Story. Secrets of Sokolniki: from Sailor's Silence to the Ekaterininsky Dollar House Sokolniki town stories mentions

Sokolniki Park, on the territory of which the Congress and Exhibition Center of the same name is located, has long been considered a cult vacation spot for Muscovites and guests of the capital. Back in the 15th century, there were protected groves here intended for royal falconry. Tsars Ivan the Terrible and Alexei Mikhailovich, Emperor Peter I loved to spend time in Sokolniki. At the end of the 19th century, a park was founded here, which later became one of the most famous in Moscow.

Sokolniki has become a real home for many legendary personalities. The great opera singer Fyodor Chaliapin, the famous artists Alexey Savrasov and Isaac Levitan, who dedicated their work to Sokolniki, drew inspiration here. By the way, Levitan’s painting “Autumn Day. Sokolniki" is the property of the State Tretyakov Gallery.

In 1935, the Sokolniki metro station was opened, providing high-speed communication with the center of the capital. Everyone remembers the famous “Song of the Old Cabby” performed by Leonid Utesov about the events of that time.

In 1959, the first American national exhibition “USA Industrial Products” took place in the heart of Moscow’s Sokolniki Park. For the first time, Soviet citizens were able to see with their own eyes Ford and General Motors cars, household appliances, clothing, and cosmetics from overseas. Undoubtedly, one of the most high-profile events of the exhibition was Nikita Khrushchev’s tasting of Pepsi-Cola. It was then that the legendary “kitchen debate” between Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev took place in Pavilion No. 2. Over two weeks, the exhibition was visited by more than a million people.

American National Exhibition "USA Industrial Products"

The exhibition gave impetus to the emergence of the modern tradition of specialized exhibitions. This was the beginning of Sokolniki’s large exhibition activities, which are still developing today. We can say that the history of exhibition activities in the USSR in its modern understanding began precisely in Sokolniki.

In the early 1960s, construction of new exhibition pavilions began in Sokolniki Park. These were lightweight, one-story buildings with a steel frame. The first years of the exhibition took place only in the summer, since the buildings were not heated. The exposition of the international exhibition "Interorgtehnika" in 1966 was located in 20 pavilions on an area of ​​50 thousand sq.m. The pavilions were installed in different parts of the park depending on the needs of a particular project. During its heyday, Sokolniki had 22 pavilions. The largest total (closed and open) exhibition area, reaching 65 thousand square meters. m, was at the exhibition “Chemistry-70”.

For many years, Sokolniki became the only international exhibition venue in the USSR. Between 1959 and 1976, Sokolniki hosted 56 national and international exhibitions, the largest of which were in printing, chemistry, mechanical engineering, the automotive industry and geodesy. During this time, the exhibition pavilions were visited by 19 million people. This figure is twice the population of Moscow in those years. The American National Exhibition (1959) attracted more than one million visitors, the French National Exhibition (1961) about 1.8 million. Specialized industrial exhibitions were of no less interest. For example, the exhibition “Chemistry - 1965” was visited by 1.5 million people. The exposition of all these shows was located, among other things, in two pavilions left by the Americans after the 1959 exhibition.

French National Exhibition

The exhibition complex in Sokolniki was preserved and survived the difficult years for the country's economy in the 90s. In March 1990, a new company emerged - the Sokolniki Cultural and Exhibition Center. The year 2003 was a turning point for the exhibition company: the multifunctional exhibition holding MVK was created, the emergence of which changed the configuration of the country's exhibition market.

Today the Sokolniki Convention and Exhibition Center is an international platform for business and leisure. The infrastructure of the complex corresponds to the highest world level. At various times, the center hosted major international exhibitions and conferences that went down in the history of the exhibition business. Every year, the Sokolniki Convention and Exhibition Center launches new projects and implements events already familiar and loved by Muscovites, such as the International Exhibition of Calligraphy, the WANEXPO Festival of Pregnant Women and Babies, the NAMM Musikmesse Russia, Equiros, Handicraft Formula exhibitions and many others.

Every year, the Sokolniki Convention and Exhibition Center hosts over 200 different thematic events: conferences, exhibitions, festivals, and various forums. Today, in terms of the number of events held and the ratio of occupancy of exhibition space, the Sokolniki Convention and Exhibition Center occupies a leading position among exhibition venues in Russia.

The streets of Sokolnichi and the square of the same name and the Sokolnicheskaya Zastava square - it seems that time has taken care to perpetuate the legend of the royal falconers, who several centuries ago had a separate settlement here.

Recreating the history of these places, the researcher has quite a hard time separating truth from fiction, legend from reality.

In the “Notes on Muscovite Affairs” by Sigismund Herberstein, an Austrian diplomat of the 16th century, there is a description of a grand-ducal hunt in a forest near Moscow, by which historians three centuries later for some reason began to understand the Sokolniki Forest. However, scribe books of the 16th century. the name Sokolniki is not recorded; it is not found in documents of the 17th century. Historian P.V. Sytin claimed that in this place in the 17th century. was the village of Voznikovskaya, originally the possession of Prince D.M. Pozharsky, and then palace property. It is only known that the local forests were the hunting grounds of the Tsar, and the name Shiryaev Field of Sokolnichesky Park conveys an interesting legend about the Tsar's falcon Shirya, who quickly rushed at his victim, but, not calculating the blow, crashed. We turn to the documents - but they are silent again. Thus, Sokolniki is not mentioned in the inventory book of the Order of the Great Palace, and at the same time it gives a list of servants of the royal Falcon Court in Semyonovsky.

Behind the haze of legends, the history of this area has been sketched out since the 17th century. Here there were protected groves that gravitated towards the Preobrazhensky palace economy. One of them, now located on the territory of the park, was called Gracheva or Pometnaya - according to the naive reasoning of I.E. Zabelin, “every city dung was dumped here.” In reality, however, there were palace hayfields near the Rook birch grove. Back in the 40s of the 18th century. a single forest area was understood as a grove between and, which was then mercilessly cut down by the peasants of the surrounding villages, so the issue of its conservation was discussed at the Senate level.

One of the earliest mentions of Sokolniki dates back to April 9, 1714 - the publication of a decree prohibiting merchants and Slobozhans from settling on the “white” land. From now on, the latter were obliged to live only in settlements, including Preobrazhenskaya, Semyonovskaya, Nemetskaya, Lefortovo and Sokolnichya. Michurin's plan of Moscow in 1739 provides the first known graphic image of Sokolnicheskaya Sloboda. This small flat territory was limited from the west by a dammed section of the Rybinka River, and from the east by the lands of Preobrazhensky. The courtyards were crowded towards the road that went north, towards the protected forests. This settlement was much smaller than the later Sokolniki and occupied only a small area north of the modern one, in the area. To the east of it, on the site of the modern one, the Falcon Yard is shown - a wooden square of service premises. A drawing of Moscow from 1767 clarifies the details: between Sokolnichiy Dvor and the settlement flowed a small river, the left tributary of the Rybinka. Obviously, the true formation of Sokolniki is associated with the 30s of the 18th century, the time of the brilliant heyday of rifle hunting during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna. There was a settlement of rifle rangers here, and the area itself was under the jurisdiction of the Ober-Jägermeister office.

Kamer-College Val 1742-1747 included Sokolniki into urban areas. The border began to pass at the site of the modern entrance to the park, where there was a wooden outpost. To the east of it, the protected groves were cleared, and the so-called Sokolniki field was formed, according to the decree of 1798, adapted for military maneuvers. The plan of 1812 still shows a natural field with paths crossing it. But after five years we see it as a real military parade ground with rectangular outlines. Here was the shooting range of the 2nd training carabinieri regiment, and on holidays and during coronations, public festivities were held. Sokolniki was the eastern outskirts of the city, which was almost not damaged during the fire of 1812. Quite early on, these places became a dacha area. Since the 40s of the XIX century. active development of the adjacent territory begins. In Sokolnichaya Grove, clearings were created that ran in radii from the outpost. Small plots of land were sold to tenants on the basis of “Chinshevy law”. This made it possible, by paying rent on time, to transfer ownership by inheritance. Dachas were built mainly in Sokolnicheya Grove, near clearings with beautiful views of sunny lawns and austere pine trees. The famous Moscow historian I.M. lived at one of these dachas. Snegirev.

In 1879, Sokolnichya Roshcha, Shiryaevo Polye and Olenya Roshcha were purchased by the city from the Ministry of State Property with the transfer of rent payments to the city. Sokolniki were often depicted on postcards, phototypes, and engravings, primarily because of their picturesqueness. Attention was attracted either by the pavilion on the circle, or by the Chinese gazebo, or by neatly tidied clearings, or by ponds lost between the greenery of the trees. In 1896, a dam was built at Deer Grove to maintain a pond system. A pre-revolutionary postcard shows an island on one of the ponds with an openwork bridge thrown over it. There are benches for relaxation under ancient trees. From the beginning of the 19th century. A lithograph has been preserved depicting a leisurely festivities in Sokolniki, with picnics and tents, many people and a series of carriages. Another image, later - N.P. Chekhov, the brother of the great writer, depicted the celebrations of 1883, when an elegant pavilion was built on the Sokolniki Circle, the traditional center of the park, on the occasion of the coronation of Emperor Alexander III. The famous architect A.S. took part in the creation of its interiors. Kaminsky.

Throughout the 19th century. Sokolniki was a place of celebration for Muscovites. The festivities on May 1st were especially famous. On May Day festivities, both commoners and noble people appeared here, flaunting epaulettes and expensive embroidery on their uniforms. The nobility, led by the Governor General, went to see the festivities in Sokolniki. It had its own attractions - the Maiskaya clearing or the “Wolf Valley”. There were baths on the banks of the Yauza. Burkina's dacha was especially famous with its illuminated garden and orchestra that performed waltzes and polkas, works by Mozart and other composers. The park contained Kurtner's wooden ballroom pavilion and a thriving tea trade.

When did the tradition of festivities in Sokolniki begin? At least not less than two centuries ago. According to the memoirs of E.P. Yankova, collected and recorded by her grandson D. Blagovo, May Day festivities in Sokolniki took place already during the reign of Emperor Peter I. “They say that Peter I... went to Sokolniki,” she said, “and loved to feast there with the Germans and other foreigners, for which had long tables set up. From this, Sokolnichya Grove was called for a long time “German Tables”... A lot of decent society went there, and since many traveled in a train and in gilded carriages, horses in feathers, the festivities were the most elegant, not at all like after that. Some noble people sent cooks there in the morning to their tents; they will invite guests, have dinner in one tent, and then go to another to sit and look at those circling around the grove in carriages." Back then, during the reign of Alexander I, Sokolniki was considered such a distant Moscow outskirts that, according to the memoirs of the same E.P. Yankova, coming here from Moscow - “boredom will overcome you.” Until 1812, there were no dachas here, with the exception of the state-owned country house of the Moscow Governor-General. It was located near the Rybinka River (between modern Sokolnichya Slobodka and Malenkovskaya streets) and at the end of the 18th century. belonged to Bruce, and then to Rostopchin. The estate included a house, a garden and three ponds fed by a river. In 1812, the famous historian N.M. lived here. Karamzin, who left Moscow on the day the French entered the city.

Sokolniki has appeared on the pages of literary works more than once. Moscow writers of everyday life gave them a respected place. For them, Sokolniki is not a place for noble duels, as in “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, but nostalgic memories associated with some sentimentality. Publicist N. Skavronsky writes “The Sokolnitsa Idyll” - the tragedy of the misunderstood love of a poor forty-year-old man for the “pretty girl” Lisa. One can say more: Sokolniki was a place where literary works were written. Here in 1830 P.Ya. Chaadaev wrote the third letter in a series of so-called “Philosophical Letters”, which brought the author wide fame.

Sokolniki was also loved by artists, in particular A.K. Savrasov. He often admonished his friends to go here: “... there the nightingales sing, the bird cherry blossoms.” The artist dedicated several of his works to Sokolniki. The sketch and painting “Losiny Island in Sokolniki” (1869) are kept in the Tretyakov Gallery. The centuries-old forest and untouched Russian nature inspire the romantic painter. In the Irkutsk Art Museum there is his other landscape with a view of Sokolniki (1882) - more lyrical, depicting a small swamp and lonely towering birches. In 1880, at a student exhibition of the Itinerants, a painting by another, still young, artist appeared, which brought him recognition. The small canvas depicted a park alley strewn with leaves with a young woman dressed in black walking alone. The author of the painting “Autumn Day. Sokolniki" (1879) was I.I. Levitan (the figure of the woman on the canvas was performed by his friend N.P. Chekhov).

Sokolniki of the second half of the 19th century. is not only a park, but also a settlement itself. The regular grid of streets and alleys began to take shape at this time. The area developed rapidly, like other surrounding areas, which was caused by the construction of a nearby railway station complex. Initially, a small area was planned north of Sokolnicheskoye Highway (nowadays) adjacent to the park. Some streets were named after homeowners - Ivanovskaya (nowadays), Mitkovskaya (nowadays). There were also two that preserved the memory of the Rybinka River. Four reminded of Sokolniki Field. In 1898, the area to the south was also planned: twelve were formed, some of which retained their names. At the beginning of the 20th century. in this area there were about 70 streets and alleys, including clearings. In the 1880s, a horse tram was installed here, which was replaced at the beginning of the 20th century. by tram. The highway was paved with cobblestones and lit by gas and kerosene lanterns.

The central axis of Sokolniki is increasingly moving towards the highway. Here in 1881-1884. designed by architect M.K. Geppener built an elegant police and fire station building with a tower and a high observation deck. On the sides there were low houses of ordinary people, small and medium-sized enterprises. The area to the east was occupied by hospitals. In 1882, the Bakhrushin factory owners expressed a desire to donate 450 thousand rubles to the city public administration for the construction of a hospital for chronic patients. In 1885 its foundation was laid. This was the beginning of the Bakhrushinskaya (now Ostroumovskaya) hospital, opened in 1887 in buildings built on Sokolniki Field by the architect B.V. Freudenberg. Of the 238 hospital beds, 228 were free for people of both sexes, “mainly among the poorest residents of Moscow.”

In 1894, across the highway, opposite the Bakhrushinskaya hospital, an almshouse was built, the construction of which became possible thanks to the contribution of the Boev merchants (the neighboring streets are still called). Two-story buildings of free apartments were built next to the almshouse. Another large hospital here was the city Sokolniki hospital on. Sokolniki is turning into a district of charitable institutions: a house of free apartments named after them is located here. E.K. Rakhmanova, not far from Sokolniki, the construction of the Children's Hospital of St. Vladimir and the “Coronation Asylum”, the Baevsky shelter and the Ermakovsky branch of the City Workhouse, the Buneev psychiatric hospital.

The area is being intensively built up by enterprises. Among them at the beginning of the 20th century. stood out from the factory of geodetic instruments “F. Shvabe" (later production association "Geophysics"), Sokolniki Car Repair Plant (SVARZ), Dinga pasta factory (now JSC "Extra-M"). Memoirs of factory workers have reached us, depicting the joyless life of workers. S. Vatulin recalled: “It was difficult to work at the factory, and even harder to study... There were no vacations, and sick days were not paid... There were no incentives, but there were fines - mainly for the loss of small tools or working drawings. And it is not surprising that even the healthiest boys soon turned into people with pale faces and tired eyes, looking like adults.” It is no coincidence that workers at Sokolniki enterprises take an active part in the revolutionary movement.

Falconer happens
The whole area is huge,
Grinevsky instills
The farce is hilarious here.
Not far from the grove
This garden is located.
Here the audience is simpler -
There is a democrat...

At the beginning of the 20th century. F. Chaliapin, A. Nezhdanova, L. Sobinov sang at the Sokolniki Circle. In Sokolniki, Chaliapin first performed in the Arcadia Garden in the late 1890s together with the Mamontov opera group. They wrote to Savva Ivanovich then that “they performed with success, and when Chaliapin sang, there was a groan.”

Oddly enough, Sokolniki did not have a decent church for a long time. In 1863, the Church of Tikhon of Zadonsk was consecrated on Shiryaev Field, but it was small and intended more for summer residents. At one time, the large churches were sick churches. Finally, in 1909, according to the design of the architect P.A. Tolstykh began to build the Church of the Resurrection of Christ on Sokolnicheskaya Zastava Square, consecrated in 1913. In addition to the main altar, there were two chapels and a lower church. Architecturally, the temple is designed in the neo-Russian style, but using modern elements. Here we see the tent-roofed completion of the era of Muscovite Rus', and embedded Novgorod crosses, and a portal crafted in a “Western” spirit. But such eclecticism does not obscure the beauty and grace of the building. A special feature of the temple is that its altar, unlike other Moscow churches, faces not to the east, but to the south, towards Palestine, the homeland of the Savior. Since the 1920s, shrines from closed churches were transferred to the Resurrection Church - the Iveron Icon from the Resurrection Gate, the Passion Icon of the destroyed Passion Monastery, the image of the Bogolyubskaya Mother of God, St. Panteleimon, etc. In February 1945, meetings of the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church took place here, who elected Alexy I to this post after a long absence

Soviet times became an interesting era in the life of Sokolniki. Their name sounded in successive . The architecture of Sokolniki was enriched by the creations of the constructivist architect K.S. Melnikov - club named after. I.V. Rusakova (1927-1929) on Stromynka and the club of the Burevestnik shoe factory on Rybinskaya Street (1929). In 1935, the final stage of the first stage was opened in Sokolniki. Pilot N.F. spent his childhood here. Gastello, who later became a Hero of the Soviet Union. The youth of the famous Soviet poet Lev Oshanin passed right there.

In Sokolniki in 1918-1920. V.I. visited several times Lenin, now speaking to the workers of the region, now coming to the forest school on. Ilyich's speeches on the state of the country were traditional. One of them (November 6, 1920) was recalled by T. Lyudvinskaya, head of the civil society department of the Sokolniki district committee of the RCP (b): “Vladimir Ilyich spoke about hundreds and thousands of heroes who immortalized their names during our great revolution... Lenin ended his speech with a cheerful call to imbue labor enthusiasm, will to work, perseverance... The workers left V.I. Lenin, caressed and warmed by his big heart. Lenin explained to them the harm and danger of oppositionist propaganda.” Arriving at the forest school, where N.K. lived at one time. Krupskaya, Ilyich was transformed. He was often cheerful, joked, calling the yard dog Bobka “Comrade Bobchinsky.” Even the New Year began to be celebrated here on January 19, in memory of the fact that it was on this day in 1919 that Lenin visited the Christmas tree at the forest school.

Sokolniki. What secrets does this place hold? How is it connected with the famous holy fool Ivan Koreysha? How did Matrosskaya Tishina Street get its name? And where did the first metro car in the capital come from? The TV channel prepared a special report.

The walls of the Catherine's Dollar House, or, more simply put, the insane asylum in Sokolniki, have seen a lot. But this has not happened here until now. Tsar Nicholas I himself decided to visit one of the patients.

Entering the chamber, the king saw a strange man lying on the floor. Nikolai approached the patient and respectfully asked why he was lying down and not getting up. In the presence of the Russian autocrat, this was, at a minimum, indecent.

And I heard in response: “And you, no matter how great and formidable, will also lie down and not get up.” The further conversation took place face to face. A small retinue noted: the sovereign left the madhouse in the gloomiest mood.

The greatest seer was called by the contemporaries of the man whom Nicholas the First visited that day. All 44 years that Ivan Yakovlevich Koreysha spent in a mental hospital, his name thundered throughout Moscow. “To Ivan Yakovlevich in Sokolniki,” Muscovites shouted to the cab drivers.

And they, without asking unnecessary questions, took the riders to the Ekaterininskaya Dollar House, the first psychiatric hospital in Russia, located in the most beautiful suburb of Moscow - in Sokolnicheskaya Grove, in a place given by God, as Ivan Yakovlevich himself said. So who was this amazing man? And what could he say to the sovereign in the spring of 1854?

Sokolniki is one of the favorite areas of Muscovites and the oldest park in the capital. Its history is so closely intertwined with legends and traditions that it is almost impossible to figure out where the truth is and where it is fiction.

“There is a legend about the famous Scythian “wheel of fate”, or “wheel of fortune”, which is buried here, in the wilds of Sokolniki Park. Treasure hunters searched for it more than once in the 19th and 20th centuries, and today such attempts are being made, but so far they have not been successful And it is quite possible that the attractive power of Sokolniki Park is explained precisely by this wheel, that it is it that attracts people here and gives them that positive charge that every person takes from here,” says guide Alexander Sirotkin.

Ivan Yakovlevich Koreysha. Photo: Wikimedia.

Of course, this version is not confirmed by any historical facts. However, if you look at the plan of the park, it is easy to find a circle with eight rays, and this is exactly what the Scythian magic wheel looked like.

“I believe in the magic of your own park precisely because when you start doing something here, the park helps you with it. In general, if you look at any map, the first thing that comes to mind is that it’s the sun. That is ", there is a center, and rays extend from it. And this radial structure of the park, the clearings of the park - this is already a historical structure, this is what is protected by the city, and the Moscow Heritage Committee monitors this very carefully. No one will ever violate this radial structure," says Director of Sokolniki Park Andrey Lapshin.

Sokolnichya school

Each alley of the old park is unique in itself. Here are pine trees, there are oaks and elms, and between them are ponds, a rose garden, attractions and sports grounds, fountains and dance floors. It is today. And many centuries ago, both the park and its surroundings were simply a dense forest, in which Russian princes, and then tsars, indulged in their favorite hobby - falconry.

“The falconers settled here during the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. And this building behind me is located exactly on the site of the Tsar’s falcon yard. And it is no coincidence that the memory of that time is preserved in the name of this street - Sokolnicheskaya Slobodka,” explains the director of the excursion bureau, Lilya Guseva.

Like people, birds obeyed a strict hierarchy.

“With the gyrfalcon, this was considered the royal bird, the nobility hunted with this bird, that is, the king, the prince, and with smaller ones, like hobby hobbies, it was the ladies who hunted; the common people already hunted with the hawk,” says the head of the Sokolniki falconry school. Oleg Suvorov-Larionov.

The service in the department of falconry was considered courtly, and, therefore, very honorable and difficult, because it is not easy to tame a wild bird. The princely feathered hunters were decorated with gold and precious stones and fed from the royal table. For every sick or lost bird, the falconer faced cruel punishment, because the head of the royal falcon was valued many times more than the head of the falconer himself.

“The tsar knew his bird by sight, roughly speaking, he knew it by name, and gave instructions on how to feed the bird and how to treat it,” says Oleg Suvorov-Larionov.

Today the old park is reviving ancient traditions. A falconry school opened here a few years ago.

“I like to study here because they are so beautiful and devoted,” says falconer school student Ilya Palekhov.

“Before, he didn’t even allow me to touch. He didn’t allow me to stroke him, but now I’m very glad that he trusts me, he loves me, he recognizes me when I come,” says falconer school student Elena Vinogradova.

"Birds, like people, they all have their own characters, the key must be selected for each bird. One is calmer, another is a babble, talks incessantly, the third is gloomy, another is like a stargazer, another is epileptic. Like with people, the same thing, They are no different, only we don’t have wings, but they do,” says Suvorov-Larionov.

In Rus', falconry became fashionable under Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich, the second sovereign of the Romanov dynasty.

“In modern terms, he was a fan of falconry. He was a great master. He wrote a book that can still be seen in museums - “Foreman for the Arrangement of the Falconry Route.” He had his own favorite falcon, Shirai. A very interesting legend has been preserved about this falcon ". The falcon soared into the sky, rushed to prey and crashed on the ground. The king was in sadness. He retired to his chambers for three days, and for three days no one ruled our country. And then, when he left his royal chambers, he commanded the place where his beloved falcon Shiryai crashed, call it Shiryaev Field,” says Lilya Guseva.

Sailor's silence

The son of Alexei Mikhailovich, Peter the Great, had a different attitude towards hunting. The great reformer did not particularly favor Moscow at all, but he loved the places of his childhood and never forgot them. Here, on the banks of the Yauza, he built a linen factory that made sails.

Mostly retired sailors worked there. A small hospital appeared nearby. Peter ordered that cab drivers not drive along this street, so as not to needlessly disturb the sleep of elderly sailors. Hence the name - Sailor's Silence.

Prison building "Matrosskaya Tishina" Photo: TASS/Malyshev Nikolay

During the time of Catherine the Great, the linen factory, abandoned by that time, turned into the largest almshouse in Moscow. She was called Catherine. And in 1804, the first psychiatric hospital in Russia, the Catherine Dollar House, was built on its territory. Today it is Preobrazhenskaya Psychiatric Hospital No. 3.

“Already in 1804, it became clear that there was a group of mentally ill people, and they needed special maintenance, special care. And it was decided by the Decree of Alexander the First to build a separate building, which was erected in 1808, and on June 15 the first sick,” says Georgy Kostyuk.

It was here in 1817 that Ivan Yakovlevich was brought from Smolensk. Koreishi’s biography states that he graduated from a seminary and even a theological academy, and spent many years pilgrimaging to holy places. And after the war of 1812, he returned to his native Smolensk and settled in an abandoned bathhouse on the outskirts of the city.

But the glory of the prophet, as his admirers wrote, ran ahead of him. Residents of Smolensk went to the seer for advice day and night. In order to somehow limit the flow of annoying visitors, Ivan Yakovlevich hung a notice above the low door of his monastery, saying that he would only accept those who came to him on their knees. Did not help. The visitors meekly got down on all fours.

However, not everyone liked the revelations of the Smolensk holy fool. Ivan Yakovlevich, for example, furiously denounced Smolensk officials who, in his opinion, pocketed 150 thousand rubles that came from the treasury to compensate for the damage caused to the city by the French army. The officials did not remain in debt. Koreysha was sent to Moscow to the Ekaterininsky Dollar House. At the same time, the diagnosis recorded in his so-called “mourning sheet” sounded very strange: “Insanity due to excessive reading of books.”

“The fact that he was kept for so many years within the walls of a psychiatric institution, of course, suggests that he had at least some deviations. But this is one side of the Koreishi phenomenon, his personality. And there is another side - this is a person ", who, despite all the oddities of his behavior and character, was unusually popular in society. And all these 40 years, as they say, the people's path to him did not grow," says Georgy Kostyuk.

Koreisha was mentioned in their works by Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Gogol. Ostrovsky in the play “The Marriage of Balzaminov” does not even have to pronounce his last name out loud; his contemporaries already knew very well who Ivan Yakovlevich was.

The quiet streets of Sokolniki became the first, as they would say now, social quarter of Moscow. Behind the Catherine's almshouse there was a dolgauz that spun off from it, then a restraining house, in which drunkards, beggars and tramps were supposed to be placed for voluntary labor. But since for some reason no one voluntarily submitted themselves to a prison-type institution, the restraint house was transformed into a correctional house, which over time became simply a prison. Today it is pre-trial detention center No. 1, better known among the people as Matrosskaya Tishina.

“There are also armed guards running through our territory, with a dog, to control the perimeter of this building. This is the only inconvenience that we experience, but we are already accustomed to it, we even think that this is our kind of flavor,” says the chief doctor of the Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 3 named after Gilyarovsky Georgy Kostyuk.

Temple of the Airborne Forces

Matrosskaya Tishina Street ends with the recently restored Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, built at the beginning of the twentieth century on the site of a military unit; it was destroyed during the years of the revolution. And several years ago, on the initiative and with the help of the Headquarters of the Airborne Forces, it was restored in all its former details, and since then it has been considered a temple of the Airborne Forces.

Sokolniki has long been associated with the army. In the times of Peter the Great, the Preobrazhensky Regiment was quartered here. Pavel the First introduced the tradition of holding military maneuvers on Sokolniche Field. The Sokolnicheskaya outpost also stood right there, and behind it the forest was dense and in places impenetrable, which turned into a park so beloved by us, not without the participation of the same restless Peter the Great.

“The most interesting, most remarkable place in Sokolniki Park is the May Alley. This alley was cut through so that the Germans living in the Kukuy settlement could happily celebrate the national holiday, which fell just on the first days of May.

Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Photo: vdvhram.ru/

The Germans came here, set up tables here, served treats, walked around, rejoiced, and therefore this place was called “German Tables”. However, with the same success the tables could be called Swedish, since the Swedes captured near Poltava, whom Peter settled here, also walked here with the Germans.

So Sokolniki became the place of folk festivals. They were especially noisy and numerous for several centuries on the days of celebrating royal coronations,” says Lilya Guseva.

Whole roasted bulls with golden horns, fountains of beer and wine were placed here, and, in the end, it turned out that all Russian emperors began to celebrate their coronations here in Sokolniki. Of course, coronations took place in the Kremlin, but then, to see his people, the Emperor came to Sokolniki.

And, perhaps, only one Russian Emperor Nicholas II did not want to hold festive festivities on the occasion of his coronation here in Sokolniki. He spent them on the Khodynskoye field, and we all know how it ended both for the Romanov family and for our country.

However, Sokolniki acquired the official status of the park only in the middle of the 19th century. The fact is that before this the border of Moscow passed here, that is, the entire territory of the current park was outside the city and belonged to the zemstvo.

The question of transferring these lands to Moscow was raised by the then mayor of the city, Sergei Tretyakov, the younger brother of the founder of the Tretyakov Gallery. The zemstvo valued Sokolniki at 300 thousand gold rubles. Neither the city treasury nor the Tretyakov brothers had that kind of money.

"Sergei Mikhailovich went around in a circle with his hat - he began to collect, persuade, convince, ask from merchants, from rich Muscovites. They did a godly deed, the right thing, for everyone. There are legends that one of the merchants could have given money, but wished that the city mayor fell to his knees in front of him. Tretyakov, without hesitation, fell to his knees in front of him. And the name of this penny-pinching merchant, who wanted to instantly elevate himself in the eyes of someone there, sank into oblivion, but the name of Sergei Mikhailovich was preserved, and thanks to Today we have this magnificent park for him,” says doctor and writer Fyodor Evdokimov.

Ekaterininsky dollargauz

The only road connecting Sokolniki with Moscow in those years was Stromynka - a tract that led to Suzdal and further to Vladimir, through the ancient village of Stromyn. A stream of people followed miraculous predictions along Stromynka to the first Russian psychiatric hospital - the Catherine's Dollar House.

The institution is truly revolutionary, because previously mental hospitals in Rus' were traditionally kept in monasteries, although it was believed that these people were possessed by a demon.

“In Russia there was a more humane attitude towards the mentally ill. In Europe, they were most often burned or actually kept in shackles. It cannot be said that in our domestic practice there have never been shackles in relation to the most dangerous, aggressive, dangerous to others and themselves, patients ", says Georgy Kostyuk.

At the beginning of the 19th century, shackles were generally considered the most effective medical equipment in the field of psychiatry. In the basements of the Catherine Dollar House, almost a third of the patients were sitting in chains. Even records from office books have been preserved indicating the prices and quantities of chains purchased for the hospital. Ivan Yakovlevich Koreysha, who arrived from Smolensk, also ended up in the ill-fated basement.

“Somewhere in one of these basements was Koreisha, attached with chains, on wet straw, but receiving admirers who came to him, since the fame of him from the Smolensk region, where he came from, spread to Moscow and the Moscow province.” , says Natalya Khokhrina.

Psychiatric Hospital No. 3 named after V. A. Gilyarovsky. Photo: Wikimedia

But even in the basement there was no peace for Ivan Yakovlevich, now from the Muscovites who were thirsty for a miracle. The hospital warden Igolkin let them in from the back door, collecting 10 kopecks from visitors. This continued until the wife of the Moscow Governor General, Tatyana Vasilievna Golitsyna, was among the curious.

The princess asked: “Where is my husband currently?” And Ivan Yakovlevich accurately named her house. This episode, dating back to 1828, had the most favorable consequences for the hospital. An audit was carried out and management was changed. The patients were transferred from the basement to the wards, and Ivan Yakovlevich was the first.

In the middle of the 19th century, a luxurious holiday village grew up on Sokolniki alleys. Country residences are built here by wealthy Moscow merchants. Alas, their beauty was preserved only on postcards and paintings. Miraculously, only the dacha of the manufacturer Ivan Lyamin survived.

“Only respected people received this right, among them our famous falcon merchants Lyamin, Bakhrushev, Boev. And when a fairly large village of dachas was formed here, there were several dozen of these dachas, this wonderful temple was built on the initiative and with the direct participation of the merchant Lyamin "It is now called the pearl of Sokolniki. Its construction began in 1862, and the following year the temple was already holding services. It was given the name of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk," says Lilya Guseva.

Bakhrushinskaya Hospital

Here, on Sokolnichesky Field, Moscow merchant-philanthropists are building more and more charitable institutions - almshouses, shelters, hospitals.

“The Bakhrushin hospital was the first to be organized. The Bakhrushin brothers, who were called professional philanthropists who invested a huge amount of money in charity, organized a hospital not only here in Sokolniki, but also at home and shelters throughout Moscow,” says Fedor Evdokimov.

In October 1882, brothers Peter, Alexander and Vasily Bakhrushin addressed the city mayor with a letter in which they expressed a desire to donate 450 thousand rubles for the construction of a hospital. And soon an almshouse building appeared on the Stromynskaya road. Today this is the first building of city hospital No. 33 named after Ostroumov. A maternity hospital, an outpatient clinic, a morgue, an X-ray room and two stunningly beautiful hospital churches were also built here. The Bakhrushins donated their hospital to the city, but set conditions, the main one of which was the establishment of a fund, with the money of which the hospital should be maintained so that treatment would always be free.

“And the second condition that we know is that the Bakhrushins will be buried in our hospital house church. And this actually happened,” says the chief physician of the City Clinical Hospital No. 33 named after. A. A. Ostroumova Shamil Gainulin.

Bakhrushin Brothers Hospital. Photo: TASS

After 1917, when the systematic destruction of not only churches, but also family crypts began, the Bakhrushins turned to the authorities with a request not to destroy, but to wall up their tomb. And this request of the famous merchant family was not refused; the Bakhrushin family crypt was presumably walled up in this wall. In 2015, when major renovations of the old building begin, it will be ceremonially cleared of its masonry.

“We decided that it was necessary to restore the historical memory and historical merits of the Bakhrushin family. And therefore we are gradually moving towards the fact that there will be a Bakhrushin hospital. Its exact name will be the City Clinical Hospital (city clinical hospital) named after the Bakhrushin brothers. When I returned to our hospital already the chief physician, I said: if I restore the historical name of our hospital, I will largely consider my mission accomplished. Well, if I, like Lev Nikolaevich, are buried here under some oak tree, I will be happy. And the pioneers will bring flowers. This is all the desire of any living person: where you did what, it turns out, you were born for, you want to be with this forever. And therefore we will definitely restore the crypt. Absolutely,” says Shamil Gainulin.

Even during the life of the merchants Bakhrushins, their portraits appeared on the wall in the hall of the almshouse and hung for exactly a hundred years.

“The portraits were hung in the historical buildings of our hospital. I remember when I was a young surgeon and came here on assignment to work at our hospital after graduating from graduate school in Leningrad, I saw these portraits hanging in the clinic,” says Gainulin.

During perestroika, in order to protect the unique paintings, doctors handed them over to the Historical Museum, and a year ago, the head physician of the Bakhrushin hospital, Shamil Gainulin, accidentally saw them at an exhibition of a merchant portrait.

“And the State Historical Museum gave us digital copies free of charge. And on the day of the founding of our hospital, September 30, in a solemn ceremony, these portraits will be installed in a historical place - in that hospital, in that building, where the crypts of these people are located, we will hang these portraits and we will be proud of it,” says Shamil Gainulin.

Church of the Resurrection

The history of another legend and the main shrine of Sokolniki - the Church of the Resurrection of Christ - began with a small church on the territory of the Bakhrushinsky hospital. Archpriest Father John Kedrov once served there, to whom the Mother of God once appeared in a dream and ordered him to build a new temple.

“Then the Mother of God appeared to him again, and only the third time, when she appeared to him with a stern face, did he understand that construction had to begin in any case, even keeping in mind that there were no funds for this,” says Deacon of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Sokolniki, Father Evgeniy.

Funds for the construction of the temple were collected by begging circles throughout Russia, but they were still not enough. And then another miracle happened - Saints Peter and Paul appeared in a dream to a rich merchant who decided to build a temple.

Church of the Resurrection of Christ Photo: Wikimedia.

“They said that the construction of a temple was starting in Sokolniki, this is where he needed to come and help. And so, as you know, when he came here, he allocated a huge amount, about 40 thousand rubles. This is exactly the amount that was needed at that moment ", says Father Evgeniy.

So at the very beginning of the twentieth century, a grandiose cathedral rose above the wooden Sokolniki.

“The temple is unique, unique in that it was never closed, even in the hard times of the God-fighting. And moreover, shrines, icons from closed, destroyed churches were brought to the walls of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ, and there they were preserved and have been preserved to this day,” says Fyodor Evdokimov .

The Bolshevik authorities repeatedly attempted to close the temple. The same initiative was taken by the labor collectives of Sokolniki enterprises - the tram depot, the pasta factory, the employees of the already mentioned psychiatric hospital and even its patients. But by some miracle the temple survived.

“Now it is impossible to imagine life in Sokolniki without our church. There is Sokolniki Park nearby, people come here to rest their bodies, but at the same time, many of them come and come here to rest their souls, to find their peace , my consolation is here,” says Father Evgeniy.

However, a century and a half ago, a good half of Moscow went to a madhouse for consolation and advice. By the middle of the 19th century, global changes took place in the Catherine Dollar House. A new chief physician has appeared - a talented psychiatrist Vasily Sabler.

“Under him, indeed, all the harsh, even cruel methods of restraining patients became a thing of the past. The patients were all transferred to bright, spacious rooms, and they began, probably from that time, to really be considered as patients in need of treatment, and not constraint. In this "is probably his main merit. In addition, he was a very talented administrator, a very caring and successful business executive," says Georgy Kostyuk.

Sabler immediately realized that Koreisha was the “golden calf” for his hospital. Official permission was received from the governor of Moscow to organize visits, and visits were allowed at any time of the day or night.

“And since there were colossal queues, they introduced a mug into which everyone had to put 20 kopecks if he went to visit Ivan Yakovlevich. And then they simply gave out tickets, which also cost 20 kopecks, but they warned that this money will not only be for Ivan Yakovlevich, but will also be used to support other patients, to purchase some equipment for the hospital, for repair work, that is, they will go to the benefit of the entire hospital,” says Natalya Khokhrina.

At least a hundred people came to Ivan Yakovlevich every day. They asked anything: should I get married, what and how best to sell or buy, where to look for a husband who has been on a spree. The monthly income from these visits ranged from 500 to 700 rubles, while the strange patient preferred to sleep on the floor instead of a bed, and even drew a line on it that no one dared to go beyond.

Sabler and Koreisha made the Preobrazhenskaya Psychiatric Hospital the most prosperous medical institution in Moscow. It is no coincidence that in the hospital museum their images hang side by side - a ceremonial portrait of the head physician and a pencil sketch of his famous patient.

“During his life, many artists wanted to photograph him, that is, to capture his appearance, his admirers, but Ivan Yakovlevich was categorically against it and did not allow it. But his admirer Kireev, his first biographer, made a graphic pencil drawing by hand. And this drawing was preserved throughout all textbooks, in all books on the history of psychiatry,” says Khokhrina.

It was thanks to the material prosperity of the Dollar House during the period of Ivan Yakovlevich’s stay there that Vasily Sabler was able to gather the best psychiatrists in Russia in his hospital and seriously promote this science in our country.

“This hospital, which, in continuation of the theme of Ivan Yakovlevich Koreisha, is a place of “prayer” for psychiatrists, it preserves this spirit,” says Georgy Kostyuk.

Fire Tower

Among other things, Ivan Yakovlevich predicted Moscow fires. For wooden Sokolniki it was a terrible scourge. Therefore, the very first high-rise building in the ancient district, also built with public money, was the Sokolniki fire tower.

“The 12th fire department of the city of Moscow. In 1863, the population of the Sokolniki district, which was the outskirts of Moscow, turned to the Chief of Police of Moscow with a proposal to build a fire station,” says Maxim Sharapov.

Residents of the area collected 20 thousand rubles. And in 1884, a tower appeared on the square, which has been regularly performing its difficult service for a century and a half.

“If any signal about a fire was received, the fireman had to go upstairs to the tower to make sure that the application was really confirmed. At this moment, while he was rising, running up and down, the fireman’s convoy was being collected, they were leaving, and he already at the head of this whole ceremony, on his personal horse, he advanced to the place of the fire,” says Sharapov.

Another trace of the 19th century is the marks on the brick walls. And the tower, and the Church of the Resurrection, and all the local hospitals are made of bricks made at the Chelnokov and Shaposhnikov manufactories. Once upon a time, all of Sokolniki was visible from this tower. Day and night a watchman stood on it and, seeing smoke, rang the bell. Today in Moscow, only two fire towers from the century before last have been preserved, which still house fire stations.

“Our modern vehicles are constantly filled with water, of course. And at that time the barrels had a volume of 500 liters, and when they were used, they were refueled either at the scene of a fire, or in the process of returning to the team from wells, from reservoirs, from fire reservoirs,” - says Maxim Sharapov.

A horse-drawn horse was supposed to pass through the ancient gates. To avoid them now, fire truck drivers require a certain amount of skill. But since the Falcon tower is an architectural monument, today's firefighters have to put up with some inconveniences. Changing anything here is strictly prohibited.

“This leaves a certain imprint, we cannot let down the people who have worked here for 130 years,” says Sharapov.

Fire tower in Sokolniki. Photo: Wikimedia

“Until the 60s of the last century, the twentieth century, at our Sokolniki tower there was a position such as a watchman who walked and looked where fires appeared. This was only possible because Sokolniki were small, low, the houses were one or two-story and "mostly wooden. Today, there are very few of these amazing masterpieces, pearls of wooden architecture, left; one hand will be enough to count them on one hand," explains Fedor Evdokimov.

And we can easily lose those too. Just 10 years ago, a sign “Protected by the state” hung on this wooden house, and then it disappeared. The house itself can just as suddenly disappear. And the next generation may never know what old Sokolniki looked like.

“We live on Gastello Street, and we are concerned about the fate of an old mansion, which, judging by the sign, was an example of merchant house-building. Yes, many such small houses, say, were demolished during the preparation for the 1980 Olympics. There is no bakery that is still in movie "Meeting Place...", when we watch this film, we naturally get bored, because there was a very tasty bakery with delicious bread. We left the metro and went straight there," recalls local resident Nuria Burmistrova.

Sokolniki. They were painted from life by Savrasov, Shishkin, Nikolai Chekhov, Isaac Levitan, to whom the painting “Autumn Forest in Sokolniki” brought real fame. Over the years, Chaliapin, Lemeshev, Sobinov and even Alla Pugacheva sang at the park’s concert venues. It was from this veranda that her journey to the big stage began. Young Alla Borisovna studied in Sokolniki and often went to this rare place - the famous restaurant "Violet".

“Yes, she came, she loved to eat. She loved simple food, like all students before. Her favorite table was in the corner, where the number 8 is written,” says director Irina Chuvakova.

The restaurant was built in 1946 by personal order of Stalin. In the center of the veranda grew a huge tree, which, according to the recollections of contemporaries, Utesov was very fond of.

“He hugged this tree and said that “when I hug it, it gives me strength.” But it’s like a legend,” says Irina Chuvakova.

Car repair plant

By a miraculous coincidence, it was the Sokolniki district that became the founder of many urban innovations. First, the first horse-drawn line is pulled here, then a tram, and one of the largest enterprises in the region is built - the Sokolniki Carriage Repair Plant, or SVARZ.

“At the end of the 19th century, on the present territory of the plant there were workshops for the manufacture of horse-drawn carriages and the repair of horse-drawn horses. Due to the fact that at the end of the 19th century a tram appeared in Moscow, and the tram cars were imported, maintenance and repairs were carried out by foreign workers and with using foreign spare parts. It was incredibly expensive, so the Moscow City Duma decided to organize workshops for the repair of the city railway, that is, trams," explains Alexander Vorontsov, deputy chief designer of the Sokolniki Carriage Repair and Construction Plant (SVARZ).

Sokolniki owes this unique building to the SVARZ plant. The factory club was built in the 30s of the last century by the genius of constructivism Konstantin Melnikov.

“And even the first car of the Moscow metro on May 15, 1935 went from the Sokolniki metro station towards the Park of Culture. Remember, as the old song says: “From Sokolniki to the park by metro,” says Fyodor Evdokimov.

The first test train of the Moscow Metro. PHOTO: TASS

In the 80 years that have passed since that moment, the station has remained virtually unchanged. Probably from that time, and maybe much earlier, Muscovites began to be divided into the lucky ones who spend their whole lives walking in Sokolniki, and those who were unlucky.

“I have had such a relatively rare happiness, I think, to live in the most fertile, most wonderful area of ​​Moscow. Everything you need for happiness is combined here. Since we are in Sokolniki, we no longer feel the urge to go anywhere else, to other parks. My husband and I have We lived through our golden wedding, have already celebrated it, and come here all the time. He’s an athlete, he runs. Here, too, we have everything together,” says local resident Zinaida Tesler.

“A fundamentally important difference is that Sokolniki Park is a family park. You will not find such a large number of children, mothers with children, grandparents with children in any park in the city. Another very important difference is our older generation. Tradition dances, the tradition of dancing on the Rotunda, which is popular among people over 80, we have centenarians who are almost 100, and they still come here to Sokolniki Park to dance. This is what makes us different from everyone else, and no one ever will not be any competition for us,” says Andrey Lapshin.

Even before the war, the "Rotunda" in Sokolniki was one of the favorite meeting places for the capital's youth, eager to learn new dance steps. Waltzes and tangos were replaced by foxtrots. In the mid-60s, the younger generation moved to clubs and cultural centers, but the old site was not empty for a day; it was immediately occupied by pensioners, ready to revive the old days at least every day.

"Why be shy? This is a kind of exercise. Try dancing like this for three or four hours, they are without a break. I come, I breathe here, I remember my youth, my girls, where am I? This is life. And Now we’re hanging out with people nearing retirement, with grandmothers, no, we’re not hanging out,” says local resident Yuri Korovin.

So why is it so easy and free to breathe in Sokolniki? Perhaps these centuries-old trees have some secret? Or does our genetic memory preserve the cheerful folk festivities of the times of Peter? Or maybe the golden wheel of the Scythians continues its invisible turn?

So Ivan Yakovlevich Koreysha, at the end of his days, flatly refused to leave the hospital in Sokolniki. On February 18, 1855, the clairvoyant was somehow especially sad, looked with anxiety at the icons, and then sobbed loudly: “We, children, have no greater king! The slave has been freed from his masters! He is now like a swan on the waters.”

The next day, the whole power learned about the death of the emperor. After this prophecy came true, the hospital management invited Ivan Yakovlevich to leave the hospital. Indeed, it is not right to keep such a person locked up. “No,” the old man answered, “I don’t want to go to hell, I’ll die here in Sokolniki.”

In 1861, Ivan Yakovlevich died. Several falcon monasteries fought for the right to bury him, but he was buried here, near the walls of the Church of Elijah the Prophet. 150 years have passed since this strange man, either a madman or a great seer, passed away, but people still come to him for help and advice.

1. In the old days, Sokolniki was not part of Moscow, but its history was closely connected with many important events, because it had long been the property of the Palace Department.

There was a dense forest here, turning into Losiny Ostrov, and Sokolnicheskoe Forest, with its rivers and swamps, was used for royal hunting. Perhaps this explains the absence of ancient churches in Sokolniki. After all, where the Orthodox people settled, a church was always built. There were many churches around Sokolniki, but Sokolniki itself, or rather within the Park, did not have churches for a long time.

The Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk is located on Shiryaev Field. The name, according to legend, is due to the fact that somewhere there, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich’s favorite falcon crashed during a hunt. In the middle of the 19th century. The Moscow city administration, which was in charge of Sokolniki at that time, gave out a long-term lease of part of the land around the main territory of the park, and many dachas were built there, where summer residents lived in the summer. In Moscow, there was a rather strict registration of residents, linked to registration with a stamp in the passport, and it was not easy to travel to the city with children.

Therefore, there was an urgent need to build a church for summer residents. Hereditary honorary citizen Ivan Artemyevich Lyamin, Dmitry Semenovich Lepeshkin and 15 other figures from among the Moscow merchants submitted a petition to build a church in the park. The construction of the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk began in the spring of 1862, the consecration took place on July 14, 1863. The project and work were carried out under the supervision of architect. Zykova. The cost was 50 thousand rubles. silver The church was built on the site of the original traditional May Day celebrations.

At first the church had the shape of an octagon. In 1875, the elder I.A. Lyamin dismantled it, left the altar intact and rebuilt it into a cruciform church. The chapel of St. Olga was consecrated on May 5, 1890, the chapel of Seraphim of Sarov after 1903.

St. Tikhon of Zadonsk - church leader and writer of the 18th century. He was canonized on August 13. 1861.

Then the parishioners wanted to build a stone church. The project was grandiose, but construction was disrupted due to the First World War and the subsequent revolution. The brick had already been purchased and was lying near the church.

During the period of atheism, the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk was closed in 1934.

In 1966, there was a construction and assembly plant inside. In 1980-90 construction yard

The pattern along the cornice of sawn crosses was preserved. In 1992, the church was handed over to believers, but was only vacated on October 1, 1994. Negotiations took place for several years about whether to restore the old building or build anew. In the end, they decided to build a new wooden church, possibly preserving the ancient decor.

The old building of the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk (before 1917)

The first community after the restoration near the still undestroyed building of the Church of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk (photo ca. 2000)

2. The house on the 5th Luchevoy clearing, near which we stopped, always attracts the attention of a passerby. And this impressive stone building is on the list of cultural heritage sites of regional or local significance. In addition to the main building, a fence with a gate and a wicket is also subject to protection. The building, which is not typical for a dacha area, was built by the architect S. Yaizikovich just before the revolution in 1915-1917. The owner of the estate was the construction contractor Tsigel. And he, apparently, was It's not difficult to build such a big house. Of course, Ziegel did not have to use it. Soon the estate was nationalized, and the further fate of this man is unknown to us.

But the building itself has survived 90 years, and there is no trace of many of the former dachas around it - on the right side of the 5th Luchevoy clearing there were 15 dachas. Only 200 meters towards the 6th Luchevoy clearing there is a large well-preserved estate Lyaminykh. It was not touched, since in 1919 Lenin came here to forestry school and since then the house has been especially protected throughout Soviet times.

Two local legends are associated with Tsigel's former house.

The first legend. When they made a film about Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in the 1960s, the filmmakers showed this house as the house of Nadezhda Filaretovna von Meck, who, as is known, helped Tchaikovsky. But a thorough study of all the falconers' dachas discovered that Nadezhda Filaretovna's house was not here, but on B. Shiryaevskaya Street, which was formerly called Sredinka, then that house was bought from Mecca by the merchant Rastorguev. But the creators of the film were not interested in historical truth; they liked this respectable mansion.

Second legend. That Lavrentiy Beria visited this house.

As you know, Beria “ruled” and lived in Moscow from 1938 to 1953. In Moscow, he had a mansion at M. Nikitskaya building 28 - now the Tunisian Embassy is there. It is also known that he had a dacha in Semenovsky next to Stalin’s dacha. This is from the Mikhnevo station of the Paveletskaya railway, towards the Kursk road.

What could connect Beria with the house in Sokolniki? Of course, no Soviet-era archives are available to us.

The information came from the ubiquitous local residents.

In addition, the catalog of cultural heritage sites indicates that in the 1930s the main house and the fence with the gate were significantly rebuilt.

In addition, from time to time some memories of veterans appear. Thus, a certain veteran Kuzmin reports that he was in the guard of the Soviet delegation at the Tehran Conference (late November 1943) and before that he was trained in Beria’s personal troops, which were stationed in Sokolniki.

According to the directory All Moscow in 1936, in Sokolnichesky Park named after A.S. Bubnov, in addition to the Moscow sanatorium of the Red Army, there were

Cavalry riding school on the 2nd Luchevoy clearing

Shooting Range

Ski station of the central house of the Red Army

Parachute station

All these were not troops, but objects for defense training work with youth.

And where the military unit is now on Bolshaya Olenya, in 1936, according to the directory, there were still civilian services - no. 8 Sokolniki sanatorium for the nervously ill, no. 15 - dietary canteen dispensary,

On the 6th Luchevoy clearing there is a children's sanatorium for tuberculous children, no. 19, a recreation center for tuberculosis children, no. 27, station Young naturalist on the Cross clearing, no. 35, an orphanage.

Currently, in Sokolniki, the entire former Bolshaya Olenya Street is occupied by a military unit; on the transverse clearing near 5 Luchevoy Clearing there is a police force or also a military unit.

So it is quite likely that units of Beria’s personal army were stationed in Sokolniki and house 14 on the 5th Luchevoy clearing could serve as his headquarters apartment, since this is perhaps the most solid building in the Sokolniki dachas..

N. A. Dobrynina

Sanatorium named after N. D. Chetverikova

The name of the representative of the Alekseev family, Alexandra Alexandrovna in her marriage to Chetverikova, is associated with one of the Sokolniki charitable institutions - a tuberculosis sanatorium at the beginning of the Transverse Clearing (now no. 3) 14. Alexandra Alexandrovna was born in Moscow on November 27, 1863. Her father, Alexander Vladimirovich Alekseev, was a merchant-entrepreneur, one of the directors of the board of the Vladimir Alekseev’s Sons Association, and the owner of a gold-plating factory on B. Alekseevskaya Street. Her mother, Elizaveta Mikhailovna, came from a family of tobacco manufacturers Bostanzhoglo. The Alekseevs had three daughters, of whom Maria and Alexandra married brothers Sergei and Dmitry Ivanovich Chetverikov, Elizaveta married Edgar Alexandrovich Ruperti. Their brother Nikolai Aleksandrovich Alekseev was the mayor of the city and died tragically in his office in the building of the Moscow City Duma. The Chetverikov brothers were the owners of a fine cloth factory in the Moscow region, in the village of Gorodishchi near Shchelkovo. A. A. and D. I. Chetverikov had four sons and four daughters, they lived not far from the factory, on their estate near the village of Timofeevka.

The youngest daughter Natalya was born on October 11. 1902 When she was almost 6 years old, she and Alexandra Alexandrovna’s first grandson, Dmitry, born in 1908, fell ill with infantile paralysis, as it was then believed, “infected through milk.” Consultations, treatment and operations abroad did not improve the girl’s condition and her legs remained paralyzed for life. In 1910, Dmitry Ivanovich Chetverikov died and Alexandra Alexandrovna remained in Timofeevka with her younger daughters. By that time, the sons had either already received their education or were finishing it, and the eldest daughter Anna lived with her family.

A. A. Chetverikova comes up with the idea of ​​setting up a hospital for the treatment of bone tuberculosis, in which her daughter Natalya should become a caregiver and regular patient. 09/01/1909 A. A. Chetrverikova submits an application to the Moscow City Duma, where she writes:“Wanting to come to the aid of the poor population of the city of Moscow, suffering or predisposed to tuberculosis, mainly tuberculosis of the lungs and other internal organs, I donate to the Moscow City Administration a capital of one hundred thousand rubles for the establishment in Moscow or its immediate surroundings on the tram line of a hospital or other type of institution with permanent beds.”

In a personal letter, Alexandra Alexandrovna says: “Finally, I got the city to accept my donation on the terms I wanted. They give me a small, but very good plot of land in Sokolnichesky Park. I have to build everything myself, equip it and deliver it ready-made to the city, which will give me 15,000 rubles. for content. With great difficulty, we made an estimate so as not to go beyond the allocated amount. We want to make 15 beds free and 10 paid. Management of the board, trustee - me. A completely autonomous institution, independent of any hospital. There will be a lot of work, I know that you won’t get by without troubles, but in the busy work you forget your grief. The institution will bear the name of my Natasha - perhaps over time she will find the meaning of life in it.”

In April 1912, the laying of the first stone of the sanatorium took place; P. P. Malinovsky became the architect, and Alexander Nikolaevich Aleksin became the chief physician. In the book “All Moscow” for 1917 it is written:"A. N. Aleksin, member of the medical council at the City Administration, secretary of the All-Russian League for the Fight against Tuberculosis. Doctor".

Unfortunately, Alexandra Aleksandrovna Cherverikova was not destined to see the opening of the sanatorium: she fell ill with spinal sarcoma and died on November 11, 1912. According to the description, the sanatorium was located in a stone one-story building, built with the expectation of further addition. Nearby there was a separate outpatient building with a pharmacy and two doctors' offices. There were 11 wards with 31 beds in total. One of the wards had a separate entrance in case of isolation of infectious patients. The X-ray room was equipped with a donation of 3,000 rubles. the Dolbyshev spouses. There was also a laboratory, a hydropathic clinic, rooms for linen and “for storing dresses.” The arrangement of premises and medical equipment are made with the latest technology.

After the death of her mother, Natalya Dmitrievna was adopted by her uncle Sergei Ivanovich, and with his family after the October revolution she went into exile, first to Switzerland, then to Austria. Until the end of her life, N.D. Cherverikova remained a deeply Russian person; she died in April 1974 in Vienna.

After 1917, the sanatorium was specialized for the treatment of tuberculosis for some time. In the directory “All Moscow” of 1923 it is recorded as a sanatorium named after. A. N. Aleksina. A. M. Gorky mentions Aleksin in the story “Portraits”:“He was an interesting person and multi-talented in Russian. He was somewhat skeptical about medicine; it is possible that this is why he treated so successfully. He was the ideal Russian zemstvo doctor, a “jack of all trades,” a surgeon and gynecologist, an ophthalmologist and a “specialist” in tuberculosis... His dense, somewhat heavy bearish figure, a rough face, a straight, intent gaze of intelligent, mocking eyes and a taciturn, harsh speech has always aroused trust in people.”

Until 1946, the Moscow Regional Hospital for Disabled Persons of the Great Patriotic War 15 operated on the territory of the former sanatorium. Since 1946, a children's orthopedic department was opened at its base (initially with 30 beds), advised by the CITO named after. N. N. Priorov and MONIKA named after. M. F. Vladimirova. The heads of the department were V. A. Rudanovskaya (1946-48) and K. N. Khruleva (1948-56).

After renovating the buildings and equipping them with the necessary equipment, on January 1, 1957, a children's orthopedic and neurological hospital with 200 beds and several departments was opened here. V.V. Marinkin became the chief physician. Also in 1957, during the polio epidemic in the Moscow region, 8 sanatoriums were opened for children who had suffered from the disease. Later, when the hospital partially changed its profile (50 beds were allocated for children with injuries and 5 beds for children with myopathy), specialized sanatoriums “Proletary”, “Bekasovo”, “Orekhovo-Zuevo” and a department at the Solntsevskaya Hospital were opened. In all cases, doctors from the Sokolniki hospital were assigned to each of them. In the 1960s and 70s. under the chief physician P.V. Pakhomov, the following were built: an operating unit, a swimming pool, a boiler room, warehouses, and the emergency department was reorganized. Under the chief doctors JI. I. Khrenovskaya and E. G. Sologubov carried out redevelopment of the premises. In 1976, the hospital was called the Moscow Regional Children's Orthopedic and Surgical Hospital. In the same year, the MONIKI pediatric traumatology and orthopedics clinic was opened on the basis of the hospital under the leadership of P. I. Fishchenko.

In 1985-87 gt. The hospital has undergone major renovations. In 1995 a regional children's trauma center has been opened here, which provides 24-hour emergency assistance to children in Moscow and the Moscow region. In the hospital, children are not only treated, but taught and educated. Currently, the chief physician of the hospital is V.I. Tarasov. The original building, built in 1913, has been extensively altered so that it is difficult to recognize

4. The fate of the Perlovs' dacha

The Perlovs' dacha on the Transverse Clearing has been preserved. The TsANTDM archive contains a drawing approved on January 4, 1911 by the author of the project, architect. K.K. Gippius, and CIAM (fond 179, op. 62, T.3 case 5660) lists buildings on estate No. 1216 with an area of ​​1100 square meters. soot

The Perlovs belonged to that part of the Moscow merchant class that was engaged in the rather profitable sale of tea (All Moscow. Reference and address book. 1915). The dacha was registered to Anna Yakovlevna (nee Prokhorova, died in February 1918), the wife of the descendant. honorary citizen Sergei Vasilyevich Perlov (1836—12/13/1910). The founder of the tea trade was his grandfather Alexey Perlov (d. 1814). The family house on Bolshaya Alekseevskaya Street was inherited by Mikhail Alekseevich Perlov, and his brothers Vasily (1784-1869) and Ivan (1796-1861), after the division of property in 1835, bought a house on 1st Meshchanskaya Street. (No. 5). After the division with his brother, Vasily Alekseevich remained in the house on 1st Meshchanskaya and in 1860 founded a trading house in his name to trade tea through Kyakhta. Children from his second wife: Alexandra, Semyon (1821-1879), Florenty (1824-1873); children from his third wife: Peter (1833-1891), Sergei (1836-1910). After the company's anniversary in 1887, the Perlovs received nobility and soon formed two companies: Vasily, Ivan and Nikolai Semenovich traded under the old company “V. A. Perlov”, and Sergei Vasilyevich founded his own company “Sergei Vasilyevich Perlov and Co.” separately from his nephews. In 1890, S.V. Perlov rebuilt 19 on the street. Myasnitskaya, which was bought by his father (architect R.I. Klein), later in 1895 it was redesigned by K.K. Gippius in the form of a “tea house”. In addition, the Perlovs collected objects of oriental art.

The dacha in Sokolniki has been owned by the Perlov family since the 1870s. But S.V. Perlov had two more estates: Pushchino on the Oka and Bulatovo in the Kaluga province. They are known as donors to the Shamorda monastery, in which, after the death of Sergei Vasilyevich Perlov, a special edition “Wreath to a Benefactor” was published: “He was a man of integrity, deeply religious, energetic, active, who had seen a lot in his life. Distinguished by his intelligence, honesty and high rules, he at the same time combined in himself rare kindness, a bright outlook on life and people, and responsiveness to all that is good.” In the Shamordino monastery he built: a temple, a building for incurable patients and a memorial case over the cell of the deceased elder Ambrose. He was buried in this monastery.

S.V. Perlov had three daughters: Varvara (Vera), married to Innokenty Ivanovich Kazakov; Elizaveta is for Vladimir Aleksandrovich Bakhrushin, Love is for Nikolai Petrovich Bakhrushin. By the way, these Bakhrushins were the nephews of V.F. Bakhrushina, whose dacha was nearby, also along the Transverse Clearing (old No. 39). Perlovsky youth staged theatrical performances, including operas, in which the Bakhrushins took part.

As fate would have it, the Perlovs’ estate with the preserved old dacha forms part of the large territory of the Main Space Hospital of Russia (the current address is 17, Poperechny Prosek). It is connected with historical events - here, among a number of trained cosmonauts, Yuoi Alekseevich Gagarin was recommended for the first flight into space, who accomplished his feat on April 12, 1961.

In another part of the property, where the Hospital is now, before the revolution there was the Sokolniki sanatorium run by doctors N.V. Solovyov and S.B. Vermel. The property belonged to the wife of the doctor E. A. Solovyova, who in turn bought it from the heirs of the commercial adviser P. A. Smirnov.

Perlov's dacha

5K. V. Smirnova Smirnovs in Sokolniki

The well-known Moscow surname Smirnov is repeatedly found among Sokolniki householders. In 1871, Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov (d. November 29, 1898) became a merchant of the 1st guild as a wine merchant in his own house in the Pyatnitskaya part, near the Chugunny Bridge, where he lived. Then, in 1874, there was a vodka distillery in this house. Taking care of business, Pyotr Arsenievich did not forget about his relatives. His large family was exemplary patriarchal, friendly, and its head was an indisputable authority for everyone. Coming from serfdom, P. A. Smirnov did not have the opportunity to study, but he gave his sons and daughters a first-class education: first they were taught at home and then sent to privileged schools. From the age of 16-17, the sons already participated in the business.

From his second wife, Natalya Alexandrovna, born. Tarakanova (1843-1873), P. A. Smirnov had children: Nikolai, Alexandra, Anna, Olga (died in infancy), Peter (b. 1852), Nikolai (1873-1937), Vera (b. 1861), Nagalya (1863-1923), Maria (1867-1936), Glafira (1869-1919).

From his third wife, Maria Nikolaevna, born. Medvedeva, he had sons Vladimir (1875-1934), Sergei (1885-1907), Alexey (1889-1922) and daughter Alexandra (1877-1951).

Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov bought from the Lepeshkins a large property No. 1218 in Sokolniki on Poperechny Proezd (belonged to him in 1884, recorded in his will). The CIAM funds (Fund 179, op. 62, T. No. file 5662) contain information about its area - 5602.5 square meters. sazh., that it was listed in 1898 for the widow M.N. Smirnova and her children - Vladimir, Alexei, Sergei and Alexandra, and there

The buildings on its territory are also listed: five one-story wooden dachas and one two-story, partly stone, partly wooden. In the reference book (Nashchokina M.S. One Hundred Architects of Moscow Art Nouveau. - M., 2000, there is a photograph of the Smirnovs’ house in Sokolniki, with a note that the architect A.M. Kalmykov planned the estate, but the address is not indicated, and according to archival drawings of such there was no house in the possession of P. A. Smirnov, and in the photograph one can discern tall, typically urban buildings behind the main mansion.The heirs of P. A. Smirnov did not live in this dacha, but rented it out (in 1901 the tenants - Vinitov, Stulov and the sanatorium of the doctor N.V. Solovyov). According to the deed of November 1, 1911, ownership passes to the doctor’s wife Elena Alekseevna Solovyova, and until 1917 there was a private sanatorium “Sokolniki” of doctors Nikolai Vasilyevich

|House of the Smirnovs (architect A.M. Kalmykov, address not established)

Solovyov and Samson Borisovich Vermel, with a profile in the treatment of diseases of internal organs. Currently, in the right front corner of the Smirnovs' former property there is a mansion in the Art Nouveau style, with a large semi-circular window on the second floor, a wide door and a domed roof. This building was not on the 1906 plan and, apparently, judging by the architecture, it was built in the 1910s. and was intended for the garage.

However, besides this property, the Smirnovs also owned others in Sokolnichesky Park. Perhaps the children of P. A. Smirnov were attached to these places where they spent their childhood and, having sold the common hereditary estate (No. 1218), acquired others for themselves:

— property No. 1217 on Poperechny Proezd (formerly no. 13) since the early 1900s. until 1917 it was Vladimir Petrovich Smirnov. However, his family did not live in Sokolniki, since at that time he had the Sholkovka estate near Moscow and photographs taken there remained in the family archive. In Sokolniki there are currently no buildings here, only rows of trees stand like sentries, bordering the estate from the side of the grove and from the neighboring property.

— property No. 1219 with an area of ​​1240 sq. soot on Poperechny Proezd (formerly no. 31) was registered as Daria Nikolaevna Smirnova, the wife of Nikolai Petrovich Smirnov (though they were divorced). There were several one-story wooden dachas and buildings “for accessories” that were rented out. TSANTDM retains a plan with a magnificent Art Nouveau style mansion standing in the front left corner of the estate. In the 1910s the property was bought by Konstantin Ivanovich Brashnin. Currently, “Therapeutic Labor Workshops” are located here behind a high, unsightly fence.

- the dacha in Olenya Roshcha (possession No. 279) in 1914 was registered as the property of the minors Oleg and Viktor Sergeevich Smirnov. Previously, the estate belonged to the family of Agrippina Aleksandrovna Abrikosova, the wife of commercial advisor Alexei Ivanovich Abrikosov, director of the board of the Abrikosov T-v.

with an area of ​​3600 sq. soot stood: a) A wooden one-story house with mezzanines, two terraces, 13 rooms and a tower (presumably built for the Abrikosovs by architect Chervenko, 1890). b) A wooden dacha with a mezzanine, with 10 rooms and 2 terraces, was connected to this house by a gallery. Other buildings include: a kitchen, a bathhouse, a gazebo, a stone one-story greenhouse with wooden outbuildings, a stone greenhouse lantern, etc. From the Abrikosovs, ownership passed to the French citizen Viktor Klavdievich Giraud, and after him to the Smirnovs. According to the application submitted on July 26, 1914. to the City Government by the guardians of minors Oleg and Viktor Smirnov, the dacha in Sokolniki “burned down and therefore was excluded from the assessment” (Fond 179, op. 62, T.3, owner 279). According to TsANTDM, after the fire, two stone houses were built here in the neoclassical style according to the design of architect. D. S. Markov (definition by A. V. Lazarev). One of them, a service building in which there was a garage, has been preserved, but was barbarically rebuilt and occupied by a military unit (the modern address is B. Olenya, no. 15). It has the same pilasters as the main mansion (two semicircular and two flat) and characteristic extensions above the pilasters, below which are already completed order volutes. Painted pink.

It is difficult to imagine the variety of dachas and their amenities, the calm and cheerful life of summer residents, but now it is deserted and among the overgrown park there are several ancient buildings occupied by institutions or closed with blank fences. Previously, Sokolniki was a convenient dacha place for those who worked in the city and could come to their dacha every day. By the way, in my grandfather’s passport book (Ed. - Yu.S.) there are registration stamps at the Sokolniki dacha, although he himself lived in Starokirochny Lane in the winter, i.e. also in Moscow. In Sokolniki one could play sports, in winter - ice skating, skiing, in summer swimming, riding bicycles, going to concerts and dances in the Pavilion or visiting the summer theater. The theater troupe of the Vvedensky People's House, headed by Alexei Alexandrovich Bakhrushin, performed there. In the repertoire, for example, in 1909 there were: “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” by Shakespeare, “A Warm Heart” and “The Thunderstorm” by Ostrovsky, “Ivanov” and “The Cherry Orchard” by Chekhov; in 1913 - “A Month in the Village” by Turgenev, “The Sunken Bell” by Haupmann, “The Northern Bogatyrs” by Ibsen.

Here is an entry from the diary of Sergei Ivanovich Zimin, the famous organizer of the Opera, the dacha of his mother Maria Fedorovna Zimina was located in building 5 along the 6th Luchevoy clearing:“I was a JI fan. V. Sobinov from his first steps. He was a handsome young man with a wonderful bright voice. I remember at Sokolniki Circle, at his concert (1902), I waited enchanted for him, not knowing him, along with a crowd of his fans. I remember how we enthusiastically greeted and saw off him as he began his brilliant career.” (from the family archive of V. M. Zimina).

It’s no wonder that dating and weddings took place in the Sokolniki dachas. Thus, the children of Pyotr Arsenievich Smirnov married descendants of other merchant families:

1) Glafira Petrovna married Alexander Alekseevich Abrikosov. The dacha of his mother, Agrafena Alexandrovna, was located at B. Olenya St., no. 16, 20 and 22.

2) Natalya Petrovna married Konstantin Petrovich Bakhrushin. The dacha of his aunt, Vera Fedorovna Bakhrushina, was located at 39, Poperechny Prosek.

Natalia Petrovna Bakhrushina’s two daughters, Ekaterina and Elena (granddaughters of P. A. Smirnov), married brothers Fedor and Nikolai Mitrofanovich Mikhailov, whose father Mitrofan Fedorovich’s dacha was located at 6th Luchevoy Prosek, 41.

— Kirill Aleksandrovich Abrikosov was the husband first of Tatyana Petrovna Smirnova, and then of her half-sister, Olga Petrovna Smirnova (these are the granddaughters of P. A. Smirnova).

Yu. M. Derevyanko

Main Aerospace Hospital of Russia (TsNIAG Air Force Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation 1942-1997)

In the order of the Moscow Air Defense No. 045 dated May 7, 1942 on the founding of the hospital it is stated: “ Hospital service for the wounded and sick from fighter aviation units of the front will be provided by hospital No. 2901, henceforth calling it the Aviation Hospital of the Moscow Air Defense Front. The aviation hospital will simultaneously serve the wounded and sick from the Air Force units of the Western Front, Long-Range Aviation and the Moscow District.”

During the Second World War, the hospital was located in three two-story old buildings, the first floors of which were connected by corridors. Until 1917, A. Ya. Perlova owned a private hospital for tuberculosis patients, Dr. N.V. Solovyov and S.B. Vermel, designed for 60 people. In 1919, by personal order of V.I. Lenin, the buildings and a plot of 6.8 hectares were “forever and free of charge” transferred to the disposal of the Military Sanitary Department. After the revolution, at different times, the following were located here: the 4th and 2nd Moscow military hospitals, the tuberculosis sanatorium of the Red Army.

During the three years of World War II, the hospital had 300 beds for patients and served 5,378 patients. In 1942, it was equipped with X-ray machines (domestic - "Burevestnik" and another - English-made, it is possible that the latter was donated by the composer S. Rachmaninov, who lived in America).

In 1943, the legendary hero of the Soviet Union Alexei Petrovich Maresyev, who lost both legs due to frostbite, was here admitted by experts of the Military Medical Commission to fly first on the PO-2, and then on a combat fighter (his attending physician was traumatologist G. R. Greifer). A big role in the fate of the pilot was played by the young nurse Evdokia Ivanovna Korenkova, who worked at hospital No. 4034 on the street. Bauman. She taught Alexei Petrovich to dance to the then fashionable hit song “A brass band is playing in the city garden.” Now she continues to work at the hospital. Burdenko and nurses the wounded of the Chechen war.

Since October 1959, TsNIAG began inpatient selection and medical support for the first group of cosmonauts, which included: Yu. A. Gagarin, G. S. Titov, A. A. Leonov, A. T. Nikolaev, P. R. Popovich, V.V. Tereshkova and others. Later, under the Intercosmos program, cosmonauts from other countries were trained here. For this purpose, a centrifuge was installed in the northern part of the hospital grounds, designed to simulate overloads and endurance tests (1959-80).

In the post-war years, the hospital was led by prominent scientists and doctors: A. V. Pokrovsky (1945-47), V. G. Vishnevsky (1947-50), A. A. Usanov (1950-70), G. S. Sergeev (1970 -75), I. A. Polozkov (1975-87), A. P. Ivanchikov (1987-95). Since April 1995, it has been headed by an experienced surgeon, Ph.D. honey. Science Valery Evgenievich Kokhan.

From the moment the hospital was founded in Sokolniki, one of the first heads of departments was the captain of the medical service, hereditary physiotherapist Vladimir Vasilyevich Tovstoluzhsky, a graduate of Moscow University in 1917. His father headed one of the best hospitals in Russia in Poltava. Consultant in 1954-55. became head Department of Endocrinology of the Central Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians E. A. Sheremetevsky, who previously worked as a resident at a private hospital, Dr. N.V. Solovyova. The head nurse of the physiotherapy department, Anna Romanovna Kuznetsova, carried 125 wounded from the battlefield during the Second World War, was awarded twice the Order of the Red Star and many medals, and in 1967 the International Red Cross gave her its highest award - the medal named after. Florence Nightingale.

From the memoirs of a retired lieutenant colonel

During the Second World War, I served with the rank of senior aviation lieutenant in the 958th Assault Aviation Regiment of the Ostrov-Rizhsky Regiment. I first met French pilots in Tula in September 1944 during the training and formation of the Normandie-Niemen regiment. The French lived amicably, fought well on our planes, behaved modestly and with dignity, drank in moderation, and showed great friendliness. The technical staff was mainly Russian, but there were also French.

The second time I met French pilots was at the Aviation Hospital in Sokolniki in December 1944. I remember General de Gaulle’s visit here. The perimeter of the hospital fence was guarded by NKVD agents, either in camouflage or medical white coats. De Gaulle and his retinue arrived in several identical cars, which made maneuvers both at the entrance and on the territory of the hospital, changing places, so that it was not immediately possible to determine which of them was General de Gaulle. All those who arrived wore white coats. De Gaulle greeted everyone, went to his pilots and presented them with the Order of the Legion of Honor and medals of France, then awarded the service personnel and attending physicians. For the successful treatment of the pilots of the Normandy-Niemen regiment, the head of the hospital, Prof. D. E. Rosenblum and residents A. G. Karavanov and A. I. Krivoshapov (head of the dental department) received the Order of the French Republic - Knight Crosses of the Order of the Legion of Honor. Then a festive dinner was held and de Gaulle congratulated everyone on the upcoming holiday - the New Year...

I would like the preserved house of pre-revolutionary construction on the territory of TsNIAG on Poperechny Prosek in Sokolniki, with the ancient staircase on which General de Gaulle’s feet walked, to be preserved, renovated and become a museum of the fighting traditions of the warriors of the peoples of France and Russia.

6.Sanatorium on the 6th Luchevoy Prosek

On the vast territory of the Sokolniki sanatorium on the 6th Luchevoy Prosek (now no. 19), two old buildings are preserved, restored during a major overhaul and sharply different from the new buildings. Until 1917, they belonged to two neighboring estates - Vydrina (no. 25.27 on 6th Luchevoy prosp.) and Ananina (no. 29). The latter in 1889 was registered with the famous entrepreneur Vasily Aleksandrovich Kokorev (1817-1889). V. A. Kokorev acquired a huge fortune from wine farming, traded with Persia, founded the first oil refinery in Baku (1859), the Volga-Kama Bank (1879), participated in railway concessions, etc. Author of articles on economic policy in Russia (Buryshkin P.A. Merchant Moscow. - M., 1991) mind 22.

Sokolnicheskaya dacha was given to them as a dowry for their daughter Alexandra, who married Grigory Ivanovich Ananyin. G.I. and A.V. Ananyin, like their parents, were Old Believers of the Bespopovsky Pomeranian Marriage Consent and they donated considerable capital to the 1st Pomeranian community in Moscow. Thus, in 1910, at the expense of A.V. Ananina (a gift of 50 thousand rubles), the Church of St. Nicholas was built in B. Perevedenovsky Lane (29 at the address 1915, architect I.E. Bondarenko) and not far away, at 55 on the same lane, a Community shelter was established (a gift of 50 thousand rubles).

CIAM (Fond 179, op. 62, T.3 case 5718) contains a plan and description of the buildings of A.V. Ananina’s property in Sokolniki: 1) Along the clearing there is a one-story wooden dacha (8 rooms, terrace, 19 windows, 3 doors). Pashchenkovskaya hires. This house has survived to this day. 2) In the courtyard there is a wooden outbuilding (kitchen, cellar, bathroom, premises for Pashchenkovskaya employees). 3) Along the cross-street there is a one-story wooden dacha (mezzanine, terrace, 7 rooms). Hires Volkov. 4) In the courtyard there is a wooden one-story dwelling (janitor's room). 5) Auxiliary buildings “for accessories”. Property area 900 sq. soot., estimate 1760 rubles, net income minus expenses 601 rubles.

According to information from the directory “All Moscow”, in 1917 in his house 16 on the street. M. Nikitskaya lived Ananyin: Grigory Ivanovich, Alexandra Vasilievna, Ivan Grigorievich, civil engineer, Sergei Grigorievich, engineer, and Zinaida Filippovna.

Plan of the Ananyins' dacha and modern appearance of the house

Neighboring properties in Sokolniki No. 1287 and 1288, currently also part of the sanatorium, from August 1910 to 1917. belonged to sweat. honor citizens Vydrin: Roman Pavlovich, member of the board of the Moscow Society for the construction and operation of access railway tracks in Russia, director of the Moscow Trade Society, member of the board of the Yaroslavl-Kostroma Land Bank and member of the audit commission of the Moscow Society for Aid to Poor Jews. Genrikh Romanovich, doctor, board member of the Moscow Society for the construction and operation of access railway tracks in Russia. Before the Vydrins, the estate was registered with the Lebedevs: Alexandra Petrovna, the wife of a merchant brother, Pyotr Nikolaevich, Doctor of Natural Philosophy, Alexandra Nikolaevna, a merchant’s daughter, and Vera Nikolaevna Schultz, the wife of a Prussian subject. The surviving house was built under the Lebedevs and is described in CIAM (Fond 179, op. 62 T.3, file 5714): 1) In the courtyard there is a two-story wooden dacha with terraces (14 windows on the 1st floor, 13 windows on the 2nd floor ). 2) There is a wooden one-story building in the yard.

Mentioned above is the name of the famous Russian physicist, in whose honor the Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences is named. He was born on February 24, 1866, in Moscow in the family of a trading employee Nikolai Vsevolodovich Lebedev, his mother - Anna Petrovna, born. Zhukova. My father worked in the Botkin tea merchant company. He was energetic, passionately loved his work, and annually went to the Nizhny Novgorod fair on company business. However, from time to time the company suffered setbacks that affected the Lebedev family, and throughout Pyotr Nikolaevich’s youth, his parents became rich and went bankrupt several times. The father wanted to see his son as a successor in trade affairs, but he avoided this in every possible way, as a result of which a conflict arose between them (in 1886). After the death of his father in 1887, the family owned their own house on Maroseyka (No. 10), a dacha in Sokolniki and some capital.

P. N. Lebedev studied at the Petropavlovsk gymnasium (in Petroverigsky lane), then moved to the Khainovsky real school, which gave him the right to enter the Imperial Technical School. Having not graduated from IMTU, striving for knowledge of “pure science”, in October l |87 he went to Strasbourg and entered the university, working under the guidance of prof. A. Kundt, who headed the Physics Institute. When Kundt moved to the University of Berlin, Lebedev followed him, but a year later he returned to Strasbourg, where he received his doctorate. Came to Moscow in 1891. and worked at Moscow University with A.G. Stoletov.

P. N. Lebedev was distinguished by the masterly quality of physical experiments and the ability to organize the work of a team of researchers. Main works: Experimental study of the pondemotive effect of waves on resonators; Experimental study of light pressure (on gases and solids); Methods for studying absorption spectra; Research on solar magnetism and others. Undoubtedly, the sale of the family house on Maroseyka and the dacha in Sokolniki helped P. N. Lebedev devote himself entirely to science and to some extent contributed to his success.

P. N. Lebedev died very early, at the age of 46, from heart disease, in the prime of his creative powers, when a new building of the Physics Institute was being built for him on Miusskaya Square with funds raised by the Society for the Promotion of Applied Sciences. Kh. S. Ledentsov, where he was a member of the Council. At first he was buried in the cemetery of the Alekseevsky Monastery, and in 1935 the remains were reburied in the Novodevichy cemetery. There is also the grave of Nikolai Vladimirovich Lebedev (1894-1957), his adopted son.

Scheme: AiF

“55 years ago, in June 1959, in Sokolniki” Nikita Khrushchev received Vice President Nixon,” said AiF Liliya Guseva, park guide.

Royal hunt

Sigismund Herberstein, European ambassador to the court Ivan the Terrible, in his “notes on Muscovite affairs,” described the royal hunt that took place on the territory of Sokolniki Park. Historians have found topographical evidence of this. In the 16th century in the place where today the alley leads from the Sokolniki metro station to the park, the village of Voznikovskaya grew up. But behind it remained an untouched forest that had never known an axe.

Falconry took place in the heathlands surrounding the forest. The king was a great lover of her Alexei Mikhailovich. He was so carried away by it that he even wrote a scientific work entitled “The Falconer’s Way Officer.” Falconry in ancient times was a fashionable pastime - people were fond of it Genghis Khan, Frederick II, Louis XIII. It was this type of hunting that gave the name to the park - falconers lived nearby and kept falcons for many centuries.

The birth of a dacha

There was interest in the park and Peter I. When he made friends with the Germans from Lefortovo, in order to please his friends on May 1 (on this day Europeans traditionally had picnics), he cut a wide clearing in Sokolnichiya Grove. This place was first called “German tables”, and now the alley is called Maysky Prosek ➊. Here and after Peter, festivities were held and even celebrations took place regarding the coronations of the heirs to the throne. All Russian great princes, emperors, and empresses visited Sokolniki. By the way, Anna Ioannovna also, following the example of her great ancestors, she actively hunted here - but now it was hunting with dogs, on horseback.

The territories of Sokolnichya, Alekseevskaya and Olenya groves officially belonged to the royal treasury for many centuries. Once upon a time this area was considered the near Moscow region. In 1840, with the permission of the royal family, Moscow received the right to manage the park. In 1880, the city bought it from the Tsar, and in 1890 Sokolniki was officially included in the territory of Belokamennaya.

The Mayskiy Prosek alley was cut through by order of Peter I. Photo: AiF / Eduard Kudryavitsky

From the middle of the 19th century. Sokolniki began to be built up with dachas - the right to develop park areas was given only to especially respected people. Documents of that era said that “the land was given to so and so to build a house,” which, by the way, is where the name “dacha” came from. In Sokolniki there were dachas of the philanthropists Lyamins, Boevs, and Bakhrushins. Here Chaliapin sang for them more than once, Levitan and Savrasov created their masterpieces.

Lenin's wallet

But that was how it was before the revolution. In 1918, in Sokolniki Park, he gave a solemn speech Vladimir Lenin. In honor of this event, a bas-relief was then erected there. And at the dacha of the philanthropist Lyamin ➋ the wife of Vladimir Ilyich Nadezhda Krupskaya organized a school for sick children. It is possible that it was there that the proletarian leader was heading on a cold autumn evening in 1918 in a car along dark alleys and it was on this road that a famous bandit stopped him Yashka Koshelkov nicknamed Wallet. Lenin tried to pacify Yashka: “How can you! I am Lenin! And Yashka the Wallet answered: “And I’m Yashka the Wallet, and I’m the boss here at night!” He took Lenin’s car, documents, money and sent Ilyich to his wife on foot.

About an hour later, someone suggested to Koshelk that it would be a good idea to take Lenin hostage and exchange him for fellow bandits who were languishing in Sailor’s Silence. But the Cheka acted faster, Yashka was tied up and taken to the same Matrosskaya Tishina, which is located in the Sokolniki area.

By the way, the origin of the name of the prison where Wallet and his accomplices were hidden is interesting. There is a psychiatric hospital next to the prison. And in this very place, Peter I once built a linen factory where sails were made for our fleet. Later, a settlement was created there for sailors who retired and could live out their lives in peace and quiet. That's why the area was named Sailor's Silence ➌.

The wooden “Circle” pavilion was built specifically in honor of the coronation of Alexander III in 1883; today, another “water” circle is located in this place. Photo: RIA Novosti

Beria's concubines

Lenin was not the only one who visited Sokolniki several times during Soviet times. Here in the park there is a house called Beria’s dacha ➍. Before the revolution, the building belonged to a merchant named Tsigel. And Beria visited this house on visits. Presumably, it was there that his assistants brought beautiful girls and women for his boss, who were stolen for him right on the street. But today nothing remains inside this building. There was terrible devastation there for a very long time, but now this dacha is privately owned and is being restored.

"Dacha Constructor" from Krasnodar. Photo: AiF / Eduard Kudryavitsky

The next Soviet ruler to make his mark in Sokolniki was Nikita Khrushchev. He arrived there in June 1959, accompanied by US Vice President Nixon for the opening of the American exhibition. Of course, for Soviet people such an exhibition was a sensation and caused a cultural shock. The highlight of the program was not even the luxurious, expensive televisions (did the Soviet people have any time for entertainment at that moment?), but ballpoint pens and washing machines. At this exhibition, in one of the pavilions, the kitchen of an American housewife was reproduced. Just next to her, the so-called “kitchen debate” between Khrushchev and Nixon took place, in which the former vigorously argued to the latter that the future belongs to socialism.

Everyone knows about the American exhibition, but rarely does anyone remember that two weeks before it, Sokolniki held an exhibition called “For you, Soviet man!” All regions of the RSFSR brought their main achievements for that period of time to it. The Krasnodar region brought a house in which Soviet citizens could have a wonderful rest on the Black Sea coast. Each family of vacationers in this building had its own separate entrance. Then they said about this house for a very long time that it was a masterpiece of constructivism. After the exhibition, a chess and checkers club was set up there ➎. True, it is now in disrepair.

Among the more modern attractions, there is the Violet cafe in Sokolniki ➏: they say that Pugacheva sang there.