limit of the ratio of the mass of the substance of the medium itself to the volume in which it is enclosed. The density of water, like other substances, is a function of temperature and pressure. Typically, calculations use a constant density of water equal to 1000 kg/m 3 . A more accurate density indicator is taken into account only when it is necessary to carry out calculations very accurately due to the importance of the obtained result of the density difference.
When calculating the density of ice, it is taken into account which water has become ice: as you know, the density of salt water is higher than that of distilled water. - Water temperature. Usually occurs at a temperature of zero degrees. Freezing processes occur in jumps with the release of heat. The reverse process (melting) occurs when the same amount of heat is absorbed, which was released, but without jumps, but gradually.
In nature, there are conditions under which supercooling of water occurs, but it does not freeze. Some rivers retain the liquid state of water even at a temperature of -2 degrees. - the amount of heat that is absorbed when the body is heated by each degree. There is a specific heat capacity, which is characterized by the amount of heat required to heat a kilogram of distilled water by one degree.
- Compressibility. Another physical property of snow and ice is compressibility, which affects the decrease in volume under the influence of increased external pressure. The reciprocal is called elasticity.
- Ice strength.
- Ice color. This property depends on the absorption of light and scattering of rays, as well as on the amount of impurities in the frozen water. River and lake ice without foreign impurities is visible in pale blue light. Sea ice can be completely different: blue, green, blue, white, brown, have a steely tint. Sometimes you can see black ice. It acquires this color due to the large amount of minerals and various organic impurities.
Mechanical properties of ice
The mechanical properties of ice and water are determined by the resistance to the external environment in relation to a unit area. Mechanical properties depend on structure, salinity, temperature and porosity.
Ice is an elastic, viscous, plastic formation, but there are conditions under which it becomes hard and very brittle.
Sea ice and freshwater ice are different: the former is much more plastic and less durable.
When ships pass, the mechanical properties of ice must be taken into account. It is also important when using ice roads, crossings and more.
Water, snow and ice have similar properties that determine the characteristics of a substance. But at the same time, many other factors influence these readings: ambient temperature, impurities in the solid, as well as the initial composition of the liquid. Ice is one of the most interesting substances on Earth.
Ratios between ice crystals under different formation conditions: 1 - prismatic ice crystal (formation occurs at high altitude during severe frosts), 2 - tabular ice (forms during severe frosts), Z - bowl-shaped ice (forms in wet caves), 4 - ordinary snowflake. According to E.K. Lazarenko, 1971
Properties
Ice is colorless. In large clusters, it acquires a bluish tint. Glass luster. Transparent. Has no cleavage. Hardness 1.5. Fragile. Optically positive, refractive index very low (n = 1.310, nm = 1.309).
Location forms
Ice is a very common mineral in nature. There are several types of ice in the earth's crust: river, lake, sea, ground, firn and glacier. More often it forms aggregate accumulations of fine-grained grains. Also known are crystalline formations of ice that arise by sublimation, that is, directly from the vapor state. In these cases, the ice has the appearance of skeletal crystals (snowflakes) and aggregates of skeletal and dendritic growth (cave ice, frost, hoarfrost, and patterns on glass). Large, well-cut crystals are found, but very rarely. N. N. Stulov described ice crystals of the northeastern part of Russia, found at a depth of 55-60 m from the surface, having an isometric and columnar appearance, with the length of the largest crystal being 60 cm and the diameter of its base being 15 cm. forms on ice crystals, only faces of a hexagonal prism (1120), a hexagonal bipyramid (1121), and a pinacoid (0001) were revealed.
Ice stalactites, colloquially called "icicles", are familiar to everyone. With temperature differences of about 0 ° in the autumn-winter seasons, they grow everywhere on the surface of the Earth with slow freezing (crystallization) of flowing and dripping water. They are also common in ice caves.
Ice save are strips of ice cover from ice that crystallizes at the water-air boundary along the edges of reservoirs and fringing the edges of puddles, banks of rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, etc. with the rest of the water area not freezing. With their complete coalescence, a continuous ice cover is formed on the surface of the reservoir.
Ice also forms parallel columnar aggregates in the form of fibrous veinlets in porous soils, and on their surface - ice antholiths.
Education and deposits
Ice is formed mainly in water basins when the air temperature drops. At the same time, ice porridge, made up of ice needles, appears on the surface of the water. From below, long ice crystals grow on it, in which the sixth-order symmetry axes are perpendicular to the surface of the crust. The ratios between ice crystals under different conditions of formation are shown in fig. Ice is common wherever there is moisture and where the temperature drops below 0 ° C. In some areas, ground ice thaws only to an insignificant depth, below which permafrost begins. These are the so-called permafrost regions; in the areas of distribution of permafrost in the upper layers of the earth's crust, there are so-called. underground ice, among which modern and fossil underground ice are distinguished. At least 10% of the total land area of the Earth is covered by glaciers, the monolithic ice rock composing them is called glacial ice. Glacial ice is formed mainly from the accumulation of snow as a result of its compaction and transformation. The ice sheet covers about 75% of the area of Greenland and almost all of Antarctica; the largest thickness of glaciers (4330 m) was established near Baird Station (Antarctica). In central Greenland, the thickness of the ice reaches 3200 m.
Ice deposits are well known. In areas with cold long winters and short summers, as well as in high mountainous regions, ice caves form with stalactites and stalagmites, among which the most interesting are Kungurskaya in the Perm region of the Urals, as well as the Dobshine cave in Slovakia.
As a result of the freezing of sea water, sea ice. Characteristic properties of sea ice are salinity and porosity, which determine the range of its density from 0.85 to 0.94 g/cm 3 . Due to such a low density, ice floes rise above the surface of the water by 1/7-1/10 of their thickness. Sea ice begins to melt at temperatures above -2.3°C; it is more elastic and more difficult to break apart than freshwater ice.
Practical value
Ice is used mainly in refrigeration, as well as for various purposes in medicine, everyday life and technology.
Ice (English) ICE) - H 2 O
CLASSIFICATION
| Strunz (8th Edition) | 4/A.01-10 |
|---|---|
| Dana (8th edition) | 4.1.2.1 |
| Hey's CIM Ref. | 7.1.1 |
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
| Mineral color | colorless to white, pale blue to greenish blue in thick layers |
|---|---|
| Dash color | white |
| Transparency | transparent, translucent |
| Shine | glass |
| Hardness (Mohs scale) | 1.5 |
| kink | conchoidal |
| Strength | fragile |
| Density (measured) | 0.9167 g/cm3 |
| Radioactivity (GRapi) | 0 |
| magnetism | Diamagnetic |
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
| Type | uniaxial |
|---|---|
| Refractive indices | nα = 1.320 nβ = 1.330 |
| Maximum birefringence | δ = 1.320 |
| optical relief | moderate |