Egyptian pyramids and their secrets. Secret secrets of the Egyptian pyramids

general information

Among the Egyptian pyramids there are huge and more modest scales, with a smooth surface and stepped ones, which are very well preserved and resemble a pile of ruins. They can be observed in Saqqara and Memphis, Khawara and Upper Egypt, Medum and Abusir, El Lahun and Abu Ravash. However, only a few are considered the main tourist sites, namely the pyramids in Giza, a suburb of the Egyptian capital, erected, as is commonly believed, during the reign of the IV-VI dynasties of the pharaohs, which fell on the XXVI-XXIII centuries BC. e.

Looking at these grandiose creations of human hands, you involuntarily think: how much time and effort was spent on the construction of such structures, which seem - at least in their scale - absolutely useless. Either the pharaohs who ruled 45 centuries ago thereby wanted to emphasize their own divinity and the greatness of their era, or these structures contain some hidden meaning that is still inaccessible to our understanding. But it is difficult to comprehend it, because the secrets are securely hidden under the layer of millennia, and we have no choice but to build guesses and versions, hoping that sooner or later all the secret will definitely become clear ...

Secrets of the Egyptian pyramids

The Egyptian pyramids are shrouded in a halo of myths and secrets, and with the passage of time and the development of science, there are still more questions than answers. As the proverb says: "Everything in the world is afraid of time, but time itself is afraid of the pyramids." Interest is fueled by various theories about the appearance of these majestic monuments. Fans of the mystical consider the pyramids to be powerful energy sources and believe that the pharaohs spent time in them not only after death, but also during their lifetime in order to draw strength. There are also quite incredible ideas: for example, some believe that the Egyptian pyramids were built by aliens, and others that the blocks were moved by people who own a magic crystal. Let's look at the generally accepted and most likely scenario.

Religion in the life of ancient Egypt occupied a dominant position. It shaped both the worldview of the people and their entire culture. Death was perceived only as a transition to another world, so preparation for it had to take place ahead of time, even during earthly life. However, the privilege of remaining "immortal" was, as it was believed, only with the pharaoh and members of his family. And he, at his own discretion, could bestow it on his entourage. Commoners were deprived of the right to an afterlife, with the exception of servants and slaves, whom the powerful ruler "took" with him. Nothing should have interfered with the comfortable "existence" of a high-ranking deceased, so he was supplied with everything necessary - food supplies, household utensils, weapons, servants.

At first, the rulers were buried in special "houses after life", and in order for the body of the pharaoh to be preserved for centuries, he was embalmed. These early burial buildings - mastabas - date back to the period of the first dynasties. They consisted of an underground burial chamber and an above-ground part in the form of a stone structure, where chapels were equipped and grave goods were located. In section, these tombs resembled a trapezoid. They were built in Abydos, Nagadei, Upper Egypt. The main necropolis of the then capital of the first dynasties - the city of Memphis - was located in Saqqara.

Actually, pyramidal tombs began to be erected about 5 thousand years ago. The initiator of their construction was Pharaoh Djoser (or Necherihet), the first in the III dynasty of the Old Kingdom. The construction of the necropolis named after this ruler was led by the supreme dignitary and famous architect of his time, Imhotep, who was almost equated with a deity. If we discard all the fantastic versions about the contacts of the then rulers with aliens and proceed from the fact that these structures were nevertheless built by people on their own, then the scale of the work, their laboriousness cannot but impress. Experts tried to establish their chronology and nature, and here are the results they came up with. Since the pyramids are made of stone blocks, the question immediately arose: where and how were they mined? It turned out, in the rocks ...

Having marked the shape in the rock and hollowed out the grooves, dry trees were inserted into them, which were watered with water. From moisture, they expanded and created cracks in the rock, facilitating the process of excavating blocks. Then they were immediately, on the spot, subjected to processing with tools and, having given the desired shape, they were sent by river to the construction site. But how did the Egyptians lift these heavy masses up? First, they were loaded onto wooden sleds and pulled along gentle embankments. By modern standards, such technologies look backward. However, the quality of work is top notch! The megaliths are so closely adjacent to each other that there are practically no mismatches.

The Pyramid of Djoser, located in Saqqara, is considered the very first pyramid in Egypt and the oldest of such large stone structures surviving in the world (its size is 125 by 115 meters with a height of 62 meters). It was built in 2670 BC. e. and has the appearance of a building with six huge lined steps. Because of such an unusual shape, it was called the “false pyramid” in those distant times. The pyramid of Djoser began to attract the attention of travelers since the Middle Ages, and this interest has not dried up to this day.

The architect initially did not plan to build such a pyramid. The stepped tomb became in the process of construction. In the presence of steps, a symbolic meaning is clearly guessed: the deceased pharaoh was supposed to ascend to heaven along them. This structure differed from previous necropolises in that it was built of stone, not brick. And one more feature: the presence of a very wide and deep vertical shaft, closed from above by a dome. In the pyramids built later, there is nothing of the kind. Of no less interest to archaeologists and Egyptologists are the marble fragments under the sarcophagus, on which carved images resembling stars are visible. These are clearly fragments of some unknown structure, but no one knows exactly which one.

The Pyramid of Djoser was intended not only for himself, and in this it also differs from other similar structures. In the burial chambers, there are only 12 of them, the ruler and members of his family were buried. Archaeologists discovered the mummy of an 8-9-year-old boy, apparently a son. But the body of the pharaoh himself could not be found. Perhaps he owned the mummified heel found here. Even in ancient times, it is believed that robbers entered the tomb, probably abducting its dead "owner" as well.

However, the version of the robbery does not seem so unambiguous. When examining the inner galleries, gold jewelry, porphyry bowls, clay and stone jugs and other valuables were found. Why didn't the thieves carry all this wealth? Historians were also interested in the seals affixed to small clay vessels. The name “Sekemhet” was written on them, translated as “mighty in body”. It clearly belonged to an unknown pharaoh of one of the powerful dynasties. Everything indicated that in ancient times the construction of another pyramid was started here, but for some reason it was not completed. They even found an empty sarcophagus, the internal state of which allowed us to conclude that no one was buried here ...

As for the pyramid of Djoser itself, the attraction has been well preserved to this day and is open to tourists. The entrance to it, as well as to other structures on the territory, is located on the north side. A tunnel equipped with columns leads inside. The northern temple, whose location on the ground is clear from the name itself, forms a single architectural ensemble with the pyramid. Funeral services were held in it and sacrifices were made in the name of the pharaoh.

Egyptian pyramids at Giza

The most famous among all the Egyptian pyramids are the so-called great pyramids, located in Giza - the third largest city in the modern Arab Republic of Egypt, with a population of almost 3 million people. The metropolis is located on the west bank of the Nile, about 20 km from Cairo and is actually a suburb of the capital.

The Great Pyramids of Giza are by far the most popular ancient monuments in the country. For many years, visiting them has become almost a ritual for tourists. Fly to Egypt and not see these majestic structures with your own eyes? This is unimaginable! Many travelers even consider this place spiritual, connected with the cosmos, and visiting here becomes akin to some kind of healing. Recent studies have shown that the builders of the necropolises pointed them surprisingly accurately to the belt of the constellation Orion, in which there is an as yet unrevealed meaning. It is also interesting that their faces are oriented to the sides of the sun, and this is done with the same accuracy.

The Egyptian pyramids at Giza are undoubtedly an extremely impressive sight. Their sandstone façades reflect the sunlight: pink in the morning, golden in the afternoon, and dark crimson at dusk. It is impossible not to marvel at the feat of engineering and organization that resulted in millions of stone blocks being transported from one place to another and stacked precisely on top of each other without power plants and lifting equipment.

The complex of the great pyramids is made up of the tombs of the three most ancient rulers - Cheops, Khafre and Mykerin. Unlike the previous "houses after life" (makabs), these necropolises are characterized by a strict pyramidal shape. Moreover, the first of them is the only one of the seven wonders of the world that have survived to this day.

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

You can talk about the pyramid of Cheops (or Khufu) for a long time and a lot, but in any case the story will be incomplete, because it continues to keep many unsolved secrets. One of them is the orientation to the North Pole exactly along the meridian: with its top, the monumental structure “looks” at the North Star. It is amazing how ancient architects could make such accurate calculations without modern astronomical instruments. This accuracy has even less error than the famous Paris Observatory.

Cheops, the second pharaoh of the fourth dynasty of Ancient Egypt, who reigned for 27 years, has the glory of a cruel and despotic ruler. He literally exhausted the resources of his kingdom, directing them to the construction of the pyramid. He was also merciless to his people, forcing them to overwork on the construction of his posthumous "dwelling". great pyramid was built in three stages, as evidenced by the corresponding number of chambers. The first, its area is 8 by 14 meters, was carved deep into the rock, the second (5.7 x 5.2 m) - under the top of the pyramid. The third chamber - it is the only one of them completed - and became the tomb of the pharaoh. Special mention should be made of her. It stretches 10.4 m from west to east, and 5.2 m from south to north. Granite slabs, with which the room is lined, fit perfectly to each other. Nine monolithic blocks form the ceiling, their total weight is 400 tons.

Each cell has its own “hallway” connected to adjacent shaft corridors. At first, the entrance to the tomb was located on the north side and was located above the base at a height of 25 meters. Currently, you can enter the pyramid from another place, and this entrance is not so high. The builders could hardly have imagined that after several thousand years their brainchild would become a tourist attraction, so the 40-meter corridor was made not only narrow, but also low. Numerous tourists have to overcome it by crouching. The corridor ends with a wooden staircase. It leads to the same low room, which is the center of the entire necropolis.

The height of the pyramid of Cheops is more than 146 meters - this is the "growth" of a 50-story skyscraper. After the Great Wall of China, it is she who is the largest structure ever erected in all of human history. The attraction is not in "loneliness", there are several other buildings around it. Of these, only three companion pyramids and the ruins of the mortuary temple have survived to this day. Obviously, no less effort was made to build them. According to the most common version, the companion pyramids were intended for the wives of the ruler.

Pyramid of Khafre (Khafra)

A pharaoh named Khafre was either the son or brother of Cheops and reigned after him. His pyramid, located nearby, is somewhat smaller, however, at first glance, it is perceived as more significant. And all because it stands on some elevation. The pyramid of Khafre was found during archaeological excavations in 1860. The tomb of this ancient Egyptian ruler is “protected” by the famous Sphinx, which looks like a lion lying on the sand, whose face may have been given the features of Khafre himself. Being the oldest of the monumental sculptures preserved on our planet (its length is 72 m, height is 20 m), it is interesting in itself. Egyptologists tend to think that the tombs of the two pharaohs, together with the sphinx, represent a single burial complex. Slaves, it is believed, were not involved in the construction of this pyramid: free workers were hired for this purpose ...

Top of Khafre's pyramid

Pyramid of Menkaure (Menkaure)

And finally, the pyramid of Menkaure is the third in the complex of great monuments of Giza. Also known as the Pyramid of Menkaure, it bears the name of the fifth pharaoh of the fourth ancient Egyptian dynasty. Little is known about this ruler - only that he was the son of Cheops (at least, the ancient Greek historian Herodotus claimed so). This necropolis is called the "younger brother" of the two aforementioned tombs: it was built later than the others and the lowest of them, its height is slightly more than 65 meters. Such a modest size testifies to the decline of the ancient kingdom, the lack of resources necessary for the construction.

However, the monumentality of the structure as such did not suffer from this. For example, the weight of one of the blocks used in the construction of the mortuary temple exceeds 200 tons, which makes it the heaviest on the Giza plateau. Just imagine what inhuman efforts had to be made to put this colossus in place. And the majestic statue of the pharaoh himself, seated inside the temple! It is one of the largest sculptures embodying that mysterious era ... The destruction of the entire historical and architectural complex in Giza, conceived by Sultan al-Malik al-Aziz, who ruled at the end of the 12th century, could begin from the pyramid of Mikerin, as the smallest. The dismantling of the necropolis lasted about a year, but the practical result was minimal. The Sultan was eventually forced to turn them off, because his, frankly, stupid and unjustified undertaking entailed exorbitant costs.

Sphinx

At the base of the sacred causeway that once connected the pyramid of Khafre with the Nile, there is the Sphinx - a mysterious sculpture with the head of Khafre attached to a lion's body. In Egyptian mythology, sphinxes were guardian deities, and this sculpture is a protective monument 73 m long and 20 m high. After the death of the pharaoh, the body of the Sphinx was gradually covered with desert sands. Thutmose IV believed that the statue addressed him and said that he would become pharaoh if he cleared the sand, which he hastened to do. Since then, the ancient Egyptians believed that the monument had prophetic powers.

Solar Boat Museum

Behind the pyramid of Cheops is the Museum of the Solar Boat, which houses a beautifully restored cedar boat, on which the body of the dead pharaoh was transported from the east to the west bank of the Nile.

Useful information for tourists

The Great Pyramid Complex of Giza is open to the public from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm daily. The exceptions are the winter months (opening hours until 16:30) and the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, when access closes at 15:00.

Some travelers believe that if the pyramids are located in the open air and are not a museum in the truest sense of the word, then here you can feel free to climb and climb these structures. Remember: it is strictly forbidden to do this - in the interests of your own safety!

Before agreeing to enter the pyramids, objectively assess your psychological state and physical health. Persons who have a fear of closed spaces (claustrophobia) should skip this part of the tour. Due to the fact that inside the tombs it is usually dry, hot and a little dusty, it is not recommended to enter here for asthmatics, hypertensive patients and those suffering from other diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous system.

How much will a tourist visit the Egyptian pyramids area? Cost has several components. The entrance ticket to it will cost you 60 Egyptian pounds, which is equivalent to about 8 euros. Would you like to visit the pyramid of Cheops? For this you will have to pay 100 pounds or 13 euros. Inspection from the inside of the Khafre pyramid is much cheaper - 20 pounds or 2.60 euros.

A visit to the Solar Boat Museum, which is located south of the Cheops Pyramid (40 pounds or 5 euros), is also paid separately. Taking pictures in the pyramid zone is allowed, but for the right to take pictures you will have to pay 1 euro. Visiting other pyramids in Giza - for example, the mother and wife of Pharaoh Khafre - is not paid.

Many tourists admit that, after getting to know the main sights, they don’t want to leave this amazing place, literally saturated with the spirit of antiquity. In such cases, you can rent camels for leisurely walks. Their owners wait for clients right at the foot of the pyramids. They may overcharge for their services. Do not settle for it right away, bargain, and you will get a discount.

• The Pyramid of Cheops is the only surviving wonder of the world.
• The pyramids were built for two centuries and were built several at a time. Now, according to the studies of various scientists, their age is from 4 to 10 thousand years.
• In addition to the exact mathematical proportions, the pyramids have another feature in this area. The stone blocks are arranged in such a way that there are no gaps between them at all, even the thinnest blade will not fit through.
• Each side of the pyramid is located in the direction of one side of the world.
• The Pyramid of Cheops, the largest in the world, reaches a height of 146 meters, and its weight is more than six million tons.
• If you want to know how the Egyptian pyramids were built, you can learn interesting facts about the construction from the pyramids themselves. Construction scenes are depicted on the walls of the aisles. The sides of the pyramids are curved by one meter so that they can accumulate solar energy. Thanks to this, the pyramids could reach thousands of degrees and emit an incomprehensible rumble from such incandescence.
• For the pyramid of Cheops, a perfectly straight foundation was made, so the faces differ from each other by only five centimeters.
• The first pyramid built is dated 2670 BC. e. In appearance, it resembles several pyramids located next to each other. The architect created a type of masonry that helped achieve this effect.
• The pyramid of Cheops was created from 2.3 million blocks, perfectly even and matching each other.
• Structures similar to the Egyptian pyramids are also found in Sudan, where the tradition was later picked up.
• Archaeologists managed to find the village where the pyramid builders lived. A brewery and a bakery were discovered there.

Camels in front of the Pyramids of Giza

How to get there

Tourists from Russia and the CIS countries usually prefer to spend their holidays in Sharm el-Sheikh or Hurghada and often want to combine their holidays on magnificent beaches with a visit to the Giza pyramid complex. Since the resorts are far enough from the named city, you can only get there as part of an excursion group. If you go by bus, then you will have to spend from 6 to 8 hours on the way. By plane it will be faster: fly in just 60 minutes. It can also be reached by car with a driver. It is much more comfortable, but it will significantly hit the wallet.

In a more advantageous position are those who rest in Cairo, or stay in the Egyptian capital on a business trip. They can take the bus (routes nos. 900 and 997) or the subway (yellow line no. 2, exit at Giza station). Alternatively, you can call a taxi or catch one at Tahrir Square. The trip will cost more than public transport, but you will get there faster, in just half an hour. By the same car it will be possible to return and back, only you will have to pay a little more.

You can get to Giza from the capital by taking a bus in the New Cairo (aka Heliopolis) area, which follows one of two routes: No. 355 or No. 357. These comfortable vehicles, running every 20 minutes, are marked with the letters STA, on which they are easy to recognize. The final stop is just before the entrance to the pyramid zone, at the crossroads.

In the distant hot sands of Egypt, a man-made wonder of the world has been created, exciting the minds of researchers from different times. How many theories and hypotheses about their construction and purpose have already been expressed! The mysteries and mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids disturb not only scientists, but also ordinary people. How were such gigantic structures erected in antiquity? Involuntarily you begin to think about the intervention of extraterrestrial civilizations.

Who built the Egyptian pyramids

The Soviet occultist H. P. Blavatsky believes that the pyramids were built not 2500 BC, but 75 years earlier. And they were supposed to store the gene pool of humanity - the Atlanteans, who erected the pyramids.

Nostradamus also expressed his opinion that the people of Atlantis built the pyramids, but they did it not by mechanical influences on the blocks, but mentally acted on gravity.

Thanks to scientific research, we know about the voids under the pyramids, as well as under the Sphinx. Scientists launched a robot into the mines of the lower tier, but it did not go far - every now and then it ran into limestone doors.

Giant structures are literally riddled with mines, channels and voids along their entire length! And it has already been scientifically proven that all mines and canals were laid according to maps of the starry sky. A vertical channel runs along the axial line - supposedly for communication with the ancestors or the Universal mind.

There are also a large number of rooms that have nothing to do with the burial rite. During the excavations, lanterns of weak light were found - they were used in painting and arranging inside the pyramids.

The mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids are directly connected with Imhotep. His activities left an imprint on the entire history of Egypt - from 2630 BC. e. It is he who is the high priest and chief adviser to the pharaoh. It was he who created the project of the first pyramid of stone blocks. He was considered the god of medicine, architecture and philosophy.

Who actually built them? This question worries every person who is at least somewhat interested in the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Slave labor, primitive tools and less than 40 years of construction for each - and such a result ?! After all, they did not even have modern technology ...

And pyramids were built from stones mined in the Aswan quarries, which are located in the Macedonian mountains - tens of kilometers from Giza. The Egyptians indicated that they transported the stones along the Nile in boats, and then rolled them to the construction site. But the boats are light - they would easily sink from the weight of at least one such block. And even if the stones would roll, there would be a road and pieces breaking off from the blocks.

Date palms with very soft wood would not hold a single block, and there were not enough palms themselves to support such a large-scale construction.

The weight of the pyramid is 6500 billion tons. The construction took 2,300,000 stone blocks. Not only did the blocks have to be mined and delivered to the appointed place, they had to be dragged to a great height. According to scientists, it turned out that 20,000 workers, placing 10 monoliths each, would have spent 664 years to complete the construction of a giant structure. But it’s not realistic for a pharaoh to live a good six hundred years!

The frescoes of Khufu's pyramid depict figures very similar to airplanes, helicopters, ships and submarines. But how could the Egyptians know about such technologies? How was it possible to carve images so similar to modern technology? Here it remains only to shrug. So far, we don't know the answer.

There are less and less unsolved mysteries on our planet every year. The constant improvement of technology, the cooperation of scientists from various fields of science reveals to us the secrets and mysteries of history. But the secrets of the pyramids still defy understanding - all discoveries give scientists only tentative answers to many questions. Who built the Egyptian pyramids, what was the construction technology, whether there is a curse of the pharaohs - these and many other questions still remain without an exact answer.

Description of the Egyptian pyramids

Archaeologists talk about 118 pyramids in Egypt, partially or completely preserved to our time. Their age is from 4 to 10 thousand years. One of them - Cheops - is the only surviving "miracle" from the "Seven Wonders of the World". The complex called "The Great Pyramids of Giza", which includes and, was also considered as a participant in the New Seven Wonders of the World competition, but it was withdrawn from participation, since these majestic structures are actually the "wonder of the world" in the ancient list.

These pyramids have become the most visited sightseeing objects in Egypt. They are perfectly preserved, which cannot be said about many other structures - time did not spare them. Yes, and local residents contributed to the destruction of the majestic necropolises, removing the lining and breaking out stones from the walls to build their houses.

The Egyptian pyramids were built by pharaohs ruling from the 27th century BC. e. and later. They were intended for the repose of the rulers. The huge scale of the tombs (some up to almost 150 m high) should have testified to the greatness of the buried pharaohs, things that the ruler loved during his lifetime and which would be useful to him in the afterlife were also placed here.

For the construction, stone blocks of various sizes were used, which were hollowed out of the rocks, and later brick began to serve as the material for the walls. Stone blocks were turned and adjusted so that a knife blade could not slip between them. Blocks were stacked on top of each other with an offset of several centimeters, which formed a stepped surface of the structure. Almost all Egyptian pyramids have a square base, the sides of which are oriented strictly to the cardinal points.

Since the pyramids performed the same function, that is, they served as the burial place of the pharaohs, their structure and decoration are similar inside. The main component is the burial hall, where the ruler's sarcophagus was installed. The entrance was arranged not at ground level, but several meters higher, and was masked by facing slabs. Stairs and corridors led from the entrance to the inner hall, which sometimes narrowed so much that they could only be walked on squatting or crawling.

In most necropolises, burial chambers (chambers) are below ground level. Ventilation was carried out through narrow shaft-channels, which penetrated the walls. Rock paintings and ancient religious texts are found on the walls of many pyramids - in fact, scientists draw some of the information about the construction and owners of the burials from them.

The main mysteries of the pyramids

The list of unsolved mysteries begins with the shape of necropolises. Why was the shape of the pyramid chosen, which is translated from Greek as “polyhedron”? Why were the edges located clearly on the cardinal points? How did the huge stone blocks move from the place of development and how were they raised to a great height? Were the buildings erected by aliens or people who own a magic crystal?

Scientists even argue over the question of who built such tall monumental structures that stood for millennia. Some believe they were built by slaves who died in the hundreds of thousands building each. However, new discoveries of archaeologists and anthropologists convince us that the builders were free people who received good food and medical care. They made such conclusions based on the composition of the bones, the structure of the skeletons and the healed injuries of the buried builders.

All cases of death and death of people involved in the study of the Egyptian pyramids were attributed to mystical coincidences, which provoked rumors and talk about the curse of the pharaohs. There is no scientific evidence for this. Perhaps the rumors were spread to scare off thieves and marauders who want to find valuables and jewelry in the graves.

To the mysterious interesting facts can be attributed to the short time frame for the construction of the Egyptian pyramids. According to calculations, large necropolises with that level of technology should have been erected in at least a century. How, for example, was the pyramid of Cheops built in just 20 years?

Great Pyramids

This is the name of the burial complex near the city of Giza, consisting of three large pyramids, a huge statue of the Sphinx and small satellite pyramids, probably intended for the wives of the rulers.

The initial height of the pyramid of Cheops was 146 m, the length of the side was 230 m. It was built in 20 years in the 26th century BC. e. The largest of Egyptian landmarks has not one, but three funerary halls. One of them is below ground level, and two are above the base line. Intertwining corridors lead to the burial chambers. On them you can go to the chamber of the pharaoh (king), to the chamber of the queen and to the lower hall. The chamber of the pharaoh is a chamber made of pink granite, has dimensions of 10x5 m. A granite sarcophagus without a lid is installed in it. Not a single report of scientists contained information about the mummies found, so it is not known whether Cheops was buried here. By the way, the mummy of Cheops was not found in other tombs either.

It still remains a mystery whether the Cheops pyramid was used for its intended purpose, and if so, then apparently it was plundered by looters in the past centuries. The name of the ruler, by whose order and project this tomb was built, was learned from the drawings and hieroglyphs above the burial chamber. All other Egyptian pyramids, with the exception of Djoser, have a simpler engineering device.

Two other necropolises in Giza, built for the heirs of Cheops, are somewhat more modest in size:

Tourists travel to Giza from all over Egypt, because this city is actually a suburb of Cairo, and all transport interchanges lead to it. Travelers from Russia usually go to Giza as part of excursion groups from Sharm el-Sheikh and Hurghada. The trip is long, 6-8 hours one way, so the tour is usually designed for 2 days.

The great buildings are available for visiting only during working hours, usually until 17:00, in the month of Ramadan - until 15:00. It is not recommended to enter inside for asthmatics, as well as for people suffering from claustrophobia, nervous and cardiovascular diseases. Be sure to take drinking water and hats with you on the tour. The tour fee consists of several parts:

1. Entrance to the complex.
2. Entrance inside the pyramid of Cheops or Khafre.
3. Entrance to the Museum of the Solar boat, on which the body of the pharaoh was transported across the Nile.

Against the backdrop of the Egyptian pyramids, many people like to take photos while sitting on camels. You can bargain with camel owners.

Pyramid of Djoser

The first pyramid in the world is located in Saqqara, not far from Memphis, the former capital of Ancient Egypt. Today, the pyramid of Djoser is not as attractive to tourists as the Cheops necropolis, but at one time it was the largest in the country and the most complex in terms of engineering.

The burial complex included chapels, courtyards, and storage facilities. The six-step pyramid itself does not have a square base, but a rectangular one, with sides of 125x110 m. The height of the structure itself is 60 m, inside it there are 12 burial chambers, where Djoser himself and members of his family were supposedly buried. The mummy of the pharaoh was not found during the excavations. The entire territory of the complex of 15 hectares was surrounded by a stone wall 10 m high. Currently, part of the wall and other buildings have been restored, and the pyramid, whose age is approaching 4700 years, has been preserved quite well.

3-04-2017, 11:17 |

The Egyptian pyramids are those wonders of the world that have riveted the attention of man for many centuries. Mysterious structures, the construction of which no one can explain exactly. One of the more interesting is the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids.

It is known that Napoleon in the XVIII century. not yet being the emperor of France wanted to visit inside. He was attracted during the Egyptian campaign by mystical tales. He stayed inside for about 20 minutes. And then he went out very puzzled and even a little scared, silently, with difficulty, sitting on his horse, he returned to his headquarters. However, until now no one knows what struck Napoleon then, he took this secret with him.

And for a long time now, scientists, Egyptologists and simple daredevils have been trying to understand the main function. But even now the pyramids are a big mystery that our ancestors left us. No one can say how they were built and what they were intended for.

Mystery of the Pyramids of Ancient Egypt

Over the past 20-30 years, interest in the pyramids of Egypt has greatly increased. But it is still not known exactly what their purpose was. There were a lot of Egyptologists who did not see only the tombs of the pharaohs in the pyramids. On the contrary, many scientists put forward other versions, and some of them are able to change the idea of ​​modern man about ancient civilizations. remain a great mystery to man, it is very difficult to imagine that such structures were built just to bury the pharaoh. Their construction was already very grandiose, and a lot of effort was expended.

One of the Arab historians who lived in the XIV century. wrote about the pyramid of Cheops. In his opinion, it was built by order of the mythical sage Hermes Trismegistus. He ordered the construction of 30 treasure vaults, which were filled with jewels and various tools. Another Arab traveler who lived in the same century claimed that the pyramids were erected before the flood. They were built to store books and other valuable items.

In ancient Egypt, powerful pharaohs ruled, crowds of slaves were in their submission. Pharaohs Khufu, Khafra and Menkaur are known as the most important. But the problem is that in these three pyramids there is no confirmation in the form of hieroglyphic inscriptions or mummies indicating that these are their pyramids.

On September 17, 2002, a message appeared in the media that several researchers intend to visit the cache, which was discovered in. They were going to do this with the help of a special robot. It was equipped with a camera. Everyone was waiting for the secret of the pyramid to be revealed. But disappointment awaited all x, it was not possible to penetrate far. It has to do with the design of the pyramids. After some stage of construction, it is no longer possible to enter some rooms.

The secret of the inner contents of the pyramids

In 1872, the British scientist Dixon tapped one of the chambers, the so-called queen's chamber. When tapping, he found voids, then with a pick he destroyed the thin wall of the cladding. He managed to find two holes of equal size, 20 cm each. Dixon and his associates decided that these were adits for ventilation.

Already in 1986, French specialists used a special apparatus and, with the help of technology, they also discovered cavities that were thicker than other stone masonry. Then specialists from Japan used special modern electronic devices. They enlightened the whole and the rest of the area to the Sphinx. Studies have shown many voids in the form of labyrinths, but it was not possible to get there. And those rooms that scientists could explore did not give results. No mummy was found there, or even any remnants of material culture.

So the question arises - where did all the contents go - a sarcophagus or jewelry. Maybe the Egyptologists correctly put forward the version that after a few centuries robbers visited the pyramid and took everything with them. But now many people think that the tombs were empty from the beginning, even before the entrance to it was walled up.

The Caliph's Entry into the Egyptian Pyramid

In proof of the theory that it was initially empty, one historical fact can be cited. In IX, Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun with his detachment penetrated into. When they got inside the king's chamber, they were supposed to find treasures there, which, according to legend, were buried with the pharaoh. But nothing was found there. Everything seemed to have been cleaned up, clean walls and floors and empty sarcophagi appeared before the caliph.

This applies not only to these pyramids in Giza, but to all built by the III and IV dynasties. In these pyramids, neither the body of the pharaoh, nor any signs of burial were ever found. Some didn't even have sarcophagi. This is also another secret.

In Saqqara, a stepped one was opened in 1954. It contained a sarcophagus. When scientists found it, it was still sealed, which means that the robbers were not there. So in the end it was empty. There is a hypothesis that the pyramids are a special place that was sacralized. There is an opinion that a person entered one of the chambers of the pyramid, and then came out already deified. However, this does not seem like a rational assumption. Most of all, faith is caused by the assumption that Mamun found maps in the pyramid that were compiled by representatives of a highly developed civilization.

This can be confirmed by the following event. After returning from Egypt, the caliph creates maps of the earth's surface and the most accurate catalog of stars for that period of time - the Damascus Tables. Based on this, it can be assumed that some secret knowledge was stored in the bowels of the pyramid, which later ended up in the hands of Mamun. He takes them with him to Bogdad.

An Alternative Approach to the Study of the Egyptian Pyramids

There is another approach to studying the mystery of the pyramids. According to geologists' research, a pyramid is a clot of specific pyramidal energy. Due to its shape, the pyramid can store this energy. Such research is still quite young, but many people are engaged in it. Such studies have been carried out only since the 1960s. There are even facts allegedly that the razor blades that were inside the pyramid became sharp again for some time.

It is believed that the pyramid has become a place for processing energy into another more convenient energy. Then it was used for some other things.

This theory goes far beyond the boundaries of official science. However, it still exists and it has its followers. Different scientists are trying to discover the secrets of these structures in different ways. Many ambiguities remain. Even elementary - how such massive structures have been preserved for thousands of years. Their construction looks so reliable that it forces many to think about the secret meaning of the pyramids.

It is already a proven fact that most of the buildings of other ancient civilizations have long since collapsed. Archaeologists are making great efforts to find them and somehow restore them. But only the top lining fell off the pyramids. The rest of their design symbolizes reliability.

The secret of the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.

Since the 19th century many Egyptologists study the structure of the pyramids. And they came to amazing conclusions. No one can reveal the secret of the construction of Egyptian tombs. However, it has been proven that the size of the plates is matched to the nearest millimeter. Each plate has the same size as the previous one. And the joints between them are so correctly made that it does not allow even a blade to be inserted there. It's just incredible. How the inhabitants of that distant time could build so correctly, without having any technical innovations.

The width between granite blocks is calculated as 0.5 mm. This is ingenious and incomprehensible. This is the accuracy that modern instruments have. But this is by no means the only secret in construction. Still striking are the right angles and the exact symmetry between the four sides. But an even more important mystery is who nevertheless brought several stone blocks to such a great height. The main version is that they built the pyramids. But there is a problem with the evidence base. Some nuances do not fit into this version. It is not clear how, with those technical and mechanical solutions, it was possible to build such massive structures.

The secret of the construction technology of the Egyptian pyramids

Assumptions are made that simply a modern person does not even know what construction technologies were used. But it is impossible to build what has been built without modern jacks and other tools.

Sometimes versions are put forward that are simply absurd at first glance - what kind of technologies were they, maybe they were brought here by some alien civilizations. Even with all the achievements of modern man, it would be difficult for a crane to repeat such construction. This could be done, but the construction itself was difficult. And here is another mystery that the pyramids carry with them.

Those pyramids that are located in Giza also contain the Sphinx and the Valleys, and here's another secret for you. During their construction, slabs weighing almost 200 tons were used. And here it becomes unclear how the blocks were moved to the right place. Yes, and 200 tons is not the limit of the Egyptians. In Egypt there are architectural structures weighing 800 tons.

It is also interesting that no even hints were found around the complex that such blocks were dragged from somewhere or moved to the construction site. Nothing found. Hence the assumption about the levitation technique is put forward. Based on the myths and traditions of the ancient peoples, you can extract a lot of useful information in this regard. Some of them directly or indirectly indicate the existence of such a technique. You can even spot images that look like a tank or a helicopter. In principle, for those who adhere to an alternative version of the construction of the pyramids, such a theory explains a lot.

Egyptian pyramids and mysteries around them

Of course, even alternative versions, if we are to be objective, cannot be discounted. Every scientist or ordinary person can go and see for himself what kind of structures these are. It immediately becomes clear that this is not a primitive construction of some kind of slaves. This is not even construction exclusively by hand. If you follow the logic, then there must be some unknown construction system, and again not a simple one. An example is the construction of massive and reliable structures using special technologies that have not yet been disclosed by modern researchers.

Now there are about three dozen different hypotheses that are trying to uncover the secrets of the pyramids. Most Egyptologists are of the opinion about the use of inclined planes, but still historians are not architects. But they then put forward other versions. They accurately determined that in order to lay an inclined plane to, then an inscription with a length of more than 1.5 km would be needed. Moreover, the volume of the inscription itself would be three times the volume of the pyramid itself. There is also the question of what to build. It would be impossible to build with simple soil, as they would begin to settle over time and under the weight of the blocks.

Another mystery is what tools were used to build the blocks. Yes, and generally built as a whole. One way or another, now it is impossible to adhere to an unambiguous version in this matter. There are many mysteries still inaccessible to man. Here were given both rational versions and, for some, absurd ones. However, there are such versions, and history is an objective thing. And so such alternative versions also have the right to exist.

The mystery of the Egyptian pyramids video

Everyone knows about the Egyptian pyramids. And everyone is familiar with the official version of their origin: the pyramids were built at the cost of exploiting thousands of slaves. But, there have always been skeptics who questioned this version. In a sense, illiterate slaves could not build such grandiose objects. Then who? When there are no convincing hypotheses, fantasy comes into play. The authors of the pyramids were considered either the inhabitants of Atlantis or aliens. But many, having heard about these versions, preferred to continue to believe in slaves and pharaohs. But...

First, about the priamides themselves. The following features of the pyramids are known:

Mathematical- the ratio of their geometric elements includes the "golden section" (the ratio between the apothem of the side face and half the length of the base of the pyramid of Cheops), the number "pi" (the perimeter of the base is equal to the length of the circle, the radius of which is equal to the height of the pyramid of Cheops) and trigonometric features, possibly the following from the constructions used (the tangent of the angle of inclination of the side face of the pyramid of Cheops is equal to the inverse sine of this angle (51 degrees 30 minutes)).

Astronomical- the orientation of the pyramids along the north-south line is made with an accuracy of up to 3 minutes of arc; there are moves oriented to some stars.

Geological- in addition to local material (limestone of rocks located a few hundred meters away), granite (presumably brought from Aswan, located 900 km upstream of the Nile) and basalt (origin unknown) were used.

Technological– during the construction, millions of limestone blocks with an average weight of 2.5 tons were used, slabs weighing more than 200 tons were repeatedly used, careful finishing of not only limestone, but also granite and basalt slabs; there are conical holes drilled in granite and basalt and corresponding cores (discovered at the end of the 19th century) with a groove with a step of 2 mm; the passages laid in the thickness of the pyramids are made along lines that deviate from a straight line by no more than 5 mm at a distance of about 80 m, the planes of the faces of the pyramids are made with great accuracy.

The questions are as follows:

Being very impressive structures, they have all of the above features that do not correspond to the ideas about the level of development of civilization of those times.

Neither the purpose of the pyramids themselves, nor the purpose of the premises and passages (taking into account their location and size) that are inside the pyramids, is unclear.

Despite the large amount of the cultural heritage of ancient Egypt, neither descriptions nor drawings related to the construction of the pyramids, as well as their images themselves, have been found. The Egyptians did not build pyramids, but only used structures that existed before them.

USED ​​MIRACLE

What kind of civilization is this?

Slabs of black basalt, used in the construction of some Egyptian pyramids and temples, have retained traces of a circular saw, which the ancient Egyptians with their level of technological development (as it is commonly believed) could not have had. What about holes in granite? What kind of drills and drills were used in the time of the pharaohs? The pyramids themselves, apparently, stand on the site of some even more ancient semi-underground structures with incomprehensible functions: either shelters from natural disasters, or shelters in case of wars.

Is it possible that the Egyptian state arose on the basis of some pra-civilization. At the beginning of the III century BC. The historian Manetho lived in Egypt. In our time, he is known as the only ancient Egyptian author known to us who compiled a full-fledged historical work on the history of Ancient Egypt - the author of the book "History of Egypt"

Manetho left us a chronological list of the rulers of Egypt, including the first kingdom, when the gods ruled the country 10-12 thousand years ago. Perhaps we are talking about representatives of an unknown history ancient civilization(some researchers believe that we are talking about Atlantis)

Sphinx Egypt 1860

inventory stele

It is noteworthy that a century and a half ago, the so-called inventory stele was found in Egyptian Giza, which indicates that Pharaoh Cheops ordered the repair of the damaged statue of the Sphinx (according to the generally accepted version, it was built about 2.5 thousand years BC). It has traces of rain erosion. But it is known that Egypt has existed without heavy rains for at least eight thousand years. When the Egyptian authorities drew attention to this, they, frightened of something, ordered that the inventory stele be removed to the storeroom of the Cairo Museum, and they decided to urgently restore the surface of the Sphinx. Or to clean from traces of erosion? What are they hiding?

If you are still lucky enough to get to the Aswan quarries, then pay attention to the pits that go several meters deep. They are about half a meter in diameter, and there are many of them.

Interesting. A man, standing on his head, hammers the granite a few meters down, while polishing the walls of the channel. And all this for what? According to Egyptologists - in order to see the direction of the crack, which, by the way, is perfectly determined from the outside.

One conclusion can be drawn - the ancients had a tool that allowed them to work with granite as with foam plastic.

Two more interesting facts. The Pyramid of Cheops. It is based on a rock, about 10 meters high, but the base of this granite surface is 2 cm from the horizontal, with a side of an almost perfect square of 230 meters. The spread of the sides is no more than 10 cm. Also, the pyramid is almost perfectly oriented to the cardinal points. Positioning error 0.015%.

I work in the field of construction. Even in our time, with all these laser devices, it is almost impossible to achieve such accuracy. What tools did the pyramid builders use?

Another important detail was that the surface of the pyramids was covered with polished limestone, concave in the center. This coating was so brilliant that its reflected light could be seen from the Moon. By the way, the bending radius of the surfaces repeated the bending radius of the Earth's surface, and, therefore, was not visible up close. Later, an earthquake loosened the cladding, and the Arabs took away these stones to restore the mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo palaces and other things. The stones with which the pyramid was lined were joined with a gap of 0.5 mm with ideal right angles. Moreover, this micro-gap was also intended to be filled with glue, making them waterproof.

Again, in my opinion personal experience in construction, even today, when facing tiles are made in workshops with the help of machines, it is impossible to get perfectly flat tiles with exactly 90-degree angles. We buy slabs in Spain and Italy, because these slabs have the least error. And the Egyptians are perfect. How?

There is another, in my opinion, important point. The dating of the pyramids is determined by radiocarbon dating. And he is able to determine the age of only organic substances. That is, the age of the pyramids was determined by the remains of wood left by the ancients.

For example, the Sphinx was built during the time of Pharaoh Cheops, 2500 BC. But it is not a fact that they were the builders. 150 years ago, the so-called “Inventory Stele” was found in Giza, which I wrote about above, on which it was written that Cheops only ordered the Sphinx to be “restored”, and not built. Moreover, there is a theory that the Sphinx was so terrible that people could die of fear just by looking into its eyes. And, therefore, his face was altered to be more human.

Also, in the 90s, it was proved that the furrows on the body of the Sphinx are traces of rain erosion. But, as I have already noted, there has been no rain in Egypt for more than 8 thousand years. And the Sphinx is a much later building than the pyramids.

On the pyramids of the 6th dynasty, the blocks were 500 kg each. On the pyramids of the 4th dynasty, the blocks were from 2 to 50 tons.

The density of limestone is 2.63 - 2.73 g / cm3, I was on the pyramids and saw blocks 1.5x1.5x2m in size. If you count, then their weight is more than 12 tons.

I will allocate funds to you so that you hire as many people as you like, so that they, without a single support of machines, would raise this block to a height of at least twenty-five meters and install it there “butt to joint” with another of the same kind.

The pyramid, according to Herodotus, took 20 years to build. If we count all the blocks used in the construction, and there are 2.3 million of them, then by calculations we get that these workers put 315 blocks on top of each other per day, with an average weight of 5 tons each. This is about 13 blocks per hour. And this is about 4.5 lumps per minute. This is mathematics. What kind of workers are these?

Here's another riddle. How could workers move and process such massive stones?

If you examine the stones located along the perimeter of the pyramid of Cheops, you can find stones with cuts, like from a circular saw. Moreover, when cutting, grinding also occurs. This effect can only be achieved with a diamond-coated disk rotating at high speed. But the ancient Egyptians worked with copper saws, which simply can't do anything like that.

Obelisk with holes drilled into it

Also, not far from the place where tourists are led - Karnak - there is an obelisk on which holes are drilled. Perhaps for fixing something. Holes with a diameter of 1 cm were drilled to a depth of about 10 cm. Moreover, they were made at an angle of 10-20 degrees to the surface. I assure you that such a hole, even in very soft material, even today, is quite problematic to make - the drill will simply lead away. What kind of technology did the ancients use, that the cutting tool bit into granite like butter?

Also, traces of cutting with a circular saw can be found in the quarries in South Saqqara, although tourists are not allowed there. Why are they not allowed?

Cut marks on basalt

Note. The cut marks on the basalt are clear and parallel. The quality of this work shows that the cuts were made with a perfectly stable blade, without any signs of the initial "yaw" of the blade. It seems that sawing basalt in ancient Egypt was not a very laborious task, because the craftsmen easily allowed themselves to leave extra, “fitting” marks on the rock, which, if manually cut, would be an excessive waste of time and effort. Such "fitting" cuts are not the only ones here, several similar marks from a stable and easily cutting tool can be found within a radius of 10 meters from this place. Along with horizontal, there are also vertical parallel furrows.

Drilled channels

Another interesting detail is the use in ancient Egypt of such technology as drilling. Drilled channels in various products of Ancient Egypt vary from 0.63 cm to 45 cm in diameter. The smallest hole made in granite is about 5 cm in diameter. The granite product shown in the photo, drilled with a tubular drill, was exhibited in the Cairo Museum without any accompanying information, and the guides themselves did not have any information. The photograph clearly shows circular spiral grooves in the open areas of the product, which are absolutely identical to each other. The characteristic "rotational" pattern of these channels seems to confirm observations about the method of removing a piece of granite by first drilling a kind of "chain" of holes.

However, if you look closely at the ancient Egyptian artifacts, it becomes clear that drilling holes in stones, even the hardest rocks, did not constitute any serious problem for the Egyptians. In the following photographs you can see the channels, presumably made by tubular drilling.

Most of the granite doorways in the Valley Temple, located near the Sphinx, clearly show bore holes. During the construction of the temple, the holes were apparently used to fasten door hinges when hanging doors.

In the following pictures you can see something even more impressive - a channel with a diameter of about 18 cm, obtained in granite using a tubular drill. The thickness of the cutting edge of the tool is amazing. It is unbelievable that this was copper - given the thickness of the end wall of the tubular drill and the expected force on its working edge, this should be an alloy of incredible strength (the picture shows one of the channels that opened when a granite block was split in Karnak)

Probably, purely theoretically, in the very presence of holes of this type there is nothing incredibly incredible, which could not have been obtained by the ancient Egyptians with great desire. However, drilling holes in granite is a very difficult task. Tube drilling is a fairly specialized technique that will not evolve without the real need to have large diameter holes in hard rock. These holes demonstrate a high level of technology developed by the Egyptians, apparently not for “hanging doors”, but already quite developed and advanced by that time, a level that would require at least several centuries for its development and preliminary experience in application.

Several arguments of the supporters of the "concrete pyramids" version.

The hypothesis about the concrete used in the construction of the pyramids was first put forward in the late 1970s by French (or Swiss, information differs) scientists. Various experts have been testing their concept. Using X-rays, electron microscopes, and a plasma torch, they found traces of a "fast chemical reaction that prevented natural crystallization." For natural stones, such a phenomenon is inexplicable, but it confirms the artificial origin of limestone blocks. The Frenchman, in turn, successfully tested the manufacture of concrete structures from limestone: at the Institute of Geopolymers in Saint-Quentin, he managed to make and dry a large block using hypothetical Egyptian technology in ten days.

But, opponents of the Frenchman's theory, those same experts, argue that the ancient Egyptians needed gigantic amounts of chalk and coal to make concrete. The remains of chalk and coal were not found near the pyramids. In addition, there is no evidence of the use of molds for casting blocks.

Perhaps concrete slabs, but there are traces anyway. Whatever one may say, be it the technology of "granite" concrete or milling cutters, the Egyptians were not as simple as their official history describes.

And then, the fact that the Egyptians used concrete does not mean that the pyramids were entirely built from it. “It was used (that is, not everywhere) at the upper levels of structures,” but on the lower levels, all the same blocks of limestone. Can't geologists tell limestone from concrete?

Many believe that the Egyptians only restored the pyramids, and they were built before them, and then “limestone concrete” could be used.

Let's sum up a little, according to the above arguments:

1. There are two types of pyramids on the Giza plateau: some (the pyramids of Cheops, Khafre, Mykerin, etc.) are made of large blocks of granite and limestone (2.5-70 tons) and reach enormous sizes; others - "small" pyramids are ten times smaller than the first ones and the material for them was small blocks of limestone (hardness lower than that of granite), or they were generally made of clay bricks. Moreover, the former were built (according to historians) in a very short period, during the Fourth Dynasty (75% of the volume of all pyramids), while the latter were built later and have already turned into ruins. Question: for several centuries, the Egyptians lost all their building skills?
2. There are several pyramids having the base and bottom rows of the first, but otherwise built like the second.
3. Copper tools are stored in the Cairo Museum, but technologists deny the possibility of building pyramids using only these tools, given the volume, timing, complexity and accuracy of the work.
4. On some blocks there are traces of machine processing, i.e. drill and cutter marks.
5. Sarcophagi and blocks of pyramids are made with jewelry precision. Maybe the Egyptians were like the Swiss obsessed with accuracy and quality? But why is it for the construction of alleged graves?

Based on these data, several assumptions:

1. Egyptian civilization came from outside when many of the pyramids were already built. The Egyptians only restored the pyramids. “He will replace you with another people who will not resemble you!” (Quran, 47:38)
2. Prior to the Fourth Dynasty, the Egyptians did not use existing pyramids. Having misunderstood the definition of "Gate to the kingdom of the dead", and the purpose of the sarcophagi, the pharaohs ordered to bury them in the pyramids.
3. Perhaps the first, or one of the first, this tradition was started by Khufu, because. his relatives "own" a small number of large pyramids.
4. The Egyptian texts mention the "construction" of these pyramids, but this word is also translated as "restoration".
5. The tradition was continued, the pharaohs were dying, and the "tombs" became scarce. At first, dilapidated pyramids were restored (by primitive methods and primitive materials), and when they ended, the last pharaohs had to be buried in primitive pyramids made of clay bricks, the Egyptians were not capable of more at that moment.
6. Since subsequently no mummies were found directly inside the pyramids, the version with the “grave” disappears. Then what are these structures for?

Questions may arise, they say, “Where did these tools go? Is there really nothing left of civilizations except the pyramids? A more appropriate question would be “Where did the devices (machines) that rotated these tools go. There are several hypotheses about their absence:

Firstly, the size of, say, a drill, even a large one, is incomparable with the size of the pyramid, and you can look for it like a needle in a haystack. Secondly, under the pyramids, and under the entire Giza plateau, there is a network of underground passages and caves, where no human foot has yet set foot. Third. Nothing is known for sure about the age of the pyramids, and it can be very significant. Since their construction, a number of cataclysms could have happened, including the biblical flood or tsunami, which could simply wash away all evidence of someone's existence and destroy some of the pyramids. Fourthly, it was not necessarily a drill or a milling cutter, it is possible that other technologies unknown to us were used.

But there is a lot of evidence of the use of these technologies, there are enough of them in the Cairo Museum. Here are just a few of them.

The lower part of this granite vase is worked with such precision that the entire vase (approximately 23 cm in diameter, hollow inside and with a narrow neck), when placed on a glass surface, after rocking, assumes an absolutely vertical position along the axial line. At the same time, the area of ​​​​contact with the glass of its surface is not larger than that of a chicken egg. A necessary condition for such an accurate

balancing - a hollow stone ball must have a perfectly even, uniform wall thickness (with such a tiny base area - less than 3.8 mm2 - any asymmetry in such a dense material as granite would lead to a deviation of the vase from the vertical axis).

Also exhibited in the Cairo Museum is a rather large (60 cm in diameter or more) original product made of slate. It resembles a large vase with a cylindrical center 5–7 cm in diameter, with an external thin rim and three plates evenly spaced along the perimeter and bent towards the center. What it is and how it could be used is not specified. Guides do not have information. In the museum itself there is a whole hall with such incomprehensible products.

Why did the Egyptians degrade?

It is clear to anyone who visits the area of ​​the pyramids that after the Fourth Dynasty there was a sharp decline in the construction of pyramids. The pharaohs of the Fifth Dynasty built five relatively small pyramids at Abusir, about nine kilometers from Giza, and two smaller pyramids at Saqqara, not far from the Step Pyramid of Djoser. All of them were built rather ingenuously, and their inner part collapsed, which is not the case in the pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty that preceded it. All the pyramids of the Fifth Dynasty at the present time are just a heap of stone blocks. During the Sixth Dynasty, four small pyramids were erected at Saqqara, all about 53 meters high, but they are now even more deplorable. This was the end of the actual “epoch”.

The photographs show that the cladding blocks were leveled after laying. Plus, the surface of the raw blocks is not like what is mined in a quarry, it is smoothed.
And this is a core from the Cairo Museum. We cut these out in concrete for testing at construction sites. With the help of German and Japanese machines. How did the Egyptians carve it? Here is another strange tool. Core in a core. During the construction of the Burj al Arab, these were used to fasten the iron parts of the frame. Iron expands from heat and gives an error of 5 cm. To prevent damage to the structure, such pins were used at the ligament points.

Plate or crucible with curved edges made of gneiss

Plate or crucible with curved edges made of gneiss (almost granite). Wall thickness 2 mm. I don't think it's likely that it was made to look like this. It looks more like the edges are curled. About the purpose - most likely it is a crucible for melting reagents.

Quote from Vimanika Shastra:
“To melt these types of metals, crucibles of various classes are used. There are said to be 40 varieties of crucibles of the second group alone. Of all these crucibles, the crucible number 5 is prescribed for melting base metals, known by the name of antarmukha (the edges of the hole of which are bent inward).

Something else about the Egyptian pyramids.

Some pyramids of different dynasties were built of unbaked bricks and poorly processed stones laid in mortar, and on the lower levels they have high-quality masonry of megalithic blocks. These two completely different technologies, applied in one place, allow us to judge that these pyramids were built on the ruins of more ancient structures.

This feature is found in the "cult" buildings of different civilizations around the world. Teotihuacan, Bolivia, Peru, Greece, Ethiopia - this is far from full list such places. The structures themselves were built by the natives from small stones or bricks laid on mortar and are a pitiful sight. But if you go inside, then we will see quite massive blocks with right angles and high quality processing.

Usually massive blocks of 20-100 tons can be found in the lower tiers of the building, in the foundation and underground part. What is more characteristic of such places is that fragments of stelae, blocks of the same quality, are lying around, but the natives could not even clear the space from them.

Here is one such example - the tombs of Aksum (Ethiopia). The above-ground part is made of small stones, and the underground part is made of granite blocks. Moreover, the technology of their laying is more typical for Central America than for this region.

WHERE HAS THE SKILL OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS GONE?

Tomb of Seti II. For some reason, the sarcophagus is turned upside down and placed over a small pit, without even covering it completely. With all its parameters, it literally demonstrates with its own eyes the real possibilities of the Egyptians of the period even of the New Kingdom in the processing of hard rocks of stone. Although they tried for the pharaoh, they could not jump above their heads.

Serapeum (Saqqara). The inscriptions on the outer sides of the "sarcophagus" contrast sharply in quality with the granite box itself. Granite is carefully polished, the planes are perfectly aligned, and the inscriptions are simply scratched carelessly. And it is easy to notice curved lines instead of straight lines, as well as the absence of an elementary parallelism of the scratched elements of the drawing, both among themselves and relative to the edges of the granite box. It is quite obvious that the level of skill of those who applied the inscriptions absolutely does not correspond to the level of skill of the manufacturers of the granite "box" itself. But it is precisely according to these inscriptions that the Serapeum is dated!