What is named after Eduard Tolya. Gas tanker "Eduard Toll"

Young Edward Young, Young (Young) Edward (baptized 3/7/1683, Apham, near Winchester - 5/4/1765, Welwyn, Hertfordshire), English poet. Received a law degree from Oxford University. In his early work he adhered to the principles of classicism, the exhaustion of which he revealed in

MALOFEEV Eduard Vasilievich (b. 1942), football coach 32 Sincere football. Coaching credo of Malofeev, who headed the national team in 1984

COOKE, Edward (Coke, Edward, 1552–1634), English lawyer 936...A man's house is his fortress, and each man's home is the safest refuge. “Laws of England” (1628), III, 73 (the second part of the phrase is in Latin) ? Knowles, p. 224 This formula goes back to a much earlier time, for example: “...so that everyone’s house

MALOFEEV, Eduard Vasilievich (b. 1942), football coach 63 Sincere football. Coaching credo of Malofeev, who headed the national team in 1984

EDWARD I (Edward I, 1239–1307), King of England from 1272 7 What concerns everyone must be approved by everyone. Appeal to the “model parliament” (1295) ? Stewart, p. 52 The formula is taken from canon law; included in the Decretals in Six Books of Pope Boniface VIII (1298), V, 12. It goes back to

EDWARD III (Edward III, 1312–1377), English king from 1327; started the Hundred Years' War with France 8 Let him be ashamed who thinks badly [about this]. // Honni soit qui mal y pense (French). Motto of the Order of the Garter, established in 1348 or 1349. Probable literary source is a couplet from Mary's fable

YUNG (Young), Edward (Young, Edward, 1683–1765), English poet 21 Life is a desert, life is loneliness; Death joins us to the prevailing (great) majority. // …Death joins us to the great majority. "Revenge", tragedy (1721), d. IV? Knowles, p. 839? "He joined the majority"

Toll Eduard Vasilievich

(1858-1902)

Russian polar explorer. Member of A. A. Bunge's expedition to the New Siberian Islands in 1885-1886. The leader of the expedition to the northern regions of Yakutia, explored the area between the lower reaches of the Lena and Khatanga rivers (1893), led the expedition on the schooner Zarya (1900-1902). He went missing in 1902 in the area of ​​Bennett Island. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian industrialist and traveler Yakov Sannikov saw a large land to the southwest of Kotelny Island, one of the New Siberian Islands. However, he himself did not reach it; Sannikov’s path was blocked by huge ice holes that remained open for almost the entire year. A native of Tallinn, geologist Eduard Vasilyevich Toll set himself the goal of finding this land... Toll graduated from one of the oldest Russian universities, Yuryevsky (Tartu). He made his first trip to the Mediterranean Sea: he accompanied his former zoology teacher, Professor M. Brown, on a scientific expedition. During this trip, Toll studied the fauna of the Mediterranean Sea and became acquainted with the geological structure of some islands. In 1885-1886, Toll was an assistant to Alexander Alexandrovich Bunge in an academic expedition organized by the Russian Academy of Sciences to explore the coast of the Arctic Sea in Eastern Siberia, mainly from the Lena along the Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma, etc., especially the large islands lying in not too far from this coast and called New Siberia... Eduard Vasilyevich conducted a wide variety of geological, meteorological, botanical, and geographical studies. In the spring of 1886, Toll, at the head of a separate detachment, explored the islands of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky, Bunge Land, Faddeevsky (the spit in the north-west of Faddeevsky Island Toll called the Anzhu Arrow) and the western coast of New Siberia. In the summer, Toll traveled on sledges along the coast of the entire Kotelny Island for a month and a half and, in completely clear weather, on August 13, together with his companion in the north, he saw the outlines of four mountains, which connected with the low-lying land in the east. He decided that this was Sannikov Land. Toll suggested that this land was composed of basalts, just like some other islands of the New Siberian archipelago, for example Bennett Island. It was, in his opinion, 150-200 kilometers to the north from the already explored islands. Seven years later, Toll's second expedition took place. This time he was its leader. The main goal was to excavate a mammoth discovered on the coast of the East Siberian Sea. Eduard Vasilyevich himself believed that the expedition could bring more diverse and important results than just mammoth excavations, and he turned out to be right in achieving broader powers.

Excavations of the remains of a mammoth turned out to be not so interesting: only small fragments of the skin of the fossil animal, covered with hair, parts of the legs and the lower jaw were discovered. Other results of the expedition, which lasted a year and two days, were much more important. In the spring of 1893, Toll, continuing Chersky’s geological research in Northern Siberia, visited the Kotelny Islands and again saw Sannikov Land. Returning to the mainland, Toll, together with the military sailor-hydrographer Evgeniy Nikolaevich Shileiko, rode reindeer through the Kharaulakh ridge to the Lena in June and explored its delta. Having crossed the Chekanovsky Ridge, they walked west along the coast from Olenyok to Anabar, and traced and mapped the low (up to 315 meters) Pronchishchev Ridge (180 kilometers long), rising above the North Siberian Lowland. They also completed the first survey of the lower Anabar (more than 400 kilometers) and clarified the position of the Anabar Bay on previous maps; it was shown 100 kilometers east of its true position. Then the travelers split up: Shileiko headed west to Khatanga Bay, and Toll to Lena to send collections. Returning to Anabar again, he walked to the village of Khatanga and between the Anabar and Khatanga rivers for the first time explored the northern ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau (Khara-Tas ridge), and in the area between the Anabar and Popigai rivers the short ridge of Syuryakh-Dzhangy. The expedition collected extensive botanical, zoological, and ethnographic collections. The Russian Geographical Society highly appreciated the results of Toll's journey, awarding him a large silver medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky. The Academy of Sciences awarded Eduard Vasilyevich a cash prize. The name of the researcher became known; he participates in the work of the International Geological Congress in Zurich, the Russian Geographical Society sends him to Norway to greet the famous traveler and navigator Fridtjof Nansen on behalf of the Society at the celebrations organized in his honor. In Norway, Toll studied ice sheet glaciers characteristic of Scandinavia. Returning to Russia, the scientist left his service at the Academy of Sciences and moved to Yuryev, where he began to write a large scientific essay on the geology of the New Siberian Islands and a work on the most important tasks in the study of the polar countries. During these same years, the scientist conducted various studies in the Baltic states. Later he sailed on the first Russian icebreaker Ermak. And all this time Toll dreamed of an expedition to Sannikov Land. In 1900, Toll was appointed head of an academic expedition organized on his initiative to discover Sannikov Land on the whaling yacht Zarya.

Enthusiastic researchers set off on their journey. On June 21, the small ship departed from Vasilyevsky Island. Toll was sure that Sannikov Land really existed. This was indirectly confirmed by the research of the American captain De Long and the Norwegian Nansen. In the summer, Dawn passed to the Taimyr Peninsula. During wintering, the expedition members explored a very large area of ​​the adjacent coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and the Nordenskiöld archipelago; at the same time, Fyodor Andreevich Matisen walked north through the Matisen Strait and discovered several Pakhtusop islands in the Nordenskiöld archipelago. Captain Zari Nikolai Nikolaevich Kolomeytsev, due to disagreements with Toll, left the ship and in April 1901, together with Stepan Rastorguev, walked about 800 kilometers to Golchikha (Yenisei Bay) in 40 days. On the way, he discovered the Kolomeitseva River flowing into the Taimyr Gulf, and his satellite in the Pyasinsky Gulf, the island of Rastorgueva. F. Mathisen became the new captain of Zarya. In the fall of 1901, Toll walked on Zarya, rounding Cape Chelyuskin, from Taimyr to Bennett Island almost through clear water, and in vain he searched for Sannikov Land north of the Novosibirsk archipelago. For the second wintering, he remained off the western coast of Kotelny Island, in the Zarya Strait. It was impossible to approach Sannikov Land because of the ice. On the evening of June 5, 1902, Toll, astronomer Friedrich Georgievich Seeberg and two Yakut industrialists Nikolai Dyakonov and Vasily Gorokhov went out on sleds with dog sleds dragging two canoes to Cape Vysokoy in New Siberia. From there, first on an ice floe drifting northward, and then on kayaks, they moved to Bennett Island to explore it. In the fall, Zarya was supposed to remove the detachment from there. Toll gave the captain the following instructions: ...If this summer the ice near the New Siberian Islands and between them and Bennett Island does not disappear completely and thus prevents Zara from sailing, then I suggest you leave the ship in this harbor and return with the entire crew of the ship in winter to the mainland, following the well-known route from Kotelny Island to the Lyakhovsky Islands. In this case, you will take with you only all the documents of the expedition and the most important instruments, leaving here the rest of the ship’s inventory and all collections. In this case, I will try to return to the New Siberian Islands before the onset of frost, and then by winter route to the mainland. In any case, I firmly believe in a happy and prosperous end to the expedition... Zarya was unable to approach Bennett Island at the appointed time due to ice conditions. The captain did everything possible, but was forced to abandon further attempts.

In addition, the deadline set by Toll himself had expired; the ship should have approached the island before September 3. In the fall, after unsuccessful attempts to get to Bennett Island, Zarya came to the then completely deserted Tiksi Bay, southeast of the Lena Delta. A few days later, the steamship Lena approached the island, onto which the extensive scientific material collected over two years by Toll’s expedition was loaded. At Zara, the boatswain was naval sailor Nikifor Alekseevich Begichev, who had served in the navy since 1895. On August 15, 1903, he and several rescuers on a whaleboat from the yacht Zarya went out to the open sea and headed for Cape Emma on Bennett Island. As it was believed at that time, Toll and his companions were forced to spend the winter on Bennett Island and saving them was not so difficult... The transition turned out to be relatively easy and quick. The sea was open. There was no ice. A day later, on August 17, the whaleboat approached the southern coast of Bennett Island. Traces of Toll's expedition were found almost immediately: one of the expedition members used a hook to lift the lid of an aluminum pot lying on the coastal shallows. According to the agreement, Toll was to leave information about the expedition at Cape Emma. And the next day, after the first night on the island, several people went to this appointed place... Before reaching the cape, the members of the rescue expedition found two Toll sites. Traces of fires and chopped branches of driftwood that served as fuel were found on them. And on Cape Emma, ​​documents were immediately found: in a pile of stones folded by a man’s hand, there was a bottle with three notes. On July 21, we reached safely in kayaks. Let's go north along the east coast today. One party of us will try to be in this place by August 7th. 25 July 1902, Bennett's Island, Cape Emma. Toll. The second note was entitled For those who seek us and contained a detailed plan of Bennett Island. Finally, the third note, signed by Seeberg, contained the following text: It turned out to be more convenient for us to build a house in the place indicated on this piece of paper. There are documents there. October 23, 1902. In the spring, on dogs pulling a whaleboat on a sled, Begichev crossed from the mouth of the Yana to Kotelny Island; in the summer, on a whaleboat he went to Bennett Island, where the search expedition found Toll’s abandoned winter quarters. Rescuers found on the shore two arctic fox traps and four boxes containing geological collections collected by Toll. There was a small house nearby; it was half filled with snow, which froze, turning into an ice block. On the rough plank floors were found an anemometer, a box with small geological samples, a tin of cartridges, a nautical almanac, blank notebooks, cans of gunpowder and canned food, a screwdriver, and several empty bottles.

Finally, from under a pile of stones, a canvas-lined box was pulled out, containing Toll’s brief report addressed to the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From this document it was clear: Toll did not lose faith in the existence of Sannikov Land, but due to the fog he was unable to see it from Bennett Island. When food supplies were already running out, Toll and his three companions decided to make their way to the south... In November 1902, they began their return journey across the young ice to New Siberia and went missing. What made travelers take such a risky step as crossing sea ice into the polar night with only 14-20 days of food? Obviously, Toll was confident that the yacht Zarya would definitely come to the island, and then, when it became clear that there was no more hope for this, it was too late to engage in fishing: the birds flew away, the deer escaped pursuit onto the ice... November 22, 1904 year at a meeting of the Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in particular, it was determined that in 1902 the temperature by September 9 dropped to 21° and until the time E.V. Toll left Bennett Island (November 8) it invariably fluctuated between -18° and -25°. At such low temperatures, high, insurmountable hummocks are piled up in the space between Bennett Island and the Novosibirsk archipelago. The gaps between hummocks covered with ice and treacherously covered with snow in the darkness of the polar night become even more dangerous than when traveling during the daytime. Vast holes covered with a thin layer of ice crystals are completely invisible in the thick fog. When moving through the ice hole, the kayak is covered with a thick layer of ice, and the two-bladed oars, frozen, turn into heavy blocks of ice. In addition, the ice fat is compressed in front of the bow of the kayak and makes movement even more difficult, and the frozen kayak easily capsizes. Under such circumstances, a crack in the ice only 40 m wide presented an insurmountable obstacle to the passage of the party. The commission came to the conclusion that all party members should be considered dead. And yet, despite this verdict, the commission appointed a prize for finding the entire party or part of it and another prize, of a smaller size, for the first indication of undoubted traces of it. Alas, these prizes were never awarded to anyone... According to a number of researchers, Sannikov Land did exist, but at the end of the 19th or beginning of the 20th century it was destroyed by the sea and disappeared like the Pasilievsky and Semgiovsky islands, composed of fossil ice.

Bibliography

To prepare this work, materials from the site http://rgo.ru were used

The story of Baron Toll began long before his birth. At the beginning of the 19th century, more precisely, in 1810, a traveler and St. John's wort Yakov Sannikov sent a report to the Imperial Russian Geographical Society about the next discovery of a new land. One clear sunny day, while hunting for arctic fox on the northern tip of Kotelny Island, he clearly saw land on the horizon. By that time, Yakov was already known as a famous traveler; he had discovered three islands, so they did not doubt Sannikov’s words. Moreover, the discovery was confirmed by the testimony of his companion.

New Siberian Islands. Somewhere in the north of Kotelny Island we saw Sannikov Land. Source: wikimedia.org

Legends and Dreamers

In general, Sannikov had long assumed that there was uncharted land north of Kotelny. There have been legends about her since ancient times. The northern Yakuts had legends about the Onkilon people, who once left their camps and, together with deer and dogs, went to the North, supposedly to warm, fertile lands. Hunters who returned from hunting spoke about this. And migratory birds, instead of flying south, flocked to the north in schools, then returning from there with their offspring.

Be that as it may, the state was in no hurry to organize an expedition to search for a new land. Baron Toll did it for him. Using his own money, he and the same enthusiasts got to Kotelny. He, like Sannikov, managed to see the mysterious land: four mountains turning into a lowland.

Due to difficult weather conditions, which are not uncommon in those parts, the expedition was unable to reach the land they saw. Toll returned empty-handed. But from the day when still unattainable mountains appeared on the horizon, the search for the mysterious country of the Onkilons became for the baron the work of his entire subsequent life.

Directive from above

Eduard Vasilyevich’s message to the Russian Academy of Sciences about the land he discovered gave impetus to the ambitions of the Russian Maritime Department. The report became interested at the very top: the emperor himself gave the order to organize the first official polar expedition. For a long time they could not find the money required to equip the expedition: then the Russian budget was bursting at the seams.

It is unknown how much more the government would have poured from empty to empty, perhaps the expedition would not have taken place at all. But Nicholas II on the last day of 1899, by his decree, he allocated 200 thousand rubles to organize the campaign, withdrawing them from the pocket of the Academy of Sciences.

This was all that the king could do for the pioneers. They did not have the main thing: a ship that could withstand a sea voyage in the harsh conditions of the Far North.

And again Toll invested his own savings in a risky enterprise. He bought from the Norwegians the seal-killing sailing-steam schooner "Harald the Fairhair", which was renamed "Zarya". The purchase and conversion of the vessel into a barque schooner cost 60,000 rubles - an amount that was unaffordable even for the baron at that time. Therefore, we had to attract philanthropists. The interest in the new lands for Russia was so great that they collected an amount approximately equal to that allocated by the Academy. A well-thought-out and fully equipped expedition set off from Kronstadt on June 21, 1900.

He who must not be named

Two dozen people took part in the expedition. But in Soviet times they preferred not to mention one of them. This man was engaged in measuring depths: he was a specialist in hydrogeological and magnetic surveys. His name was Alexander Kolchak. Subsequently, he will become an admiral opposing the entire country. And that year, in the Greek port of Piraeus, Toll practically lured the green lieutenant into an expedition from the battleship Petropavlovsk, which was sailing from the Baltic to the Far East. Kolchak shared with the baron all the hardships of an extreme journey through the Arctic. They survived the winter together in Taimyr and reached Kotelny twice. Only a little over a year later (in September) they managed to reach the place where it seemed that the land Toll had seen should be.

Although the shallow depths indicated that land was somewhere nearby, the travelers were unable to see it. Dense fogs appeared, and the search was once again postponed. The team had to winter again at Kotelny.

Mysterious disappearance

The following spring, Toll made another attempt to reach the mysterious land. But by the time of his return, the schooner had not arrived at the meeting place: ice blocks damaged the Zarya. Lieutenant Kolchak turned to the Academy of Sciences with a request to entrust him with a rescue mission. And from the beginning of May to the beginning of December 1903, an active search took place in the area where the baron disappeared.

But all efforts to find Toll’s team were in vain: only a geological collection and a note written in his hand were found. From the note they learned that the team went to the south of Bennett Island in October 1902. Whether he reached the land of Sannikov or died without achieving his dream is unknown.

Toll's site was found by Soviet researchers in the thirties. And in the seventies, according to the instructions of Baron Toll, which he left in his diary, they found a cache with perfectly preserved products. The stew turned out to be completely edible, which the researchers checked on site.