Types of sailing ships. Sailing ship - classification of sailboats with names, photos and descriptions
Battleship(English) ship-of-the-line, fr. navire de ligne) - a class of sailing three-masted wooden warships. Sailing ships of the line were characterized by the following features: full displacement from 500 to 5500 tons, armament, including from 30-50 to 135 guns in side ports (in 2-4 decks), the crew size ranged from 300 to 800 people with full staffing. Battleships were built and used from the 17th century until the early 1860s for naval battles using linear tactics. Sailing battleships were not called battleships.
General information
In 1907, a new class of armored ships with a displacement of 20,000 to 64,000 tons was named battleships (abbreviated as battleships).
History of creation
"In times long past ... on the high seas, he was not afraid of anything as a battleship. There was not a shadow of a sense of defenselessness from possible attacks by destroyers, submarines or aircraft, nor quivering thoughts about enemy mines or air torpedoes, there was, in fact, nothing, with the possible exception of a fierce storm, a drift to a lee shore, or a concentrated attack by several equal opponents, which could shake the proud confidence of a sailing ship of the line in its own invincibility, which it took upon itself with every right to do so. - Oscar Parks. Battleships of the British Empire.
Technological innovations
The emergence of battleships as the main force of the navies led to many interconnected technological advances.
Considered today as a classic technology for the construction of wooden ships - first the frame, then the sheathing - finally took shape in Byzantium at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia AD, and due to its advantages over time replaced the methods that existed before: the Roman one used in the Mediterranean, with sheathing smooth from boards, the ends of which were connected with spikes, and clinker, which existed from Russia to the Basque Country in Spain, with sheathing and transverse reinforcing ribs inserted into the finished body. In the south of Europe, this transition finally took place before the middle of the 14th century, in England - around 1500, and in Northern Europe merchant ships with clinker sheathing (holki) were built as early as the 16th century, possibly later. In most European languages, this method was denoted by derivatives of the word carvel; hence the caravel, that is, initially, a ship built starting from the frame and with a smooth sheathing.
The new technology gave shipbuilders a number of advantages. The presence of a frame on a ship made it possible to accurately determine in advance its dimensions and the nature of the contours, which, with the previous technology, became fully evident only during the construction process; ships are now built according to a pre-approved plan. In addition, the new technology made it possible to significantly increase the size of the ships - both due to the greater strength of the hull, and due to the reduction in the requirements for the width of the boards going to the skin, which made it possible to use less quality timber for the construction of ships. Also, the requirements for the qualifications of the labor force involved in the construction were reduced, which made it possible to build ships faster and in much larger quantities than before.
In the XIV-XV centuries, gunpowder artillery began to be used on ships, but initially, due to the inertia of thinking, it was placed on superstructures intended for archers - forcastel and aftercastle, which limited the permissible mass of guns for reasons of stability. Later, artillery began to be installed along the side in the middle of the ship, which largely removed the restrictions on the mass of guns, however, aiming them at the target was very difficult, since the fire was fired through round slots made to the size of the gun barrel in the sides, which were plugged from the inside in the stowed position. Real cannon ports with covers appeared only towards the end of the 15th century, which opened the way for the creation of heavily armed artillery ships. During the 16th century, a complete change in the nature of naval battles took place: rowing galleys, which had been the main warships for thousands of years, gave way to sailboats armed with artillery, and boarding battles gave way to artillery.
Mass production of heavy artillery guns was very difficult for a long time, therefore, until the 19th century, the largest of those installed on ships remained 32 ... But working with them during loading and aiming was very complicated due to the lack of servos, which required a huge calculation for their maintenance: such guns weighed several tons each. Therefore, for centuries, ships tried to arm as many relatively small guns as possible, which were located along the side. At the same time, for reasons of strength, the length of a warship with a wooden hull is limited to about 70-80 meters, which also limited the length of the onboard battery: more than two or three dozen guns could only be placed in a few rows. This is how warships arose with several closed gun decks (decks), carrying from several dozen to hundreds or more guns of various calibers.
In the 16th century, cast iron cannons began to be used in England, which were a great technological innovation due to their lower cost compared to bronze ones and less laborious manufacturing compared to iron ones, and at the same time they had higher characteristics. Superiority in artillery manifested itself during the battles of the English fleet with the Invincible Armada (1588) and since then began to determine the strength of the fleet, making history of boarding battles - after that, boarding is used exclusively for the purpose of capturing an enemy ship already disabled by fire.
In the middle of the 17th century, methods for the mathematical calculation of ship hulls appeared. The method of determining the displacement and waterline level of a ship, introduced into practice around the 1660s by the English shipbuilder A. Dean, based on its total mass and shape of contours, made it possible to calculate in advance at what height from the sea surface the ports of the lower battery will be located, and to arrange the decks accordingly and the guns are still on the slipway - earlier for this it was required to lower the ship's hull into the water. This made it possible, even at the design stage, to determine the firepower of the future ship, as well as to avoid incidents like the one that happened with the Swedish Vasa due to too low ports. In addition, on ships with powerful artillery, part of the gun ports necessarily fell on the frames; only real frames were power, not cut by ports, and the rest were additional, so it was important to accurately coordinate their relative position.
History of appearance
The immediate predecessors of the battleships were heavily armed galleons, carracks and the so-called "big ships" (Great Ships). The English karakka is sometimes considered the first purpose-built artillery ship. Mary Rose(1510), although the Portuguese attribute the honor of their invention to their king João II (1455-1495), who ordered several caravels to be armed with heavy guns.
The first battleships appeared in the fleets of European countries at the beginning of the 17th century, and the first three-deck battleship is considered HMS Prince Royal(1610) . They were lighter and shorter than the “ship-towers” that existed at that time - galleons, which made it possible to quickly line up sideways to the enemy when the bow of the next ship looked at the stern of the previous one. Also, ships of the line differ from galleons by straight sails on the mizzen mast (the galleons had from three to five masts, of which usually one or two were “dry”, with oblique sailing weapons), the absence of a long horizontal latrine at the bow and a rectangular tower at the stern , and the maximum use of the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe sides for guns. A battleship is more maneuverable and stronger than a galleon in artillery combat, while a galleon is better suited for boarding combat. Unlike battleships, galleons were also used to transport troops and trade cargo.
The resulting multi-deck sailing ships of the line were the main means of warfare at sea for more than 250 years and allowed countries such as Holland, Great Britain and Spain to create huge trading empires.
By the middle of the 17th century, a clear division of battleships into classes arose: the old two-decker (that is, in which two closed decks one above the other were filled with cannons firing through ports - slots in the sides) ships with 50 guns were not strong enough for linear combat and were used in mainly for escorting convoys. Double-deck ships of the line, carrying from 64 to 90 guns, made up the bulk of the navy, while three- or even four-deck ships (98-144 guns) served as flagships. A fleet of 10-25 such ships made it possible to control sea trade lines and, in case of war, block them for the enemy.
Battleships should be distinguished from frigates. The frigates had either only one closed battery, or one closed and one open on the upper deck. Sailing equipment for battleships and frigates was the same (three masts, each with direct sails). The battleships outnumbered the frigates in the number of guns (several times) and the height of the sides, but were inferior in speed and could not operate in shallow water.
battleship tactics
| With the increase in the strength of the warship and with the improvement of its seaworthiness and fighting qualities, an equal success in the art of using them appeared ... As the evolutions of the sea become more skillful, their importance grows day by day. These evolutions needed a base, a point from which they could start and to which they could return. The fleet of warships must always be ready to meet the enemy, so it is logical that such a base for naval evolution should be a battle formation. Further, with the abolition of the galleys, almost all the artillery moved to the sides of the ship, which is why it became necessary to keep the ship always in such a position that the enemy was abeam. On the other hand, it is necessary that not a single ship of its own fleet could interfere with firing at enemy ships. Only one system allows you to fully satisfy these requirements, this is the wake system. The latter, therefore, was chosen as the only battle formation, and consequently also as the basis for all fleet tactics. At the same time, they realized that in order for the battle formation, this long thin line of guns, not to be damaged or broken at its weakest point, it is necessary to bring into it only ships, if not of equal strength, then at least with equally strong sides. It follows logically that at the same time as the wake column becomes the final battle formation, a distinction is established between battleships, which alone are intended for it, and smaller ships for other purposes. Mahan, Alfred Thayer |
The term "battleship" itself arose due to the fact that in battle, multi-deck ships began to line up one after another - so that during their volley they were turned to the enemy by the side, because the volley from all onboard guns caused the greatest damage to the target. This tactic was called linear. Building in a line during a naval battle was first used by the fleets of England and Spain at the beginning of the 17th century and was considered the main one until the middle of the 19th. Linear tactics also protected the leading squadron well from attacks by firewalls.
It is worth noting that in a number of cases, fleets consisting of ships of the line could vary tactics, often deviating from the canons of the classic skirmish between two wake columns going in parallel courses. So, at Camperdown, the British, not having time to line up in the correct wake column, attacked the Dutch battle line in formation close to the front line, followed by a disorderly dump, and at Trafalgar they attacked the French line with two intersecting columns, competently using the advantages of longitudinal fire, inflicting undivided transverse bulkheads to wooden ships suffered terrible damage (at Trafalgar, Admiral Nelson used the tactics developed by Admiral Ushakov). Although these were out of the ordinary cases, nevertheless, even within the framework of the general paradigm of linear tactics, the squadron commander often had enough room for bold maneuver, and the captains for showing their own initiative.
Design features and fighting qualities
The wood for the construction of battleships (usually oak, less often teak or mahogany) was selected most carefully, soaked and dried for a number of years, after which it was carefully laid in several layers. The side plating was double - inside and outside of the frames; the thickness of one outer skin on some battleships reached 60 cm at the gondek (in the Spanish Santisima Trinidad), and the total internal and external - up to 37 inches, that is, about 95 cm. The British built ships with relatively thin skin, but often located frames, in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich the total thickness of the side of the gondek reached 70-90 cm of solid wood; between the frames, the total thickness of the side, formed by only two layers of skin, was less and reached 2 feet (60 cm). For greater speed, French battleships were built with sparser frames, but with thicker skin - up to 70 cm in total between the frames.
To protect the underwater part from rot and fouling, it was covered with an outer skin made of thin planks of soft wood, which was regularly changed during the timbering process in the dock. Subsequently, at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, copper sheathing began to be used for the same purpose.
- List of men-of-war 1650-1700. Part II. French ships 1648-1700.
- Histoire de la Marine Francaise. French naval history.
- Les Vaisseaux du roi Soleil. Contain for instance list of ships 1661 to 1715 (1-3 rates). Author: J.C. Lemineur: 1996 ISBN 2906381225
Notes
For early ships “This name of a warship is a complex abbreviated word that arose in the 20s of the 20th century. based on the phrase battleship. Krylov's etymological dictionary https://www.slovopedia.com/25/203/1650517.html
The sailing ship appeared in ancient times. It is believed that the primacy belongs to the civilization of Egypt, which arose more than 6 thousand years ago.
The installation of a sail on a boat was due to the need to overcome large spaces with minimal physical effort.
Centuries and millennia have passed. The primitive ships were replaced by different types of ships with one or more masts and a system of sails of excellent shape.
A modern liner does not depend on the direction and speed of the wind, because it runs on the power of the engines, but the sailboat is still considered the most graceful vessel.
The structure of a sailing ship
A sailing ship is a structure consisting of a hull (or several hulls) where equipment, supplies, and a crew are placed.
The horizontal area is called the deck. The front part of the hull is the bow, the rear part is the stern, the lateral restrictions are the left and right sides, the lower underwater part is the keel.
Also the main elements are:
- spars(masts with yardarms, hafels, topmasts, boom, bowsprit);
- rigging- standing, running (various rope, steel ropes, chains);
- sail(oblique, straight).
Gaff- this is a yard inclined at an angle to the mast, an oblique sail in the form of a trapezoid is attached to it; A geek- horizontal bottom rail. Topmast attached to the mast, being its continuation.
bowsprit sailors call a wooden beam, which is a continuation of the bow and is located at a slight angle to the sea surface; slanting sails are attached to it.
standing rigging, as can be inferred from its name, motionless. Such rigging gear firmly fastens masts and topmasts, they are divided into:
- shrouds and forduny located on the sides (similar to rope ladders);
- stays that fasten the masts in front;
- backstays securing the bowsprit.
running rigging in a fixed state, it is motionless, but when it is necessary to perform work on managing the vessel, it can move gear in space.
There are such types of rigging:
- tack(attaches the corner of the sail to the deck, bowsprit, boom);
- sheet(manages sailing equipment);
- halyard(raises the sail);
- brace(designed to rotate the yardarm in a plane parallel to the deck).
The classification of sails is based on several criteria. In shape, there are rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal.
By location - across the hull or along - straight (mainsail, topsail, brahmsel) and oblique (staysail, jib - one and the other additional), lower sail and upper (lower fore-marseille, upper fore-marseille).
The main types of sailing equipment are shown in the photo.
They also distinguish Latin sails - triangular in shape, which are attached with the long side to the yard, inclined relative to the mast at an angle of about 45-55 degrees.
Each tackle, in addition to the general, group name, also has an additional one, which indicates which element of the spars or sail it belongs to. So, the topmast of the first mast is the foremast; the sheet on the sail staysail is a staysail sheet.
Types of sailing ships
Sailboats are very diverse. They are distinguished by the number of masts, the features of the sails, and the purpose. The table will help determine the type of ship.
| Vessel name | Purpose of the ship | Number of masts | Sails on masts | Additional characteristics of the vessel |
| Aak | Freight, transport | 1 | 2-3 direct sails | River Dutch ship; known since the 16th century; has a flat bottom. |
| Barque | Transport | 3, 4, 5 | straight; on the mizzen mast - oblique | Initially small, then large sea ship (displacement 5-10 tons); built before the first quarter of the 20th century. Looks very impressive. |
| Barquentine | Cargo | 3, 4, 5, rarely 6 | Straight only on the forward foremast; the rest are oblique; no gaff on foremast. | Appearance - 50s of the 19th century. |
| Bombard or bombing ship | Military (shelling of fortresses, other fortifications on the coast) | 2, 3 | Straight and oblique on all masts. | 17th century - 19th century; equipment - from 6-12 large-caliber guns; mortars. Shallow-drafted to come as close to the shore as possible. |
| Brig | Convoy | 2 | Straight lines on the front background mast, straight and oblique - on the second (main mast). | Had 10-20 guns; could row. |
| Brigantine | Used for pirate raids; 18th century - messengers, reconnaissance warships. | 2-3 | Initially - Latin oblique sails; since the 19th century - straight on the fore mast, oblique - on the main mast. | Light ship - small brig; could row on oars (sails were removed). |
| Buer | Cargo for coastal navigation; in Russia - as an imperial pleasure craft. | 01.02.18 | oblique | Appeared in the 18-19 century. Russian fishermen from the north used iceboats mounted on skates (moving on ice). Later they began to be used as a sail on wheels for moving on dense sand. |
| Galleon | Fighting, trading ship, characteristic of the 16-18th century. | 2-4 | straight; on the mizzen mast - oblique. | A large marine vessel with a four- or seven-deck superstructure at the stern. Up to 80 guns on two decks. For its time, it had the most advanced design. |
| Junk | Military, then cargo ship. | 2-4 | They are made of mats in the form of quadrangles, the yards are made of bamboo. | Distributed in southeast Asia. Used on rivers and for coastal sea navigation. Cargo weight - up to 600 tons. |
| Iol (or yol) | military, fishing | 2 | oblique | Appeared in Sweden at the very end of the 18th century, then in Russia. They were equipped with cannon and falconets. The steering axle is in front of the rear mast. |
| Caravel | Fishing, merchant ship of the 13th-17th centuries. | 3-4 | Straight (first two masts), oblique. | They were part of the Spanish and Portuguese fleets, sailed on them. Features: high carrying capacity, seaworthiness, built-in stern and bow; could go against the wind. |
| Karakka | Military, trade (16-17 century). | 3 | Straight (fore-, main-mast), oblique (mizzen-mast). | Large ship with three decks, displacement of 1-2 thousand tons. Equipped with guns (30-40), it could take on board more than a thousand people. Karakka was part of the expedition of Magellan. Invented in Genoa. |
| Karbas | Industrial, cargo, transport. | 1-2 | 2 straight sails per mast. | Place of use — Russian North (Pomors of the White Sea and others). |
| Ketch (catch) | Fishing, sports. | 2 - (only main and mizzen mast) | oblique | It differs in that the aft mast is located in front of the steering axle. |
| Clipper | Military (patrol, intelligence). | 3-4 | Direct | Fast ship of the 19th century. He developed high speed due to the narrow hull, high masts and the presence of sharp contours on the hull. Displacement - up to 1.5 tons. |
| Lugger | Military (reconnaissance, messenger). | 2-3 | Direct | Created in France in the late 18th - mid 19th century. Valued for speed. Equipment - up to 16 guns. |
| Tender | Military Auxiliary | 1 mast | oblique | Used in the 19th - early 20th century. There was a retractable bowsprit, up to 12 guns. |
| flutes | Military (transportation) | 3 | Maximum popularity - 16-18 centuries. High masts, short yards, up to 20 guns. | |
| Frigate | Combat | 3 | Straight, on a mizzen mast - oblique. | They were popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. The size is average. Classical courts are created in France. A linear frigate was in demand. |
| Sloop | Military, expeditionary | 3 | Direct | Used in the 18th and 19th century. An open battery with 25 guns was installed. |
| Schooner | Trade and cargo | 2-3 | oblique | Homeland - England and Holland (17th century), but more widely used by the United States. |
| Yacht | Sports, tourism, can be personal | 1 to multiple masts | Straight, oblique | Fast, light boat. |
The table with the types of sailboats showed how the appearance of the ships, the attitude to the length and number of masts, and the sailing structure changed.
Sailboats of Russia
Russia for a long time did not have access to south seas and the Baltic. The first ancient Russian ships sailed along the rivers. These were sailing and rowing single-masted boats.
In the north, the Pomors went out into the cold seas on koches with one sail.
Up to the 18th century. in our country there was no navy, and only by order of Peter I, who sailed first on a boat, and then on a yacht, a shipyard was founded.
From there, the first sailing ship of the line (battleship) went to sea. Later, many sailboats were built at foreign shipyards.
There are ships that entered the history of our country.
Sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" off the coast of Antarctica
On the sloop Vostok, Russian explorers discovered Antarctica.
The legendary frigate "Pallada", recognized as a model of perfection, is widely known thanks to the writer I. A. Goncharov who sailed on it.
The Vityaz corvette delivered N. N. Miklukho-Maclay, the first European, to the coast of New Guinea, inhabited by primitive Papuans.
Modern sailing ships
Modern sailing ships are widely known:
Conclusion
The age of iron ships powered by nuclear reactors could not remove majestic sailing ships from the sea routes. The latter not only help cadets to master the maritime science in practice.
With their appearance, they awaken in children and teenagers an interest in traveling, help to touch the history of geographical discoveries, as well as the military glory of our country.
Barque
Bark - a three-five-masted large sea sailing vessel for the carriage of goods with direct sails on all masts, except for the stern (mizzen mast), carrying a slanting sailing equipment. The largest barges that are still in service are Sedov (Murmansk), Kruzenshtern (Kaliningrad).
Barquentine
Barkentina (schooner-bark) - a three-five-masted (sometimes six-masted) sea sailing vessel with slanting sails on all masts except for the fore (foremast) carrying direct sails. Modern steel barkentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.
Brig
A brig is a two-masted ship with a straight foremast and mainmast sailing, but with one oblique gaff sail on the mainsail - a mainsail-gaf-trysel. In the literature, especially fiction, the authors often call this sail a counter-mizzle, but it should be remembered that a ship with a brig's sailing armament does not have a mizzen mast, which means there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-gaf-trysel is exactly the same the same as the counter-mizzen frigate.
Brigantine
The brigantine is a light and fast vessel with the so-called mixed sailing armament - straight sails on the front mast (fore mast) and oblique sails on the back (main mast). In the XVI-XIX centuries, two-masted brigantines, as a rule, were used by pirates. Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast armed like a brig and a mainmast with slanting sails, like a schooner - a main trisel and a topsail. A brigantine with a Bermuda grotto apparently does not exist in our time, although there are references to the very fact of their existence.
Galleon
Galleon - a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with a fairly strong artillery armament, used as a military and commercial ship. The galleons were most famous as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The galleon is the most advanced type of sailing vessel that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and caracques (naves) and was intended for long-distance ocean travel.
Junk
Dzhonka is a two-to-four-masted wooden sailing cargo vessel for river and coastal sea navigation, common in Southeast Asia. In the era of the sailing fleet, D. were used for military purposes; goods are transported on modern D., often they are also used for housing. D. have a small draft, carrying capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristic features - very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, quadrangular sails made of mats and bamboo slats.
Iol
Iol is a type of two-masted sailing ship with slanting sails. The position of the aft mast (behind the rudder axis) Iol differs from the ketch, in which the aft mast is in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have Iola-type sailing equipment.
Caravel
Caravel is a 3-4 masted single-deck universal sailing wooden ship capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had a slanting sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492, Columbus made a transatlantic voyage on 3 caravels. In addition to seaworthiness, caravels had a high carrying capacity.
Karakka
Karakka is a large trading or military sailing three-masted vessel of the 16th-17th centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament 30-40 guns. The ship could accommodate up to 1200 people. The ship had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. The type of such a vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 Carrack "Victoria" from the expedition of Magellan for the first time circumnavigated the world. For the first time, cannon ports were used on karakka and guns were placed in closed batteries.
Ketch
Ketch, ketch (eng. ketch), a two-masted sailing vessel with a small aft mast located ahead of the rudder axle. Sailing rigs of the K type (Bermuda or hafel) are used by some fishing vessels and large sports yachts.
flutes
Flute - a type of sailing vessel that had the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* Topmasts invented in 1570 were introduced into the rigging
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards became shortened, which made it possible to make sails narrow and easy to maintain and reduce the overall number of the top crew.
The first flute was built in 1595 in the city of Horn, the center of shipbuilding in Holland, in the Zsider Zee.
Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport ships. During the XVI-XVIII centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position on all seas.
Frigate
A frigate is a three-masted military ship with full sailing armament and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes in terms of characteristics. sailing ships. Frigates originate from light and fast ships used for raids in the English Channel since about the 17th century. With the growth of navies and their range, the characteristics of the Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light, fast ship capable of independent action. The classic frigates of the sailing age were created in France in the middle of the 18th century. These were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with about two to three dozen 12-18 pounder guns on one gun deck. In the future, the displacement and power of the weapons of the frigates grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pound guns.
Sloop
Sloop (small corvette) - a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with direct sailing weapons. Displacement up to 900 tons. Armament 10-28 guns. It was used for sentinel and messenger services and as a transport and expeditionary vessel. In addition, a type of sailing rig is called a Sloop - one mast and two sails - front (staysail with Bermuda rigging, jib with direct rigging) and rear (respectively, mainsail and foresail).
Schooner
Schooner - a type of sailing vessel with at least two masts with slanting sails. According to the type of sailing armament, schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and brahmsail. Bramsel schooner differs from the topsail schooner by the presence of a bram-topmast and another additional direct sail - a bramsel. At the same time, in some cases, the topsail and topsail two-masted schooners (especially with a brief) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails (hafel or Bermuda), a schooner can also be a topsail (bramsel). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America.
Yacht
A yacht is originally a light, fast vessel for the transport of important people. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or motor-sail vessel intended for sports or tourist purposes. Most common sailing yachts.
Modern use of the term Yacht.
In modern usage, the term Yacht means two distinct classes of craft: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from work vessels mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or moving at low speed in the absence of wind.
Sailing yachts
Sailing yachts are divided into cruising, having a cabin, and designed for long trips and racing, pleasure and racing - for sailing in the coastal zone. According to the shape of the hull, keel yachts are distinguished, in which the bottom goes into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents it from drifting (drifting) when sailing, shallow-draught (dinghies), with a retractable keel (daggerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and retractable keel. There are two-hull yachts - catamarans and three-hull yachts - trimarans. Yachts are single- and multi-masted with different sailing equipment.
Currently, the phrase "sailing ship" is used to refer to any ship with at least one sail, but from a technical point of view, a sailing ship is a ship that uses wind energy converted using sails to propel it.
Types of sailing ships at all times were diverse. In addition to the original design, the sailboat could be modified at the request of the owner, depending on sailing conditions or local traditions. As a rule, such reconstructions were created in order to improve seaworthiness, with the involvement of a smaller number of crew. Until the middle of the 19th century, sailing ships were the main means of shipping and conducting military operations at sea. Currently, they are used only as training, sports and pleasure boats. In connection with the rise in fuel prices and the tightening of environmental protection requirements, a number of countries began the development and construction of experimental sailing ships equipped with modern sailing equipment. Sailing ships can take from one day to several months, but long sailing requires careful planning with calls to ports to replenish supplies.
There are different types of sailing ships, but they all share the same basic characteristics. Every sailing vessel must have a hull, spars, rigging, and at least one sail.
Spars - a system of masts, yards, gaffs and other structures designed to accommodate sails, signal lights, observation posts, etc. The spars can be fixed (masts, topmasts, bowsprit) and movable (yards, hafels, booms).
Rigging - all the gear of a sailing vessel, is a stretched rope. Rigging is divided into standing and running. Standing rigging serves to hold the spars in place and plays the role of stretch marks. Standing rigging cables on modern sailing ships are usually made of galvanized steel. The running rigging is designed to control the sails - lifting them, cleaning them, etc.
Sail - the mover of a sailing vessel - is a part of the fabric, on modern sailboats - synthetic, which is attached to the spars with the help of rigging, which allows transforming wind energy into the movement of the vessel. Sails are divided into straight and oblique. Straight sails have the shape of an isosceles trapezoid, oblique sails have the shape of a triangle or an unequal trapezoid. The use of slanting sails allows the sailing vessel to move steeply into the wind.
CLASSIFICATION OF SAILING SHIPS AND VESSELS
The most common classification of sailing ships is the division by type and number of masts. This is where the name of the type of sailing ship comes from. So, all sailing ships can carry on their masts different types of sails in different numbers, but they all fall into the following categories:
single masted sailing ships
yal- light keelless sailing boat (dinghy). The mast on the yawl is one, often removable and is called the foremast.
cat- a sailing vessel characterized by the presence of one mast carried far forward, that is, near the bow of the boat.
sloop- single-masted sea sailing vessel.
tender- a single-masted sea sailing vessel with three types of sail on the mast - staysail, trisail and topsail.
cutter- a sailing vessel having one mast with oblique, as a rule, gaff rigging with two staysails.
two-masted sailing ships
yol- a two-masted vessel, in which the mizzen mast is located in the stern near the rudder head, and has oblique sailing equipment.
ketch- a two-masted sailing vessel, which differs from the iol in a slightly larger mizzen mast. In addition, the area of the sail of the stern mast is about 20 percent of the total sail of the sailboat. This feature gives advantages in handling in strong winds.
schooner (bermuda schooner)- a sea sailing vessel having two masts with slanting sails.
brigantine- a two-masted sailing vessel with combined sailing equipment, having direct sailing equipment on the foremast and slanting sails on the mainmast.
brig- a two-masted sailing vessel with direct sailing equipment.
three-masted sailing ships (multi-masted sailing ships)
caravel- has three masts with straight and oblique sails.
schooner- a type of sea sailing vessel that has at least two masts with slanting sails. According to the type of sailing armament, schooners are divided into: gaff, bermuda, staysail, Marseille And brahmsail. Bramsel schooner differs from the topsail schooner by the presence of a bram-topmast and another additional direct sail - a bramsel. At the same time, in some cases, Marseille and brahmseille two-masted schooners, especially with a brief, can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails - hafel or Bermuda, the schooner can also be a topsail (bramsel). Schooners have a small draft, which allows you to enter even in shallow water.
barque- a large sailing ship with three or more masts, having direct sailing equipment on all masts, except for the stern mast, which is equipped with slanting sails.
barquentine (schooner-bark)- as a rule, this is a sailing vessel with three or more masts with mixed sailing equipment, and has direct sailing rigging only on the foremast, slanting sails are located on the remaining masts.
frigate- a sailing vessel having three or more masts with straight sails on all masts.
In addition to the above types of sailing ships, there were a large number of other names in the history of navigation, many of which disappeared over time, but thanks to enthusiasts, some ships have survived to this day in the form of fully functional copies or replicas: corvette, flutes, galleon, lugger, clipper, shebeka, karakka, windjammer.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS SAILING VESSELS
Sailing originated in countries that have always been famous for navigation - England and the Netherlands. Its origin is closely related to the professional sailing on small sailing vessels, where the advantage in speed allowed it to compete successfully, for example, in fishing or pilotage. The sporting interest that arose as a result of the improvement in the driving performance of such sailing vessels, as well as the holding of races between them, led to the emergence of special vessels designed exclusively for amateur sailing, which became known as yachts. This name comes from the Dutch word "jagie" - so in the Netherlands in the 17th century they called small high-speed single-masted ships. The wide spread of exciting water competitions also forced the classifiers to divide sports sailing yachts into types.
Classification of sailing sports vessels (yachts)- this is the division of sailing, sports, ships into classes depending on the sizes and their ratios that affect the driving performance and seaworthiness of these sailing ships. There are four main classes of sailing, sports vessels (yachts): free classes; formula classes; monotypes And handicap classes.
Classes of sailing sports vessels (yachts) are constantly being improved and changed and can be national and international. International classes of sailing sports vessels involved in the Olympic regattas are called "Olympic". As of 2012, there are six classes of monohull racing yachts: Finn-class boats, boats 470 class, 49er class boats, 49erFX class boats, boats of class Laser-Standard, boats of the Laser-Radial class.
Stands out from the group multihull sports class, named Nacra 17. As well as competitions boards with a sail for surfing (windsurfing) have their own class - RS:X.
In addition to the above, there is the concept of sailing-motor vessels - these are vessels with sailing equipment and an auxiliary diesel power plant used to move the vessel in calm, entering (exiting) ports, passing narrownesses (straits, canals) and the like. Most of the motor-sailing vessels are small fishing, training and pleasure boats.
The first vehicles by which people crossed water barriers during their migrations or during hunting were, in all likelihood, more or less primitive rafts. Rafts existed, no doubt, already in the Stone Age. At the end of the Middle Stone Age, a boat hollowed out of a tree trunk, a canoe, was a great progress. With the passage of time and with the further development of the productive forces, boats and rafts became better, larger and more reliable. We have the most information about the development of shipbuilding in the Mediterranean region, although, of course, shipbuilding technology and navigation on the rivers and seas of other parts of the world developed in parallel. The oldest known to us are the boats and ships of Ancient Egypt. A variety of floating facilities went along the Nile and the seas surrounding Egypt: first rafts and boats made of wood and papyrus, and later ships that could make long sea voyages, such as the famous expedition during the 18th dynasty to the country Punt (Ript - probably Somalia or even India) in about 1500 BC. e.
Ancient Egyptian papyrus river rowboat
Due to the low strength of papyrus, a thick rope was used as a longitudinal reinforcement, stretched between short masts, bow and stern. The boats were steered with an oar located at the stern. The ancient Egyptian sea vessels, like the river vessels that sailed along the Nile in those days, were flat-bottomed. As a result of this, and also due to the lack of frames and the insufficient strength of the building material (papyrus or low-growing trees, acanthus), the seaworthiness of the ships of Ancient Egypt was very low. These ships, sailing along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea or on the calm waters of the Red Sea, were propelled by oars and a rake sail.
Ancient Egyptian ship with a raked sail
Egyptian merchant and military ships almost did not differ from each other, only military ships were faster. It should not be forgotten that military campaigns and trade were closely interconnected. However, the Egyptians (inhabitants of the Nile Valley) cannot be called good sailors. Their merits in the field of shipbuilding and distant sea voyages relatively modest. The inhabitants of the island of Crete were the first to build merchant sea vessels. According to some ancient researchers, they used the keel and frames, which increased the strength of the ship's hull. For the movement of the ship, the Cretans used both oars and a rectangular sail. It is believed that it was partly due to these technical improvements that Crete became the first maritime power in the Mediterranean. Its heyday falls on the 17th - 14th centuries. BC e. The method of building ships with frames from the Cretans was borrowed by the Phoenicians. The Phoenicians lived on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, in a country rich in cedar forests, which provided excellent shipbuilding material. On their ships, the Phoenicians made military and trade campaigns to the most remote places of the modern world. As Herodotus wrote at the beginning of the 7th century. n. e., Phoenician ships circled Africa from east to west. This testifies to the great seaworthiness of the ships: on their way they had to go around the Cape of Good Hope, where it often stormed. Although the Phoenician ships were vastly superior in size and strength to the Egyptian ones, their shape did not change significantly. As the surviving bas-reliefs testify, for the first time rams appeared on the bow of a Phoenician warship to sink enemy ships.
Phoenician sailing ship
The ships of ancient Greece and, later, Rome were modifications of the Phoenician ships. Merchant ships were predominantly wide and slow-moving, usually propelled by sail and steered by a large steering oar located in the stern. Warships were narrow and propelled by oars. In addition, they were armed with a rectangular main sail mounted on a long yard and a small sail mounted on an inclined mast. This slanted mast is the forerunner of the bowsprit, which will appear on sailboats much later and will carry additional sails to facilitate maneuvering. Initially, one tier of oars was installed on each side of a warship, but with an increase in the size and weight of the ships, a second tier appeared above the first tier of oars, and even later, a third. This was explained by the desire to increase the speed, maneuverability and force of the impact of the ram on the enemy ship. One tier of rowers was located below deck, the other two were on deck. It looked like the most popular type of warship of antiquity, which, starting from the VI century BC. e. called a trireme.
Trieres formed the basis of the Greek fleet that participated in the battle of the island of Salamis (480 BC). The length of the triremes was 30-40 m, the width was 4-6 m (including supports for the oars), the freeboard height was about 1.5 m. There were a hundred or more rowers on the ship, in most cases slaves; speed reached 8-10 knots. The ancient Romans were not good sailors, but the Punic Wars (1st war - 264-241 BC; 2nd war - 218-210 BC) convinced them of the need to have their own navy to defeat the Carthaginians. The Roman navy of that time consisted of triremes built according to the Greek model.
An example of a Roman trireme of this type is the ship shown in the figure. It has a raised deck in the stern, as well as a kind of tower in which the commander and his assistant could find reliable shelter. The nose ends with a ram, upholstered in iron. To facilitate the conduct of battle at sea, the Romans invented the so-called "raven" - a boarding bridge with a metal load in the form of a hawse, which descended on an enemy ship and through which Roman legionnaires could go to it. In the battle of Actium (31 BC), the Romans used a new type of ship - the liburn. This ship is much smaller than the trireme, equipped with rams, has one tier of oars and a rectangular transverse sail. The main advantages of liburns are good agility and maneuverability, as well as speed. On the basis of a combination of structural elements of triremes and liburnes, a Roman rowing galley was created, which, with some changes, survived until the 17th century. n. e.
The improvement of rowing warships with additional sailing equipment was in the nature of leaps. The need for these vessels increased, for example, during military campaigns. From the end of the XII to the XIV century. galleys appeared in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. But the main area of operation of the galleys was, as before, the Mediterranean Sea; their further development was largely facilitated by the Venetians. Galleys in light combat performance served as warships, in heavy combat they served as military transports. They were also used as merchant ships. The disadvantage of the galleys was the numerous crew. So, for one galley up to 40 m long, 120-180 rowers were required (and with two tiers of oars - 240-300 rowers). If you take into account the crew needed to maintain the rudder and sail, and the crew in the galley, then the total was well over 500 people. Such a galley had a draft of about 2 m and a freeboard height of 1-1.5 m. On medieval galleys, 2-5 rowers served one oar; the mass of the oar with a length of 10-12 m was up to 300 kg. In addition to the oars, the galleys were equipped with an auxiliary sail. Later, they began to install two, and then three masts, and the rectangular sail was replaced by a slanting one, borrowed from the Mediterranean Arabs. In the course of further development, ships began to be built, which are a combination of a galley and a sailing vessel. Such ships were called galleas. Galeasses were larger than galleys: the length of the largest reached 70 m, width 16 m, displacement 1000 tons; the crew was 1000 people. They were used as both military and merchant ships.
Galleass
Regardless of the development of shipping in the Mediterranean Sea, shipping also developed in Northern Europe, where already in the early centuries there lived excellent sailors - the Vikings. Viking ships were open wooden boats with a symmetrical fore and stern; on these ships it was possible to go both forward and backward. Viking ships were propelled by oars (they are not shown in the figure) and a straight sail mounted on a mast approximately in the middle of the ship.
Viking ships had frames and longitudinal ties. A characteristic feature of their design was the way the frames and other beams were connected to the outer skin, which usually consisted of very long wooden planks, passing from one stem to another and arranged in a lap. The largest Viking ships, which were called “dragons” due to the bow decoration and the shape of the dragon’s head, were 45 m long and had about 30 pairs of oars. Despite the difficulties of sailing through the stormy northern seas on open deckless ships, the Vikings very soon penetrated from Scandinavia to the coast of England and France, reached the White Sea, conquered Greenland and Holland, and at the end of the 10th century. entered North America.
The old Russian koch of the ice class was a real conqueror of the northern seas
Under feudalism, in parallel with the development of trade in Northern Europe, shipbuilding continued to develop. Large merchant ships of the 12th and 13th centuries, called naves, had the same shape of the bow and stern. They were driven exclusively by a transverse sail mounted on a mast in the middle of the ship. From the end of the XII century. so-called towers appeared in the bow and stern. At first, these were probably battle bridges (perhaps the remains of a Roman bridge), which over time moved to the bow and stern and turned into a forecastle and poop. The steering oar was usually on the starboard side.
Nave
Hanseatic merchants, in whose hands European trade was concentrated from the 13th to the 15th centuries, usually transported their goods on coggs. These were strong high-sided single-masted vessels with almost vertical fore and stern posts. Gradually, small tower-like superstructures appeared on the coggs in the bow, relatively large superstructures in the stern and peculiar "crow's nests" at the top of the mast. The main feature that distinguishes the cog from the nave is the articulated rudder with tiller, located in the diametrical plane of the ship. Thanks to this, the maneuverability of the vessel has improved.
Single mast cogg
Until about the 14th century. shipbuilding in the northern regions of Western Europe developed independently of the shipbuilding of the Mediterranean. If the rudder, placed in the plane of symmetry of the ship, became the greatest achievement in the art of shipbuilding and navigation of the North, then the triangular sail, which is now called Latin, introduced in the Mediterranean Sea, made it possible to sail steeper to the wind than was possible with a rectangular sail. Thanks to contacts between north and south in the XIV century. a new type of ship arose - a caravel, a three-masted vessel with Latin sails and an articulated rudder. Over time, a transverse sail was installed on the bow mast.
Columbus era caracca
The next type of vessel that appeared at the end of the 15th century was the karakka. This vessel had a much more developed forecastle and poop. Carracks were equipped with an articulated rudder and both types of sails. The bow mast had a straight sail, the middle mast had one or two straight sails, and the aft mast had a latin sail. Later, they began to install an inclined bow mast - a bowsprit with a small straight sail. With the advent of caravels and caracques, distant voyages became possible, such as the journey of Vasco de Gama, Columbus, Magellan and other navigators to unknown lands. The Santa Maria, Columbus's flagship, was most likely a caracca. It had a length of 23 m, a width of 8.7 m, a draft of 2.8 m and a crew of 90 people. The ship belonged to ships of medium size (for example, the ship "Peter von la Rochelle", built in 1460, had a length of 12 m). Subsequently, the typical aft superstructure of the karakk was replaced by a superstructure that rose in steps towards the stern. A mast was added (sometimes inclined), the number of sails increased. Direct sails were predominantly used, only aft was installed gaff sail. This is how the gallion arose, which in the 17th and 18th centuries. became the main type of warship. The most common type of merchant ship of that time was the flute, whose hull tapered upwards. Its masts were taller and the yards shorter than those of earlier ships. The rigging was the same as on the galleons.
flutes
Powerful trading companies that were under the tutelage of the state (the English West India Company, founded in 1600, or the Dutch East India Company, founded in 1602), stimulated the construction of a new type of ships, which were called "East Indians". These ships were not very fast. Their full contours and high sides provided a very large carrying capacity. To protect themselves from pirates, merchant ships were armed with cannons. On the masts they put three, and later four direct sails, on the aft mast - an oblique hafel sail. There were usually latin sails in the bow, and trapezoidal sails between the individual masts. These vessels, by their resemblance to a warship of a similar type and with the same rigging, are also called frigates.
Frigate
A significant achievement in sailing shipbuilding was the creation of clippers. The clippers were narrow vessels (the ratio of length to width was approximately 6.7 m) with advanced weapons and a carrying capacity of 500-2000 tons. They were distinguished by high speed. The so-called "tea races" of this period are known, during which clippers with a load of tea on the China-England line reached a speed of 18 knots.
tea clipper
At the beginning of the XIX century. after many thousands of years of dominance of the sailing fleet, a new type of engine appeared on ships. It was a steam engine - the first mechanical engine. In 1807, the American Robert Fulton built the first ship with a steam engine, the Clermont; it went along the Hudson River. The steamer showed itself especially well when sailing against the current. Thus began the era of the steam engine on river boats. In maritime navigation, the steam engine began to be used later. In 1818, a steam engine was installed on the Savannah sailboat, which set the paddle wheels in motion. The ship used the steam engine only for a short passage across the Atlantic. For the first time, the Sirius, a steam sailing ship built in 1837, whose hull was still wooden, crossed the North Atlantic almost exclusively with the help of a mechanical drive.
Steamship - Sirius
Since that time, the development of a mechanical drive for marine vessels began. Large paddle wheels, whose work was hindered by sea waves, in 1843 gave way to the propeller. It was first installed on the steamer Great Britain. A huge sensation at that time was the Great Eastern ship, 210 m long and 25 m wide, built in 1860. This ship had two paddle wheels with a diameter of 16.5 m and a propeller with a diameter of more than 7 m, five pipes and six masts with a total with an area of 5400 m2, on which it was possible to put a sail. The vessel had rooms for 4,000 passengers, holds for 6,000 tons of cargo and developed a speed of 15 knots.
Great Britain
Great Eastern
The next step in the development of the ship's drive was made at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century; in 1897, a steam turbine was installed for the first time on the ship Turbinia, which made it possible to reach a speed of 34.5 knots that had never been seen before. Built in 1906, the British passenger ship Mauritania (length 241 m, width 26.8 m, carrying capacity 31,940 registered tons, crew 612 people, 2335 passenger seats) was equipped with turbines with a total capacity of 51,485 kW. During the crossing of the Atlantic in 1907, she developed an average speed of 26.06 knots and won a symbolic award for speed - the Blue Ribbon, which she held for 22 years.
Mauritania
In the second decade of the XX century. diesel engines were used on ships. In 1912, two diesel engines with a total capacity of 1,324 kW were installed on the Zeeland cargo ship with a carrying capacity of 7400 tons.