The real age of the pyramid of Cheops. The thousand-year-old secret of the pyramid of Cheops is revealed

Pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (in the Greek version of Cheops), or the Great Pyramid - the greatest of Egyptian pyramids, the oldest of the seven wonders of the world of antiquity and the only one of them that has come down to our time. For over four thousand years, the pyramid was the largest building in the world.

The pyramid of Cheops is located in the far suburbs of Cairo Giza. Nearby are two more pyramids of the pharaohs Khafre and Menkaure (Khafren and Mikerin), according to ancient historians, the sons and successors of Khufu. These are the three largest pyramids in Egypt.

Following the ancient authors, most modern historians consider the pyramids to be the burial structures of the ancient Egyptian monarchs. Some scientists believe that these were astronomical observatories. There is no direct evidence that pharaohs were buried in the pyramids, but other versions of their purpose are less convincing.

When was the pyramid of Cheops built?

Based on the ancient "royal lists", it is established that Cheops ruled around 2585-2566. BC. Construction " sacred height” lasted 20 years and ended after the death of Khufu, around 2560 BC.

Other versions of construction dates based on astronomical methods give dates from 2720 to 2577. BC. The radiocarbon method shows a spread of 170 years, from 2850 to 2680. BC.

There are also exotic opinions expressed by supporters of theories of visiting the Earth by aliens, the existence of ancient pra-civilizations, or adherents of occult currents. They determine the age of the pyramid of Cheops from 6-7 to tens of thousands of years.

How the pyramid was built

The Pyramid of Cheops is still the largest stone building on the planet. Its height is 137 m, the length of the side of the base is 230.38 m, the angle of inclination of the edge is 51 ° 50", the total volume is about 2.5 million cubic meters. At the time of completion of construction, the height was 9.5 m higher, and the side of the base was 2 m longer, however, over the past centuries, almost the entire lining of the pyramid has been dismantled.Natural factors have also done their job - temperature drops and winds from the desert, carrying clouds of sand.

Ancient Greek historians reported that the labor of millions of slaves was used in the construction. Modern researchers believe that with the proper organization of work and engineering, the Egyptians would have had several tens of thousands of workers for the construction. For the transportation of materials, temporary workers were involved, the number of which, according to Herodotus, reached 100 thousand. Modern scientists fully agree with this, as well as with the reality of a 20-year construction period.

Hemiun, the head of the royal works, supervised the construction of the pyramid. Hemiun's tomb is located next to his creation; a statue of the architect was found in it.

The main material for the construction was gray limestone, which was cut down in the nearest quarries or brought from the other side of the Nile. The pyramid was lined with light sandstone, because of which it literally shone under the sunlight. Granite was used for interior decoration, which was delivered a thousand kilometers from the area of \u200b\u200bpresent-day Aswan. The building was crowned with a hewn gilded granite block - a pyramidion.

In total, the construction of the pyramid took about 2.3 million blocks of limestone and 115 thousand facing slabs. The total mass of the building, according to modern estimates, is almost 6 million tons.

The block sizes vary. The largest ones are laid in the base, their height is one and a half meters. The blocks are smaller the higher they are. The height of the block at the top was 55 cm. The length of the facing slabs ranged from 1.5 to 0.75 m.

The work of the pyramid builders was extremely difficult. A lot of time and effort required the extraction of stone, hewing blocks and fitting to the right size. In those days, neither iron nor bronze was known in Egypt. The tools were made of relatively soft copper, so they wore down quickly and were very expensive. Flint tools were widely used - saws, drills, hammers. Many of them were found during excavations.

Delivery of materials was carried out by river, and the stone was brought to the construction site on a wooden sled or rollers. It was hellish work, because the average weight of one block is 2.5 tons, and some of them weighed up to 50 tons.

A variety of devices were used to lift and install the monoliths, and inclined embankments were erected to pull up the most massive elements that make up the lower rows. Images of construction work have been found in a number of Egyptian temples and tombs.

Recently, an original theory has emerged regarding the construction methods of the Egyptians. Scientists who studied the microstructure of the blocks in order to establish their origin, found foreign inclusions. According to experts, these are the remains of animal hair and human hair, from which the scientists concluded that the limestone was crushed in the places of extraction and delivered to the construction site in crushed form. Blocks were made directly at the place of laying from the limestone mass, which thus were a semblance of modern concrete structures, and tool marks on the blocks are actually formwork prints.

Be that as it may, the construction was completed, and the grandiose dimensions of the pyramid fully justify the supporters of the theories of the Atlanteans and aliens who do not believe in the possibility of human genius.

What is inside the pyramid

The entrance to the pyramid was made at a height of almost 16 meters in the form of an arch of granite slabs. It was later sealed with a granite cork and covered with cladding. The current entrance, 10 meters lower, was broken in 831 by order of Caliph Al-Mamun, who hoped to find gold here, but did not find anything of value.

The main premises are the pharaoh's chamber, the queen's chamber, the Great Gallery and the underground chamber. The passage punched by Al-Mamun leads to a 105-meter inclined corridor, ending in a chamber carved into the rock below the base of the pyramid. Its dimensions are 14x8 m., height 3.5 m. Works here were not completed for unknown reasons.

At 18 meters from the entrance, a 40-meter-long ascending corridor separates from the descending corridor, ending in the Great Gallery. The Gallery itself is a high (8.5 m) tunnel 46.6 m long leading to the pharaoh's chamber. The corridor to the queen's chamber branches off from the Gallery at its very beginning. A rectangular ditch 60 cm deep and 1 m wide was pierced in the floor of the Gallery; its purpose is unknown.

The length of the pharaoh's chamber is 10.5 m, width 5.4 m, height 5.84 m. It is lined with black granite slabs. Here is an empty granite sarcophagus. The queen's chamber is more modest - 5.76 x 5.23 x 6.26 m.

Channels 20-25 cm wide lead from the burial chambers to the surface of the pyramid. The channels of the king's chamber go out at one end into the room, at the other - onto the surface of the pyramid. The channels of the queen's chamber begin 13 cm from the wall and do not reach 12 m to the surface, and both ends of the channels are closed with stone doors with handles. It is assumed that the channels were made to ventilate the premises during the work. Another version, connected with the beliefs of the Egyptians, claims that this is the path to the afterlife, which the souls of the deceased had to go through.

No less mysterious is another small room, the Grotto, to which an almost vertical passage leads from the beginning of the Great Gallery. The grotto is located at the junction of the base of the pyramid and the hill on which it stands. The walls of the Grotto are reinforced with rather roughly worked stone. It is assumed that this is part of some structure older than the pyramid.

It is necessary to mention one discovery related to the pyramid. In 1954, at the southern edge, two stone-lined pits were discovered, in which were the pharaoh's boats, made of Lebanese cedar. One of the boats has been restored and is now in a special pavilion next to the pyramid. Its length is 43.5 m, width is 5.6 m.

The study of the pyramid of Cheops continues. Research using the latest methods used in the exploration of the earth's interior, show with a high degree of probability the existence of unknown caverns inside the pyramid. So it is quite possible that scientists expect new interesting findings and discoveries.

In the meantime, the Great Pyramid keeps its secrets, proudly rising in the middle of the desert, like millennia ago. After all, according to an ancient Arabic proverb, everything in the world is afraid of time, but time is afraid of the pyramids.

The first wonder of the world of all time, one of the main structures of our planet, a place full of secrets and mysteries, a point of constant pilgrimage for tourists - the Egyptian pyramids and in particular the pyramid of Cheops.

The construction of giant pyramids, of course, was far from an easy task. Huge efforts of a large number of people were made to deliver stone blocks to the Giza or Saqqara plateau, and later to the Valley of the Kings, which became the new necropolis of the pharaohs.

At the moment, there are about a hundred found pyramids in Egypt, but the finds continue, and their number is constantly increasing. At different times, different pyramids were understood as one of the 7 wonders of the world. Someone meant all the pyramids of Egypt as a whole, someone pyramids near Memphis, someone three large pyramids of Giza, and the critics recognized only the largest pyramid of Cheops.

The afterlife of ancient Egypt

One of the central moments in the life of the ancient Egyptians was religion, which formed the whole culture as a whole. Particular attention was paid to the afterlife, perceived as a clear continuation of earthly life. That is why the preparation for life after death began long before it, it was set as one of the main life tasks.

According to the ancient Egyptian belief, a person had several souls. The soul of Ka acted as a double of the Egyptian, whom he was to meet in the afterlife. The soul of Ba contacted the person himself, and left his body after death.

The religious life of the Egyptians and the god Anubis

At first, it was believed that only the pharaoh had the right to life after death, but he could bestow this "immortality" on his entourage, who were usually buried next to the tomb of the lord. Ordinary people were not destined to get into the world of the dead, the only exception was slaves and servants, whom the pharaoh “took” with him, and who were depicted on the walls of the great tomb.

But for a comfortable life after the death of the deceased, it was necessary to provide everything necessary: food, household utensils, servants, slaves, and much more needed for the average pharaoh. They also tried to preserve the body of a person so that the soul of Ba could later unite with him again. Therefore, in matters of body preservation, embalming and the creation of complex pyramid tombs were born.

The first pyramid in Egypt. Pyramid of Djoser

Speaking about the construction of the pyramids in Ancient Egypt in general, it is worth mentioning the beginning of their history. The very first pyramid in Egypt was built about five thousand years ago at the initiative of Pharaoh Djoser. It is in these 5 millennia that the age of the pyramids in Egypt is estimated. The erection of the pyramid of Djoser was led by the famous and legendary Imhotep, who was even deified in later centuries.

Pyramid of Djoser

The entire complex of the building under construction occupied an area of 545 by 278 meters. Along the perimeter, it was surrounded by a 10-meter wall with 14 gates, only one of which was real. In the center of the complex was the pyramid of Djoser with sides 118 by 140 meters. The height of the pyramid of Djoser is 60 meters. Almost at a depth of 30 meters there was a burial chamber, to which corridors with many branches led. Utensils and sacrifices were kept in the branch rooms. Here, archaeologists found three bas-reliefs of Pharaoh Djoser himself. Near the eastern wall of the Djoser pyramid, 11 small burial chambers intended for the royal family were discovered.

Unlike the famous great pyramids of Giza, the pyramid of Djoser had a stepped shape, as if intended for the ascension of the pharaoh to heaven. Of course, this pyramid is inferior in popularity and size to the pyramid of Cheops, but still the contribution of the very first stone pyramid to the culture of Egypt is difficult to overestimate.

The Pyramid of Cheops. History and brief description

But still, the most famous for the ordinary population of our planet are the three pyramids of Egypt located nearby - Khafre, Mekerin and the largest and highest pyramid in Egypt - Cheops (Khufu)

Pyramids of Giza

The Pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops was built near the city of Giza, currently a suburb of Cairo. When the pyramid of Cheops was built, it is currently impossible to say for sure, and research gives a strong scatter. In Egypt, for example, the date of the beginning of the construction of this pyramid is officially celebrated - August 23, 2480 BC.

Pyramid of Cheops and Sphinx

About 100,000 people were simultaneously involved in the construction of the wonder of the world pyramid of Cheops. During the first ten years of work, a road was built, along which huge stone blocks were delivered to the river and underground structures of the pyramid. Work on the construction of the monument itself continued for about 20 years.

The size of the pyramid of Cheops at Giza is amazing. The height of the pyramid of Cheops initially reached 147 meters. Over time, due to falling asleep with sand and the loss of lining, it decreased to 137 meters. But even this figure allowed her to remain the tallest human structure in the world for a long time. The pyramid has a square base with a side of 147 meters. The construction of this giant is estimated to have required 2,300,000 limestone blocks weighing an average of 2.5 tons.

How were the pyramids built in Egypt?

The technology of building the pyramids is controversial in our time. Versions vary from the invention of concrete in ancient Egypt to the construction of pyramids by aliens. But still it is believed that the pyramids were built by man solely by his strength. So for the extraction of stone blocks, first a shape was outlined in the rock, grooves were hollowed out and a dry tree was inserted into them. Later, the tree was doused with water, it expanded, a crack formed in the rock, and the block was separated. Then it was processed to the desired shape with tools and sent along the river to the construction site.

, vizier and nephew of Cheops. He also bore the title "Manager of all construction sites of the pharaoh." For more than three thousand years (until the construction of the cathedral in Lincoln, England, around 1300), the pyramid was the tallest building on Earth.

It is assumed that the construction, which lasted twenty years, ended around 2540 BC. e. The existing methods of dating the time of the beginning of the construction of the pyramid are divided into historical, astronomical and radiocarbon. In Egypt, the date of the start of the construction of the Cheops pyramid is officially established and celebrated - August 23, 2560 BC. e. This date was obtained using the astronomical method of Kate Spence (University of Cambridge). However, this date should not be considered a true historical event, since her method and the dates obtained with its help have been criticized by many Egyptologists. The existing three other dating methods give different dates - Stephen Hack (University of Nebraska) 2720 BC. e., Juana Antonio Belmonte (University of Astrophysics in Canaris) 2577 BC. e. and Pollux (Baumann University) 2708 BC. e. The radiocarbon method gives a range from 2680 BC. e. until 2850 BC e. Therefore, there is no serious confirmation of the established “birthday” of the pyramid, since Egyptologists cannot agree on exactly what year the construction began.

Statistical data

Altitude (today): ≈ 138.75 m
Sidewall Angle (Now): 51° 50"
Side rib length (original): 230.33 m (calculated) or about 440 royal cubits
Side rib length (now): about 225 m
The length of the sides of the base of the pyramid: south - 230.454 m; north - 230.253 m; west - 230.357 m; east - 230.394 m
Base area (originally): ≈ 53,000 m² (5.3 ha)
Side surface area of the pyramid (originally): ≈ 85,500 m²
Base perimeter: 922 m
The total volume of the pyramid without deducting the cavities inside the pyramid (initially): ≈ 2.58 million m³
Total volume of the pyramid minus all known cavities (originally): 2.50 million m³
Average volume of stone blocks: 1.147 m³
Average weight of stone blocks: 2.5 t
The heaviest stone block: about 35 tons - is located above the entrance to the "King's Chamber".
The number of blocks of the average volume does not exceed 1.65 million (2.50 million m³ - 0.6 million m³ of rock base inside the pyramid = 1.9 million m³ / 1.147 m³ = 1.65 million blocks of the specified volume can physically fit in the pyramid, without taking into account the volume of the solution in the interblock seams); reference to a 20-year construction period * 300 working days per year * 10 working hours per day * 60 minutes per hour results in a paving (and delivery to the construction site) speed of about a block of two minutes.
According to estimates, the total weight of the pyramid is about 4 million tons (1.65 million blocks x 2.5 tons)
The base of the pyramid rests on a natural rocky elevation with a height in the center of about 12-14 m and, according to the latest data, occupies at least 23% of the original volume of the pyramid

About the pyramid

The pyramid is called "Akhet-Khufu" - "Horizon of Khufu" (or more precisely "Related to the sky - (this is) Khufu"). Consists of blocks of limestone and granite. It was built on a natural limestone hill. After the pyramid has lost several layers of lining, this hill is partially visible on the eastern, northern and southern sides of the pyramid. Despite the fact that the Pyramid of Cheops is the tallest and most voluminous of all Egyptian pyramids, Pharaoh Sneferu built the pyramids in Meidum and Dahshut (the Broken Pyramid and the Pink Pyramid), the total mass of which is estimated at 8.4 million tons.

Initially, the pyramid was lined with white limestone, harder than the main blocks. The top of the pyramid was crowned with a gilded stone - a pyramidion (ancient Egyptian - "Benben"). The cladding shone in the sun with a peach color, as if "a shining miracle, to which the sun god Ra himself seemed to give all his rays." In 1168, the Arabs sacked and burned Cairo. The inhabitants of Cairo removed the lining from the pyramid in order to build new houses.

pyramid structure

The entrance to the pyramid is at a height of 15.63 meters on the north side. The entrance is formed by stone slabs laid in the form of an arch, but this is a structure that was inside the pyramid - the true entrance has not been preserved. The true entrance to the pyramid was most likely closed with a stone plug. A description of such a cork can be found in Strabo, and its appearance can also be imagined based on the surviving slab that closed the upper entrance to the Bent Pyramid of Snefru, the father of Cheops. Today, tourists enter the pyramid through a 17-meter gap, which was made in 820 by the Baghdad caliph Abdullah al-Mamun 10 meters lower. He hoped to find the innumerable treasures of the pharaoh there, but found there only a layer of dust half a cubit thick.

Inside the pyramid of Cheops there are three burial chambers located one above the other.

Funeral "pit"

A descending corridor 105 m long, inclined at 26° 26’46, leads to a horizontal corridor 8.9 m long leading to the chamber 5 . Located below ground level in a rocky limestone base, it was left unfinished. The dimensions of the chamber are 14 × 8.1 m, it is elongated from east to west. The height reaches 3.5 m, the ceiling has a large crack. At the southern wall of the chamber there is a well about 3 m deep, from which a narrow manhole (0.7 × 0.7 m in cross section) stretches southward for 16 m, ending in a dead end. Engineers John Shae Perring and Richard William Howard Vyse cleared the floor of the chamber in the early 19th century and dug a 11.6 m deep well in which they hoped to find a hidden burial chamber. They were based on the evidence of Herodotus, who claimed that the body of Cheops was on an island surrounded by a channel in a hidden underground chamber. Their excavations turned up nothing. Later research showed that the chamber was left unfinished, and it was decided to arrange the burial chambers in the center of the pyramid itself.

Some photographs taken in 1910

Interior

Ascending Corridor and Queen's Chambers

From the first third of the descending passage (after 18 m from the main entrance) upwards at the same angle of 26.5 ° there is an ascending passage to the south ( 6 ) about 40 m long, ending at the bottom of the Great Gallery ( 9 ).

At its beginning, the ascending passage contains 3 large cubic granite “plugs”, which, from the outside, from the descending passage, were masked by a block of limestone that fell out during the work of al-Mamun. Thus, for the previous approximately 3 thousand years, it was believed that there were no other rooms in the Great Pyramid, except for the descending passage and the underground chamber. Al-Ma'mun failed to break through these plugs and simply hollowed out a bypass in the softer limestone to the right of them. This passage is still in use today. There are two main theories about plugs, one of them is that the ascending passage has plugs installed at the beginning of construction and thus this passage was sealed by them from the very beginning. The second asserts that the present narrowing of the walls was caused by an earthquake, and the plugs were previously located within the Great Gallery and were used to seal the passage only after the burial of the pharaoh.

An important mystery of this section of the ascending passage is that in the place where the traffic jams are now located, in a full-size, albeit shortened model of the pyramid passages - the so-called test corridors north of the Great Pyramid - there is a junction of not two, but three corridors at once, the third of which is the vertical tunnel. Since no one has been able to move the traffic jams so far, the question of whether there is a vertical hole above them remains open.

In the middle of the ascending passage, the construction of the walls has a peculiarity: the so-called “frame stones” are installed in three places - that is, the passage, square along the entire length, pierces through three monoliths. The purpose of these stones is unknown. In the area of the frame stones, the passage walls have several small niches.

A horizontal corridor 35 m long and 1.75 m high leads to the second burial chamber from the lower part of the Great Gallery in a southerly direction. . Behind the western wall of the passage there are cavities filled with sand. The second chamber is traditionally called the "Queen's Chamber", although according to the rite, the wives of the pharaohs were buried in separate small pyramids. The "Queen's Chamber", lined with limestone, has 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; its maximum height is 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.

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Blueprint of the Queen's Chamber ( 7 )

Niche in the wall of the Queen's Chamber

Corridor at the entrance to the Queen's Hall (1910)

Entrance to the Queen's Chamber (1910)

Niche in the Queen's Chamber (1910)

Ventilation duct in the queen's chamber (1910)

Corridor to ascending tunnel ( 12 )

Granite Plug (1910)

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Corridor to the ascending tunnel (left - closing blocks)

Grotto, Grand Gallery and Pharaoh's Chambers

Another branch from the lower part of the Grand Gallery is a narrow almost vertical shaft about 60 m high, leading to the lower part of the descending passage. There is an assumption that it was intended for the evacuation of workers or priests who were completing the "sealing" of the main passage to the "King's Chamber". Approximately in the middle of it there is a small, most likely natural extension - the "Grotto" (Grotto) of irregular shape, in which several people could fit from strength. Grotto ( 12 ) is located at the "junction" of the masonry of the pyramid and a small, about 9 meters high, hill on a limestone plateau lying at the base of the Great Pyramid. The walls of the Grotto are partially reinforced with ancient masonry, and since some of its stones are too large, there is an assumption that the Grotto existed on the Giza plateau as an independent structure long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation shaft itself was built taking into account the location of the Grotto. However, taking into account the fact that the shaft was actually hollowed out in the already laid masonry, and not laid out, as evidenced by its irregular circular section, the question arises of how the builders managed to accurately reach the Grotto.

The large gallery continues the ascending passage. Its height is 8.53 m, it is rectangular in cross section, with walls slightly tapering upwards (the so-called “false vault”), a high inclined tunnel 46.6 m long. 1 meter wide and 60 cm deep, and on both side protrusions there are 27 pairs of recesses of unclear purpose. The deepening ends with the so-called. The “Big Step” is a high horizontal ledge, a platform of 1 × 2 meters at the end of the Great Gallery, directly in front of the entrance to the “entrance hall” - the Anterior Chamber. The site has a pair of recesses similar to the ramp recesses, recesses at the corners near the wall (the 28th and last pair of BG recesses). Through the "entrance hall" the manhole leads to the burial chamber "King's Chamber" lined with black granite, where an empty granite sarcophagus is placed. The lid of the sarcophagus is missing. Ventilation shafts have mouths in the "Chamber of the King" on the southern and northern walls at a height of about a meter from the floor level. The mouth of the southern ventilation shaft is badly damaged, the northern one appears undamaged. The floor, ceiling, walls of the chamber do not have any decorations or holes or fasteners of anything related to the time of the construction of the pyramid. The ceiling slabs have all burst along the southern wall and do not fall into the room only due to the pressure of the overlying blocks by the weight.

Above the "King's Chamber" there are five discharge cavities discovered in the 19th century with a total height of 17 m, between which lie monolithic granite slabs with a thickness of about 2 m, and above - a gable ceiling of limestone. It is believed that their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) in order to protect the "King's Chamber" from pressure. Graffiti has been found in these voids, probably left by workers.

Interior of the Grotto (1910)

Grotto drawing (1910)

Drawing connecting the Grotto with the Grand Gallery (1910)

Tunnel Entrance (1910)

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View of the Grand Gallery from the entrance to the premises

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Grand gallery

Grand Gallery (1910)

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"Big Step"

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Drawing of the Pharaoh's Chamber

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pharaoh's chamber

Pharaoh's Chamber (1910)

Interior of the vestibule in front of the king's chamber (1910)

Channel "ventilation" at the south wall of the king's room (1910)

ventilation ducts

So-called "ventilation" channels 20-25 cm wide depart from the "King's Chamber" and the "Queen's Chamber" in the northern and south directions (at first horizontally, then obliquely upwards). At the same time, the channels of the "King's Chamber", known since the 17th century, through, they are open both from below and from above (on the faces of the pyramid), while the lower ends of the channels of the "Queen's Chamber" are separated from the surface of the wall by about 13 cm, they were discovered by tapping in 1872. The upper ends of these channels do not reach the surface of about 12 meters. The upper ends of the channels of the "Queen's Chamber" are closed with stone "Gantenbrink Doors", each with two copper handles. Copper handles were sealed with plaster seals (not preserved, but traces remained). In the southern ventilation shaft, a "door" was discovered in 1993 using a remote-controlled robot "Upuaut II"; the bend of the northern shaft did not allow this robot to detect the same "door" in it. In 2002, using a new modification of the robot, a hole was drilled in the southern "door", but behind it a small cavity 18 centimeters long was found and another stone "door". What lies next is still unknown. This robot confirmed the presence of a similar "door" at the end of the northern channel, but they did not drill it. A new robot in 2010 was able to insert a serpentine television camera through a drilled hole in the southern “door” and found that the copper “handles” on the other side of the “door” were designed in the form of neat hinges, and individual badges were applied in red ocher on the floor of the “ventilation” shaft. Currently, the most common version is that the purpose of the "ventilation" ducts was of a religious nature and is associated with the Egyptians' ideas about the afterlife journey of the soul. And the “door” at the end of the channel is nothing more than a door to the afterlife. That is why it does not go to the surface of the pyramid.

Tilt angle

It is not possible to accurately determine the original parameters of the pyramid, since its edges and surfaces are currently mostly dismantled and destroyed. This makes it difficult to calculate the exact angle of inclination. In addition, its symmetry itself is not perfect, so deviations in numbers are observed with different measurements.

The study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not give an unambiguous answer to the question of the original proportions of this structure. It is assumed that the Egyptians had an idea of \u200b\u200b" Golden Section"And the number pi, which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid: for example, the ratio of height to half the perimeter of the base is 14/22 (height \u003d 280 cubits, and base \u003d 220 cubits, half-perimeter of the base \u003d 2 ×220 cubits; 280/440 = 14/22). For the first time in world history, these values were used in the construction of the pyramid at Meidum. However, for pyramids of later eras, these proportions were not used anywhere else, as, for example, some have height-to-base ratios, such as 6/5 (Pink Pyramid), 4/3 (Chefren's Pyramid) or 7/5 (Broken Pyramid).

Some of the theories consider the pyramid to be an astronomical observatory. It is alleged that the corridors of the pyramid point exactly towards the "polar star" of that time - Tuban, the ventilation corridors of the south side - to the star Sirius, and from the north side - to the star Alnitak.

Side concavity

As in the 18th century, when this phenomenon was discovered, today there is still no satisfactory explanation for this feature of architecture.

pharaoh boats

Near the pyramids, seven pits were found with real ancient Egyptian boats disassembled into parts. The first of these vessels, called "Solar Boats" or "Solar Boats", was discovered in 1954 by Egyptian architect Kamal el-Mallah and archaeologist Zaki Nur. The boat was made of cedar and did not have a single trace of nails for attaching elements. The boat consisted of 1224 parts, they were assembled by the restorer Ahmed Youssef Mustafa only in 1968.

Boat dimensions: length - 43.3 m, width - 5.6 m, and draft - 1.50 m.

On the south side of the pyramid of Cheops, a museum of this boat is open.

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One of two solar boat pits. Eastern part of the pyramid

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The place where the solar boat was discovered

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Boat museum on the south side of the pyramid

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Cheops solar boat, discovered near the pyramid in 1954

Pyramids of Queens of Cheops

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Descent to the Henoutsen burial chamber

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Henoutsen burial chamber

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Literature

Ionina N. A. 100 great wonders of the world. - Moscow., 1999.
Vojtech Zamarovsky. Their majesties pyramids. - Moscow., 1986.

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ancient kingdom
(2686-2181 BC)

1st transitional period
(2181–2040 BC)

middle kingdom
(2040-1650 BC)

2nd transition period
(1650-1570 BC)

new kingdom
(1570-1070 BC)



pyramids

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An excerpt characterizing the Pyramid of Cheops

What are you talking about the militia? he said to Boris.
- They, Your Grace, in preparation for tomorrow, for death, put on white shirts.
- Ah! .. Wonderful, incomparable people! - said Kutuzov and, closing his eyes, shook his head. - Incredible people! he repeated with a sigh.
- Do you want to smell gunpowder? he said to Pierre. Yes, nice smell. I have the honor to be an admirer of your wife, is she healthy? My retreat is at your service. - And, as is often the case with old people, Kutuzov began to absently look around, as if forgetting everything he needed to say or do.
Obviously, remembering what he was looking for, he lured Andrei Sergeyich Kaisarov, the brother of his adjutant, to him.
- How, how, how are Marina's poems, how are poems, how? That he wrote on Gerakov: “You will be a teacher in the building ... Tell me, tell me,” Kutuzov spoke, obviously intending to laugh. Kaisarov read ... Kutuzov, smiling, nodded his head in time with the verses.
When Pierre moved away from Kutuzov, Dolokhov, moving towards him, took his hand.
“I am very glad to meet you here, Count,” he said to him loudly and not embarrassed by the presence of strangers, with special determination and solemnity. “On the eve of the day on which God knows which of us is destined to remain alive, I am glad to have the opportunity to tell you that I regret the misunderstandings that have been between us, and would like you not to have anything against me. Please forgive me.
Pierre, smiling, looked at Dolokhov, not knowing what to say to him. Dolokhov, with tears in his eyes, hugged and kissed Pierre.
Boris said something to his general, and Count Benigsen turned to Pierre and offered to go with him along the line.
“You will be interested,” he said.
“Yes, very interesting,” said Pierre.
Half an hour later, Kutuzov left for Tatarinov, and Bennigsen, with his retinue, including Pierre, rode along the line.

Benigsen descended from Gorki along the high road to the bridge, to which the officer from the mound pointed out to Pierre as the center of the position, and near which rows of mowed grass, smelling of hay, lay on the bank. They drove across the bridge to the village of Borodino, from there they turned left and past a huge number of troops and guns drove to a high mound on which the militias were digging the ground. It was a redoubt, which did not yet have a name, then it was called the Raevsky redoubt, or barrow battery.
Pierre did not pay much attention to this redoubt. He did not know that this place would be more memorable for him than all the places in the Borodino field. Then they drove across the ravine to Semyonovsky, where the soldiers were pulling away the last logs of huts and barns. Then, downhill and uphill, they drove forward through the broken rye, knocked out like hail, along the road to the flushes [a kind of fortification. (Note by L.N. Tolstoy.) ], also then still dug.
Bennigsen stopped at the fleches and began to look ahead at the Shevardinsky redoubt (which had been ours yesterday), on which several horsemen could be seen. The officers said that Napoleon or Murat was there. And everyone looked eagerly at this bunch of riders. Pierre also looked there, trying to guess which of these barely visible people was Napoleon. Finally, the horsemen drove off the mound and disappeared.
Benigsen turned to the general who approached him and began to explain the whole position of our troops. Pierre listened to Benigsen's words, straining all his mental powers to understand the essence of the upcoming battle, but felt with chagrin that his mental abilities were insufficient for this. He didn't understand anything. Bennigsen stopped talking, and noticing the figure of Pierre listening, he suddenly said, turning to him:
- You, I think, are not interested?
“Oh, on the contrary, it’s very interesting,” Pierre repeated, not quite truthfully.
From the flush, they drove even more to the left along the road, winding through a dense, low birch forest. In the middle of it
forest, a brown hare with white legs jumped out in front of them on the road and, frightened by the clatter of a large number of horses, was so confused that he jumped for a long time along the road in front of them, arousing general attention and laughter, and only when several voices shouted at him, rushed to the side and hid in the thicket. Having traveled two versts through the forest, they drove out to a clearing on which stood the troops of Tuchkov's corps, which was supposed to protect the left flank.
Here, on the extreme left flank, Bennigsen spoke a lot and ardently and made, as it seemed to Pierre, an important order from a military point of view. Ahead of the disposition of Tuchkov's troops was an elevation. This elevation was not occupied by troops. Bennigsen loudly criticized this mistake, saying that it was foolish to leave the high ground unoccupied and place troops under it. Some generals expressed the same opinion. One in particular spoke with military vehemence that they were put here to be slaughtered. Bennigsen ordered in his name to move the troops to the heights.
This order on the left flank made Pierre even more doubtful of his ability to understand military affairs. Listening to Bennigsen and the generals who condemned the position of the troops under the mountain, Pierre fully understood them and shared their opinion; but precisely because of this, he could not understand how the one who placed them here under the mountain could make such an obvious and gross mistake.
Pierre did not know that these troops were not sent to defend the position, as Benigsen thought, but were placed in a hidden place for an ambush, that is, in order to be unnoticed and suddenly strike at the advancing enemy. Bennigsen did not know this and moved the troops forward for special reasons, without telling the commander-in-chief about it.

On this clear August evening on the 25th, Prince Andrey was lying, leaning on his arm, in a broken barn in the village of Knyazkov, on the edge of his regiment. Through the hole in the broken wall, he looked at the strip of thirty-year-old birch trees with the lower branches cut off along the fence, at the arable land with smashed heaps of oats on it, and at the bushes, along which smokes of bonfires could be seen - soldiers' kitchens.
No matter how cramped and no one needs and no matter how hard his life now seemed to Prince Andrei, he, just like seven years ago in Austerlitz on the eve of the battle, felt agitated and irritated.
Orders for tomorrow's battle were given and received by him. There was nothing more for him to do. But the simplest, clearest and therefore terrible thoughts did not leave him alone. He knew that tomorrow's battle was to be the most terrible of all those in which he participated, and the possibility of death for the first time in his life, without any relation to worldly things, without considerations of how it would affect others, but only in relation to himself, to his soul, with liveliness, almost with certainty, simply and terribly, she presented herself to him. And from the height of this idea, everything that had previously tormented and occupied him was suddenly illuminated by a cold white light, without shadows, without perspective, without distinction of outlines. All life seemed to him like a magic lantern, into which he looked for a long time through glass and under artificial light. Now he suddenly saw, without glass, in bright daylight, these badly painted pictures. “Yes, yes, here they are, those false images that agitated and delighted and tormented me,” he said to himself, turning over in his imagination the main pictures of his magic lantern of life, now looking at them in this cold white light of day - a clear thought of death. - Here they are, these roughly painted figures, which seemed to be something beautiful and mysterious. Glory, public good, love for a woman, the fatherland itself - how great these pictures seemed to me, what deep meaning they seemed to be filled with! And it's all so simple, pale and crude in the cold white light of that morning that I feel is rising for me." The three main sorrows of his life in particular caught his attention. His love for a woman, the death of his father and the French invasion that captured half of Russia. “Love! .. This girl, who seemed to me full of mysterious powers. How I loved her! I made poetic plans about love, about happiness with her. O dear boy! he said out loud angrily. - How! I believed in some kind of ideal love, which was supposed to keep her faithful to me during the whole year of my absence! Like the gentle dove of a fable, she must have withered away from me. And all this is much simpler ... All this is terribly simple, disgusting!
My father also built in the Bald Mountains and thought that this was his place, his land, his air, his peasants; and Napoleon came and, not knowing about his existence, like a chip from the road, pushed him, and his Bald Mountains and his whole life fell apart. And Princess Marya says that this is a test sent from above. What is the test for, when it no longer exists and will not exist? never again! He is not! So who is this test for? Fatherland, death of Moscow! And tomorrow he will kill me - and not even a Frenchman, but his own, as yesterday a soldier emptied a gun near my ear, and the French will come, take me by the legs and by the head and throw me into a pit so that I don’t stink under their noses, and new conditions will develop lives that will also be familiar to others, and I will not know about them, and I will not be.
He looked at the strip of birch trees, with their motionless yellowness, greenery and white bark, shining in the sun. "To die so that they would kill me tomorrow, so that I would not be ... so that all this would be, but I would not be." He vividly imagined the absence of himself in this life. And these birches with their light and shadow, and these curly clouds, and this smoke of bonfires - everything around was transformed for him and seemed something terrible and threatening. Frost ran down his back. Rising quickly, he went out of the shed and began to walk.
Voices were heard behind the barn.
- Who's there? - called Prince Andrew.
The red-nosed Captain Timokhin, Dolokhov's former company commander, now, due to the loss of officers, the battalion commander, timidly entered the shed. Behind him entered the adjutant and treasurer of the regiment.
Prince Andrei hurriedly got up, listened to what the officers had to convey to him in the service, gave them some more orders and was about to let them go, when a familiar, whispering voice was heard from behind the barn.
– Que diable! [Damn it!] said the voice of a man who had bumped into something.
Prince Andrei, looking out of the barn, saw Pierre coming up to him, who stumbled on a lying pole and almost fell. It was generally unpleasant for Prince Andrei to see people from his own world, especially Pierre, who reminded him of all those difficult moments that he experienced on his last visit to Moscow.
- That's how! - he said. - What fates? That's not waiting.
While he was saying this, there was more than dryness in his eyes and the expression of his whole face - there was hostility, which Pierre immediately noticed. He approached the barn in the most lively state of mind, but, seeing the expression on Prince Andrei's face, he felt embarrassed and awkward.
“I arrived ... so ... you know ... I arrived ... I’m interested,” said Pierre, who had so many times that day meaninglessly repeated this word “interesting”. “I wanted to see the fight.
– Yes, yes, but what do the Masons brothers say about the war? How to prevent it? - said Prince Andrei mockingly. - What about Moscow? What are mine? Have you finally arrived in Moscow? he asked seriously.
- We've arrived. Julie Drubetskaya told me. I went to them and did not find. They left for the suburbs.

The officers wanted to take their leave, but Prince Andrei, as if not wanting to remain eye to eye with his friend, invited them to sit and drink tea. Benches and tea were served. The officers, not without surprise, looked at the fat, huge figure of Pierre and listened to his stories about Moscow and the disposition of our troops, which he managed to travel around. Prince Andrei was silent, and his face was so unpleasant that Pierre turned more to the good-natured battalion commander Timokhin than to Bolkonsky.
“So you understood the entire disposition of the troops?” Prince Andrew interrupted him.
- Yes, that is, how? Pierre said. - As a non-military person, I can’t say that it is completely, but still I understood the general arrangement.
- Eh bien, vous etes plus avance que qui cela soit, [Well, you know more than anyone else.] - said Prince Andrei.
– A! - said Pierre in bewilderment, looking through his glasses at Prince Andrei. - Well, what do you say about the appointment of Kutuzov? - he said.
“I was very pleased with this appointment, that’s all I know,” said Prince Andrei.
- Well, tell me, what is your opinion about Barclay de Tolly? In Moscow, God knows what they said about him. How do you judge him?
“Ask them here,” said Prince Andrei, pointing to the officers.
Pierre, with a condescendingly inquiring smile, with which everyone involuntarily turned to Timokhin, looked at him.
“They saw the light, your excellency, how the brightest acted,” said Timokhin, timidly and constantly looking back at his regimental commander.
- Why is it so? Pierre asked.
- Yes, at least about firewood or fodder, I will report to you. After all, we retreated from Sventsyan, don’t you dare touch the twigs, or the senets there, or something. After all, we're leaving, he gets it, isn't it, Your Excellency? - he turned to his prince, - but don't you dare. In our regiment, two officers were put on trial for such cases. Well, as the brightest did, it just became so about this. The world has been seen...
So why did he forbid it?
Timokhin looked around in embarrassment, not understanding how and what to answer such a question. Pierre turned to Prince Andrei with the same question.
“And in order not to ruin the land that we left to the enemy,” Prince Andrei said angrily and mockingly. – It is very thorough; it is impossible to allow to plunder the region and accustom the troops to looting. Well, in Smolensk, he also correctly judged that the French could get around us and that they had more forces. But he could not understand this, - Prince Andrei suddenly cried out in a thin voice, as if escaping, - but he could not understand that for the first time we fought there for the Russian land, that there was such a spirit in the troops that I had never seen, that we fought off the French for two days in a row, and that this success multiplied our strength tenfold. He ordered a retreat, and all the efforts and losses were in vain. He did not think about betrayal, he tried to do everything as best as possible, he thought everything over; but that doesn't make him any good. He is no good now precisely because he thinks everything over very thoroughly and carefully, as every German should. How can I tell you ... Well, your father has a German footman, and he is an excellent footman and will satisfy all his needs better than you, and let him serve; but if your father is ill at death, you will drive away the footman and with your unaccustomed, clumsy hands you will begin to follow your father and calm him better than a skilled, but a stranger. That's what they did with Barclay. While Russia was healthy, a stranger could serve her, and there was a wonderful minister, but as soon as she was in danger; you need your own person. And in your club they invented that he was a traitor! By being slandered as a traitor, they will only do what later, ashamed of their false criticism, they will suddenly make a hero or a genius out of traitors, which will be even more unfair. He is an honest and very accurate German...
“However, they say he is a skilled commander,” said Pierre.
“I don’t understand what a skilled commander means,” Prince Andrei said with a sneer.
“A skillful commander,” said Pierre, “well, one who foresaw all accidents ... well, guessed the thoughts of the enemy.
“Yes, it’s impossible,” said Prince Andrei, as if about a long-decided matter.
Pierre looked at him in surprise.
“However,” he said, “they say war is like a game of chess.
“Yes,” said Prince Andrei, “with the only slight difference that in chess you can think as much as you like about each step, that you are there outside the conditions of time, and with the difference that a knight is always stronger than a pawn and two pawns are always stronger.” one, and in war one battalion is sometimes stronger than a division, and sometimes weaker than a company. The relative strength of the troops cannot be known to anyone. Believe me,” he said, “that if anything depended on the orders of the headquarters, then I would be there and make orders, but instead I have the honor to serve here in the regiment with these gentlemen, and I think that it’s really from us tomorrow will depend, and not on them ... Success has never depended and will not depend either on position, or on weapons, or even on numbers; and least of all from the position.
- And from what?
“From the feeling that is in me, in him,” he pointed to Timokhin, “in every soldier.
Prince Andrei glanced at Timokhin, who looked at his commander in fright and bewilderment. In contrast to his former restrained silence, Prince Andrei now seemed agitated. He apparently could not refrain from expressing those thoughts that suddenly came to him.
The battle will be won by the one who is determined to win it. Why did we lose the battle near Austerlitz? Our loss was almost equal to that of the French, but we told ourselves very early that we had lost the battle—and we did. And we said this because we had no reason to fight there: we wanted to leave the battlefield as soon as possible. “We lost - well, run like that!” - we ran. If we had not said this before evening, God knows what would have happened. We won't say that tomorrow. You say: our position, the left flank is weak, the right flank is extended,” he continued, “all this is nonsense, there is nothing of it. And what do we have tomorrow? One hundred million of the most varied accidents that will be solved instantly by the fact that they or ours ran or run, that they kill one, kill another; and what is being done now is all fun. The fact is that those with whom you traveled around the position not only do not contribute to the general course of affairs, but interfere with it. They are only concerned with their little interests.
- At a moment like this? Pierre said reproachfully.
“At such a moment,” Prince Andrei repeated, “for them, this is only such a moment in which you can dig under the enemy and get an extra cross or ribbon. For me, this is what tomorrow is: a hundred thousand Russian and a hundred thousand French troops have come together to fight, and the fact is that these two hundred thousand are fighting, and whoever fights harder and feels less sorry for himself will win. And if you want, I'll tell you that no matter what happens, no matter what is confused up there, we will win the battle tomorrow. Tomorrow, whatever it is, we will win the battle!
“Here, Your Excellency, the truth, the true truth,” said Timokhin. - Why feel sorry for yourself now! The soldiers in my battalion, believe me, did not begin to drink vodka: not such a day, they say. - Everyone was silent.
The officers got up. Prince Andrei went out with them outside the shed, giving his last orders to the adjutant. When the officers left, Pierre went up to Prince Andrei and just wanted to start a conversation, when the hooves of three horses clattered along the road not far from the barn, and, looking in this direction, Prince Andrei recognized Wolzogen and Clausewitz, accompanied by a Cossack. They drove close, continuing to talk, and Pierre and Andrei involuntarily heard the following phrases:
– Der Krieg muss im Raum verlegt werden. Der Ansicht kann ich nicht genug Preis geben, [The war must be transferred into space. This view I cannot praise enough (German)] - said one.
“O ja,” said another voice, “da der Zweck ist nur den Feind zu schwachen, so kann man gewiss nicht den Verlust der Privatpersonen in Achtung nehmen.” [Oh yes, since the goal is to weaken the enemy, then private casualties cannot be taken into account (German)]
- O ja, [Oh yes (German)] - confirmed the first voice.
- Yes, im Raum verlegen, [transfer to space (German)] - Prince Andrei repeated, angrily snorting his nose, when they drove by. - Im Raum then [In space (German)] I left a father, and a son, and a sister in the Bald Mountains. He doesn't care. This is what I told you - these gentlemen Germans will not win the battle tomorrow, but will only tell how much their strength will be, because in his German head there are only arguments that are not worth a damn, and in his heart there is nothing that alone and you need it for tomorrow - what is in Timokhin. They gave all of Europe to him and came to teach us - glorious teachers! his voice screamed again.
"So you think tomorrow's battle will be won?" Pierre said.
“Yes, yes,” Prince Andrei said absently. “One thing I would do if I had the power,” he began again, “I would not take prisoners. What are prisoners? This is chivalry. The French have ruined my house and are going to ruin Moscow, and have insulted and insult me every second. They are my enemies, they are all criminals, according to my concepts. And Timokhin and the whole army think the same way. They must be executed. If they are my enemies, they cannot be friends, no matter how they talk in Tilsit.
“Yes, yes,” Pierre said, looking at Prince Andrei with shining eyes, “I completely, completely agree with you!”
The question that had been troubling Pierre from Mozhaisk Mountain all that day now seemed to him completely clear and completely resolved. He now understood the whole meaning and significance of this war and the forthcoming battle. Everything that he saw that day, all the significant, stern expressions of faces that he caught a glimpse of, lit up for him with a new light. He understood that latent (latente), as they say in physics, warmth of patriotism, which was in all those people whom he saw, and which explained to him why all these people calmly and, as it were, thoughtlessly prepared for death.
“Do not take prisoners,” continued Prince Andrei. “That alone would change the whole war and make it less brutal. And then we played war - that's what's bad, we are magnanimous and the like. This generosity and sensitivity is like the generosity and sensitivity of a lady, with whom she becomes dizzy when she sees a calf being killed; she is so kind that she cannot see the blood, but she eats this calf with sauce with gusto. They talk to us about the rights of war, about chivalry, about parliamentary work, to spare the unfortunate, and so on. All nonsense. In 1805 I saw chivalry, parliamentarianism: they cheated us, we cheated. They rob other people's houses, let out fake banknotes, and worst of all, they kill my children, my father and talk about the rules of war and generosity towards enemies. Do not take prisoners, but kill and go to your death! Who has come to this the way I did, by the same suffering...
Prince Andrey, who thought that it was all the same to him whether Moscow was taken or not taken in the same way as Smolensk was taken, suddenly stopped in his speech from an unexpected convulsion that seized him by the throat. He walked several times in silence, but his body shone feverishly, and his lip trembled when he began to speak again:
- If there was no generosity in the war, then we would go only when it is worth it to go to certain death, as now. Then there would be no war because Pavel Ivanovich offended Mikhail Ivanovich. And if the war is like now, then the war. And then the intensity of the troops would not be the same as now. Then all these Westphalians and Hessians led by Napoleon would not have followed him to Russia, and we would not have gone to fight in Austria and Prussia, without knowing why. War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in life, and one must understand this and not play war. This terrible necessity must be taken strictly and seriously. It's all about this: put aside lies, and war is war, not a toy. Otherwise, war is the favorite pastime of idle and frivolous people ... The military estate is the most honorable. And what is war, what is needed for success in military affairs, what are the morals of a military society? The purpose of the war is murder, the weapons of war are espionage, treason and encouragement, the ruin of the inhabitants, robbing them or stealing for the food of the army; deceit and lies, called stratagems; morals of the military class - lack of freedom, that is, discipline, idleness, ignorance, cruelty, debauchery, drunkenness. And despite that - this is the highest class, revered by all. All kings, except for the Chinese, wear a military uniform, and the one who killed the most people is given a big reward ... They will converge, like tomorrow, to kill each other, they will kill, maim tens of thousands of people, and then they will serve thanksgiving prayers for beating there are many people (of which the number is still being added), and they proclaim victory, believing that the more people are beaten, the greater the merit. How God watches and listens to them from there! - Prince Andrei shouted in a thin, squeaky voice. “Ah, my soul, lately it has become hard for me to live. I see that I began to understand too much. And it’s not good for a person to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil ... Well, not for long! he added. “However, you are sleeping, and I have a pen, go to Gorki,” Prince Andrei suddenly said.

Properties of the pyramid of Cheops.

Veinik V.A.

Introduction.

Word " pyramid"" was produced by the famous "antique" "author Pliny the Elder from the word" flame ", which means in Greek pyr - fire, heat. And since the sounds" p "and" l "in Egypt were mixed, the word" pyramid \u003d pylamide "immediately approaches the Slavic word "flame". So, the words "pie", "flame", "pyramid \u003d pylamida" turn out to have the same root! Perhaps they all came from the Slavic word "flame".
Pyramid- a polyhedron, the base of which is a polygon, and the remaining faces are triangles having a common vertex.
The center of gravity of the volume of the pyramid(or cone) lies on a straight line segment connecting the top of the pyramid (cone) with the center of gravity of the base, at a distance equal to 3/4 of the length of this segment, counting from the top.

Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops).

Wikipedia reference: the pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops is the Greek spelling of the Egyptian name), the Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest of the Egyptian pyramids, the only one of the "Seven Wonders of the World" that has survived to this day. The alleged architect of the Great Pyramid is Hemiun, the vizier and nephew of Cheops. Construction time - IV dynasty (2560-2540 BC). In Egypt, the date of the start of the construction of the Cheops pyramid is officially established and celebrated - August 23, 2480 BC. This date was obtained using the astronomical method of the Englishwoman Kate Spence.
Spence Keith(Spence Kate), British Egyptologist. He currently teaches the archeology of ancient Egypt at the University of Cambridge. In 1997 she received her PhD from Christ's College, Cambridge. Email: [email protected]
There is a story of a certain "ancient Greek" historian Herodotus(nickname Herodotus - the Old Giver, probably lived in the 14th-15th centuries AD) about the pyramids, which are given considerable attention in his work "Muses" or "History" ["History. Euterpe", v. 2]: 124. "The construction of the pyramid itself lasted 20 years. It is four-sided, each side of it is 8 plethres wide and the same height, and is built of hewn stones carefully fitted to each other. Each stone is at least 30 feet long."
Here plefr(or pletra, other Greek pletron) - a unit of length in Ancient Greece, equal to 100 Greek or 104 Roman feet (feet), which is 30.65 m; Byzantine measure of length from 29.81 to 35.77 m.
IN 1638 English mathematician and astronomer John Greaves(John Greavs, 1602-1652), who graduated from Oxford and taught geometry in London, decided to go to Egypt. He explored the internal passages of the pyramid of Cheops and was the first to measure it. The height of the pyramid was 144 or 149 m, if we take into account the missing capstone. The errors in his calculations did not exceed three or four meters. Greaves published the results of his measurements and research in the book "Pyramidography, or Discourse on the Pyramids in Egypt" (London, 1646). It was generally the first scientific book about the pyramids.
IN 1661 English traveler Edward Melton(Edward Melton) measured the Great Pyramid and was the first to visit the pyramids of Dashur (the southernmost "pyramid field" 26 km south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile). In the work "Sights and Ancient Monuments Seen While Traveling in Egypt" (Amsterdam, 1661), he also placed images of the pyramids.
IN 1799 year in his multi-volume work, a French engineer, geographer and archaeologist Edme Francois Jaumard(Edme Francois Jomard, 1777-1862), together with other scientists (at least 175) who accompanied Napoleon's army to Egypt (1798-1801), compiled the first scientific description of the Cheops pyramid and made the first accurate measurements - he was the first to establish the exact height of the pyramid - 144 m , the angle of inclination of its sides is 51o19 "14" and the length of the rib from top to bottom is 184.722 m.
In 1842-1862. E.-F. Zhomar published a collection of "Monuments of the History of Geography".
Jomard Edme Francois, "Les monuments de la geographie; ou, Recueil d" anciennes cartes europeenes et orientales, (Atlas)" ("Monuments of the history of geography; or, Collection of former maps, European and Oriental, (Atlas)", Paris: Duprat , etc. 1842-1862).
IN 1837 English colonel William Howard-Weese(William Howard-Vyse, 1784-1853) measured the angle of inclination of the faces of the pyramid: it turned out to be 51 ° 51 ". This value is still recognized by most researchers today. The tangent equal to 1.27306 corresponds to the indicated value of the angle. This value corresponds to the ratio of the height of the pyramid to Wise's research is published in the three-volume Works Carried Out at the Pyramids of Giza in 1837 (London, 1840-1842).

Fig.1. Pyramid of Cheops (view from the east).

The main dimensions of the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops).

1) Platform at the top: originally crowned with a granite pyramid (pyramidion). The summit was presumably destroyed by an earthquake in 1301. Today, the top of the pyramid is a square with sides of about 10 m. During the Second World War, an English air defense post was located on the site.
2) pyramid height: 146.721  148.153 m (calculated). Most likely, the exact size is 146.59 m, and the rest of the values are just varying degrees of rounding.
Height of the pyramid (today): ≈ 138.75 m.
3) Base length: 230.365  232.867 m (calculated).
The length of the sides of the base: south - 230.454 m (+/- 6 mm); north - 230.251 m (+/- 10 mm); west - 230.357 m; east - 230.394 m.
4) Apothem of the side face: 186.539  188.415 m (calculated).
5) Side face length (edge): 230.33 m (calculated).
The length of the side face (now): about 225 m.
6) Angle of inclination of the side face(Alpha Primary): 51°49"  51°52"06".
7) Number of layers (tiers) of stone blocks- 210 pcs. (at the time of construction).
Now layers - 203 pcs.
8) Entrance to the pyramid is located at an altitude of 15.63 m on the north side.

Fig.2. Pyramid of Cheops (view from the north).

Some aspect ratios.

According to experts, the estimated height of the Great Pyramid 146,59 m.
a) The ratio of the height of the pyramid to the length of the base is 7:11. It is this ratio that determines the angle of 51 ° 51 ", the angle of inclination of the side faces.
b) The ratio of the perimeter of the base (921.453 m) to the height (146.59 m) gives the number 6.28, that is, a number close to 2π.
The study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not give an unambiguous answer to the question of the original proportions of this structure. It is assumed (!) that the Egyptians had an idea about the "golden section" and the number "Pi", which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid.

On the side of the cake is the "golden section".

Wikipedia reference: The golden section (golden proportion, division in the extreme and average ratio) - the ratio of two quantities, equal to the ratio of their sum to the larger of these quantities. The approximate value of the golden ratio is
1 = 0,6+ 0,381966011250105151795413165634362.
For practical purposes, approximate values of 0.62 and 0.38 are often used. If the segment AB is taken as 100 parts, then the larger part of the segment is 62, and the smaller one is 38 parts.
It is generally accepted that the concept of "golden" division was introduced into scientific use Pythagoras(VI century BC), although he did not write his own treatises, in addition, none of the subsequent "ancient" authors ever quoted from the works of Pythagoras or even pointed out the existence of such works. However, put it on your nose, reader: "The place of Pythagoras in the history of world philosophical and religious systems is on a par with Zoroaster, Jina Mahavira, Buddha, Kung Fu Tzu and Lao Tzu. His teaching is imbued with clarity and enlightenment."
In the old literature that has come down to us, the "golden" division is first mentioned in the "Beginnings" of Euclid (the author's nickname, meaning "Glorified", or even the title of the book itself "Well bound"). The ancient text of Euclid's "Beginnings" has not reached our time, but nevertheless, the first translation into Latin was allegedly made from Arabic in the 1st quarter of the 12th century. And finally, fir-trees, in Venice in 1482, the first printed edition of Euclid's "Beginnings" appeared with drawings on the margins of the book!
Around 1490-1492 Leonardo da Vinci(Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519) introduced the name "golden section" for the drawing of the Vitruvian Man, as an illustration for a book dedicated to the works of Vitruvius (the drawing was called the "square of the ancients" or "Golden Section"). It depicts the figure of a naked man in two superimposed positions: with arms spread apart, describing a circle and a square.
If a human figure - the most perfect creation of the universe - is tied with a belt and then measured the distance from the belt to the feet, then this value will refer to the distance from the same belt to the top of the head, as the entire height of a person relates to the length from the belt to the feet.
The second golden section.
In 1983, the Bulgarian artist Tsvetan Tsekov-Karandash published calculations showing the presence of a second form of the golden section, which followed from the main section and gives a different ratio of 44: 56 [Otechestvo magazine (Bulgaria), 1983, No. 10].
Tsekov-Pencil Tsvetan(1924-2010), Bulgarian cartoonist, illustrator and researcher of Leonardo da Vinci. He died due to an accident that happened to him in December 2009.

"Energy" properties of the pyramid.

Wikipedia reference: Energy pyramids - in New Age ("Western" mysticism) and esotericism, this is the name of a pyramid-shaped structure, which supposedly is a converter or accumulator (accumulator) of some bioenergy unknown to science.
IN 1864 English (Scottish) astronomer Charles Piazzi Smith(Charles Piazzi Smyth, 1819-1900) went to Egypt and became interested in researching the structure and orientation of the great pyramids. The results of the research are given in three monographs "Our inheritance in the Great Pyramid" ("Our research on the Great Pyramid", 1864), "Life and work in the great Pyramid" ("Life and work on the Great Pyramid", in 3 volumes, 1867), "On the antiquity of intellectual Man" ("On the Antiquity of the Intellectual Man", 1868). Smith's measurements are still the classic reference for Great Pyramid metrology. For this work he was awarded the Keith Prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
However, in these books, Smith emphasized his mystical views and assumptions about the essence of the Great Pyramid at the expense of a strictly scientific approach. This caused a break with many scientists and even Smith's withdrawal from the Royal Society of London (1874).
In addition, Smith took the first photographs of the Great Pyramid and its internal passages and chambers using a special camera, and during these shootings, apparently for the first time in photography, he used magnesium as a flash lamp. Smith was, apparently, the first who received in his photograph the image of "ghosts" that are not visible to the naked eye at the time of photographing. It is not clear whether it was a joke of an astronomer, his design sophistication in photographing, or an accidental exposure twice, but since then, for a hundred and fifty years, this phenomenon has been actively discussed in publications on "alternative" science, and ghosts in photographs appear with enviable regularity.
IN 1958 Kabbalist and Egyptologist Mikhail Vladimirovich Saryatin(1883-1963) conducted a series of experiments inside the pyramid of Cheops, identifying several varieties of its radiation. Saryatin showed that the radiation of any pyramid has a complex structure and special properties:
a) Ray "Pi", under the influence of which the destruction of tumor cells and the destruction of microbes occurs;
b) The second beam, causing the mummification of organic matter (drying) and the destruction of microorganisms;
c) The third mysterious ray "Omega", under the influence of which food products that have been in the pyramid do not deteriorate for a long time, and which has a beneficial effect on the human body, increases its immune properties.
IN 1969 American experimental physicist Luis Alvarez(Luis Alvarez, 1911-1988) tried to find out with the help of cosmic rays whether there are still not found (secret) rooms in the Khafre pyramid. He installed cosmic radiation counters in it and conducted computer research. Alvarez's experiments caused a huge resonance in the scientific world - the geometry of the pyramid inexplicably disrupted the operation of all devices, forcing scientists to temporarily stop conducting experiments.
IN 1976 year French radiestezists (dowsers) Leon Chaumery(Leon Chaumery) and Arnold Belizal(Arnold Belizal) first suggested the role of the Great Pyramid as a transmitting station. They proved that due to the huge mass, the radiation of the shape of the pyramid reached such strength that from a very large distance, using the model of a small pyramid, it was possible to catch this radiation. Further, without a compass, accurately orient the route of a ship at sea or a caravan of camels in the Sahara using a cardboard pyramid.
Chaumery L., Belizal A. de, "Essai de Radiesthésie Vibratoire" ("An Essay on Vibrational Radiosthesia"), Paris: Editions Dangles, 1956.
IN 1988 hydrogeological engineer Alexander Efimovich Golod(born 1949) began to conduct the first experiments, when in the Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporozhye regions, thousands of hectares were sown with sunflower, corn and sugar beet seeds, processed in a pyramid. The results were impressive: the increase in yield ranged from 30 to 50%. Cucumbers from the pyramid stopped suffering from chronic "cucumber" diseases, and also endured drought and acid rain with enviable ease.
According to the teachings of Hunger, "firstly, the proportions: the height of an untruncated pyramid should be related to the side of the base as 2.02: 1; secondly, the pyramid itself, if biological objects are supposed to be placed in it, should be slightly truncated. As for the size, then they can be any, but it is better to do higher.With the doubling of the pyramid, the impact on the objects placed inside increases millions of times.

Fig.3. Scheme of the pyramids engineer A.E. Hunger.

Any dielectric can serve as a building material, but the walls must be made as thin as possible. You need to orient the constructed pyramid with a face (any) to the North Star. Seeds, seedlings and other items that you want to process in the pyramid can be placed anywhere in its internal object for a period of at least a day.
And the last. "The period of" acceleration "of any pyramid to the full power of its radiation is about three years."

Bovi-Drbala zone.

The zone is concentrated at a height of 1/3 from the base. The French radioesthetist drew attention to its existence. Andre Bovie(André Bovis, 1871–1947), also called Antoine or Alfred by some authors.
IN 1935 In the year Bovi, while exploring the Great Pyramid, discovered in the king's chamber the remains of several cats and other small animals that had accidentally wandered here. Their corpses looked rather strange: there was no smell and no noticeable signs of decomposition. Surprised by this phenomenon, Bowie examined the corpses and found that they were dehydrated and mummified, despite the humidity in the room. Assuming that the whole thing is in the form of a pyramid, Bovey made a wooden model of the Cheops pyramid, the side of the base of which was equal to 90 centimeters, and oriented it strictly to the north. Inside the pyramid, at the level of one third of the height, he placed a cat that had just died. A few days later, the corpse mummified. Bovi then experimented with other organic materials, in particular those that deteriorate quickly under ordinary conditions, such as bovine brains. The products did not spoil, and Bowie concluded that the shape of the pyramid had miraculous properties.
IN 1949 Czechoslovakian radio engineer Karel Drbal(Drbal Karel), inspired by the discovery of the Frenchman Bovy, invented a new way to keep razor blades sharp. He built a 15-cm model of the Cheops pyramid from cardboard, oriented it to the north and south, and placed a razor blade inside. Drbal claimed that this blade could be shaved at least 100 times - and it remained sharp. The result is recorded by patent No. 91304 dated 04/01/1952 "Method of sharpening razor blades and straight razors". Application No. Р2399-49 dated 11/04/1949. Published on 08/15/1959.
"According to the invention, the blades are stored in the Earth's magnetic field under the surface of a pyramid of dielectric materials such as thick paper, wax paper, cardboard, hardened plastic. The pyramid has a hatch of square, round, oval, etc. shapes, in which the blades are inserted in. Pyramids with a square base are best suited, and best with a side of the square equal to the height of the pyramid multiplied by half the Ludolf number.For example, for a height of 10 cm, a base of 15.7 cm is selected.The razor is placed on a substrate of dielectric material, the same as as the material of a pyramid, or another such as cork, wood, ceramics, paper, wax paper, etc., the height of which is chosen between 1/5 and 1/3 of the height of the pyramid.This substrate lies on a table, also made of dielectric material.The size of the backing is selected so that the blades rest freely on it, its height may differ from the specified range.Although this is not a requirement, it is recommended to install razors on the backing with their sharp edges facing east and west, and the longitudinal axes are directed respectively to the north and south.

Fig.4. Schematic of the pyramid of Cheops.

Chronal batteries.

Few people know that a thermophysicist A.I. Veinik experimentally studied a certain physical (material) connection of biological creatures with space. The simplest and oldest communication device, of all discovered in the last century (!), Is the huge pyramid of Cheops. Scientists enthusiastically took up the search for unusual oddities in the properties of the models of this pyramid. To their great regret, they lost sight of the fact that it was necessary to reveal not miracles - anomalies, but a fundamentally new radiation, the existence of which modern physics forbade (and forbids) completely.
Veinik, studying the so-called "chronal" radiation of polyhedra, noted [TRP, Chapter XVIII, paragraph "5. Chronal Accumulators"]: "It is even more curious that the ancient Egyptian priests were well aware of the properties of chronal radiations. This is evidenced by the geometry - configuration - their pyramids.In the location of the sarcophagus with the pharaoh, radiation is concentrated to such high intensities that they act detrimentally on many microorganisms.And not only on microorganisms: reports periodically appear in the press that all people who have been in the pyramids for a long time, subsequently "They die from strange diseases. This is how chronal radiation works. It is no coincidence that in Czechoslovakia a plastic pyramid model was used instead of a refrigerator for storing perishable products - microorganisms feel uncomfortable in such a pyramid. And in a small pyramid model, blades are even sharpened" [KS].
"However, chronal accumulators, or accumulations, or temporal accumulators serve as even simpler and accessible to everyone chronal sources - it was with them that I began the study of a truly simple chronal phenomenon" [TRP, p.332].
"Another type was suggested by the Egyptian pyramids. American researchers discovered about 150 different exotic effects that manifest themselves in the pyramid. Some of them are directly related to the chronal phenomenon. Therefore, a polyhedron with a certain aspect ratio and an appropriate orientation with respect to the cardinal points can also serve as a chronal accumulator Very effective polyhedrons with the ratio of the lengths of the edges of the pyramid of Cheops: if the side of the square at the base of the pyramid is equal to one, then the height is 0.63, and the side edge is about 0.95 "[TRP, p.332].
"There are other types of effective polyhedra. For example, a cylindrical prism, at the base of which lies a regular heptagon with a side of 7.5 cm; the height of the prism is 17 cm, from above and below it is crowned with seven-sided pyramids with an edge length of 12-12.5 cm, in total it turns out 21 facets" [TRP, p.333].
"Experiments show that any such polyhedron in the general case can be monolithic or hollow, made, for example, of paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, etc. You can also do without faces at all, it is enough to reproduce only the edges of the polyhedron from wire. This is explained as follows.
As is known, the strength of any field increases with the curvature of its isointensity lines. From here follows, for example, the effect of the point - let's recall the rod of the lightning rod pointed at the end. This also applies to the chronal field. The adherence of the latter to the interface of media greatly increases its concentration along the line or at the point of intersection of surfaces, especially if there are many of them at once intersected, because the curvature of isochronal lines is great here. As a result, the influence of the surfaces themselves is reduced to a minimum and it is possible to do without them at all, being limited to only edges - the wire frame of the polyhedron, but the area covered by the frame is very significant.
The important role of the media interface leads to the fact that the power (capacity) of any described battery is directly related to its size. For the same reason, capillary-porous bodies have a large chronocapacity. The colossal power of chronal radiations in the giant pyramid of Cheops becomes clear.
Polyhedra have a set of amazing and diverse properties that depend on the composition and structure of the material, the configuration, design and dimensions of the polyhedron, etc. Now only a small part of these properties has been deciphered, and almost nothing is known about the information they emit. For example, in Czecho-Slovakia, K. Drbal patented a method for keeping razors and razor knives sharp. After shaving, the blade is placed in a paper, cardboard or plastic Cheops-type pyramid 10 cm high after shaving at a height of 1/3 to 1/5 from the base. Changes occur in the material, allowing one blade to shave 50-200 times (depending on the thickness of the beard). Larger pyramids in the same Czechoslovakia are used to store perishable products, because the chronal field inside the pyramid has a detrimental effect on microbes. The same field preserves mummies in Egyptian and other similar pyramids.
Living nature is well aware of the property of various configuration systems to accumulate chronal matter and widely and skillfully uses this property for its own purposes. For example, V.S. Grebennikov discovered a strong effect of nesting bees and wasps on protozoa and some types of microbes, especially indicative in this sense are honeycombs with a clearly consistent repeating geometry.
The nature of the influence of the chronal field on biological and other objects is discussed in more detail below. Here, for us, the only important thing is that with the help of the simplest means it is easy to make a chronal accumulator, which is necessary for studying the properties of a truly simple chronal phenomenon. Each such battery spontaneously receives radiation from the Cosmos, as well as from terrestrial objects, especially of a biological nature, and is ready for operation in a few hours; it reaches its maximum power after many days, when it will gradually charge not only itself, but also charge all the surrounding objects, including the walls of the room. Unfortunately, almost all batteries of this kind are more or less harm the body, especially with prolonged exposure. In this sense, one can sympathize with the people working in the Louvre in Paris, over which a giant glass pyramid has recently been built" [TRP, pp. 333-334].
Reference: The glass pyramid of the Louvre is installed in the center of the Napoleonic courtyard (cour Napoléon), it houses the entrance hall, ticket offices, cloakroom and shops, as well as halls for temporary exhibitions, a lecture hall, a parking lot. It was built from 1985 to 1989. The pyramid of Cheops served as a prototype. Architect - Chinese American Yo Ming Pei(Eng. Ieoh Ming Pei, born 1917).
On March 30, 1989, the glass pyramid of the Louvre was officially opened.
Around the large pyramid are three smaller pyramids, they only serve as portholes. The faces of the pyramids are made entirely of glass segments, thus ensuring optimal illumination of the underground lobby, where the ticket offices, informatoriums and entrances to all three wings of the museum are located.
Somewhat later, Yo Ming Pei returned to his project again. On November 18, 1993, he built on the Place du Carrousel next to the Great Pyramid the so-called " inverted pyramid", which serves as another light window for lighting underground halls Louvre.
Its height is 7.5 m. With a base length of 13.29 m, each side face of the pyramid has an area of 66.6 sq.m. Under the top of the "inverted pyramid", which does not reach the floor of the underground hall by about 1.4 m, is placed a small pyramid three feet high, or somewhat less, of polished stone.

Application in metallurgy.

"The influence of the generator (concentrator of cosmic chronal radiations) in the form of a pyramid made according to the proportions of the famous pyramid of Cheops (Fig. 4) is of undoubted interest. Its faces are oriented by compass to the north, east, south and west. With the length of the side of the square at the base A, the length ribs B \u003d 0.95 A, height H \u003d 0.63 A. The hardening casting is placed inside the pyramid at its focus at a distance from one fifth to one third of the height - marked in the figure by a double solid vertical line.In pyramids made of roofing iron and cardboard without a bottom at A = 600 mm, the tensile strength of the previous casting increased by 12%, the yield strength - by 24%, and the elongation decreased by 14%.This option is interesting because it does not require any energy costs.Pyramid material (steel, cardboard ) has practically no effect on the properties of the casting.
The colossal penetrating power of the chronal field makes it possible to control the casting solidification process at a distance, to determine the position of the crystallization front inside the casting, etc. For example, a tube made of corrosion-resistant steel with a length of 1 m and an inner diameter of 15 mm was directed at a bismuth casting, through which the chronal radiation of the casting enters the DG-1 sensor with a quartz microresonator [TRP, p.342]. The metal in the mold (crucible) first melts and then solidifies, its chronal field and temperature are simultaneously recorded using a thermocouple embedded in the body of the casting.

The measurement results are shown in Fig.5. Solid curve 1 corresponds to a change in the frequency of resonant vibrations of a quartz plate (in Hertz), and dashed curve 2 corresponds to a change in the temperature of bismuth (in degrees Celsius, scale on the right). Between vertical dashed lines 3 and 4, the metal in the mold melts, heat and chronal charge are supplied. The charge supply is accompanied by an increase in the chronal, which determines the rate (speed) of all processes, including the oscillation frequency of the quartz plate of the sensor. In the liquid state, between lines 4 and 5, the charge drains, the frequency returns to its original (zero) value. Between lines 5 and 6, the metal solidifies, heat and charge are removed, the frequency (and chronal) falls below zero. On temperature curve 2, the processes of melting and solidification correspond to clear horizontal sections, which are in good agreement with the chronal curve. Therefore, studies show that the chronal method quite allows for the implementation of non-destructive remote control of foundry technology" [PVB, pp. 216-219].

Stimulation of vital activity.

"I'll start with microorganisms. For example, bread yeast in an aqueous solution of sugar at a temperature of 15 ° C, placed in the focus and on the diagonal of the base, under the edge, at a distance of 80 mm from the corner of the former tin pyramid, behaved differently. All the sugar in the focus successfully turned into alcohol, the water became transparent, the sediment had a light yellow color, the smell of wine. Under the edge, a week later, the wine smell was combined with putrefactive, in the end everything rotted, the color is dark brown, the smell is disgusting. This indicates a different intensity, structure and usefulness of chronal radiations within the same pyramid, it can both stimulate and inhibit the vital activity of organisms.
Now about plants. Under the same conditions, 35 flax seeds were germinated in a glass bottle in damp gauze. After 4 days, 29 seeds sprouted in the focus of the tin pyramid, none under the edge.
The conditions are the same, but the pyramid is cardboard. After 4 days, not a single grain sprouted in the focus, 15 under the edge. After 11 days, there were 18 and 25 germinated seeds, and the average length of the sprouts was 40 and 90 mm, respectively. Consequently, for living organisms, not only the zones of the pyramid, but also its material are important.
The conditions are the same, but the pyramid consists only of ribs bent from copper wire (tire) with a cross section of 3x5 mm. Six days later, 20 grains sprouted in the focus, 9 under the edge, the length of the sprouts was 45 (green, well developed leaves) and 17 mm (stunted leaves), respectively. As you can see, the absence of faces did not have a significant impact on the processes, edges are more important.
The effect of the chronal field on living organisms is an endless topic. Here I will only refer to melt water, which has a beneficial effect on plants and animals, stimulating their growth, at one time a lot was written and said about this. From fig. Figure 5 shows that melting, and consequently melting, according to our experiments, increases the chronal charge and the chronal of matter, which sharply accelerates all vital processes. This is the main physical essence the problem under discussion. After the charge drains from the thawed water, the effect disappears. For example, molten bismuth is discharged after 20 minutes (Fig. 5), water - after an hour or two. To increase the duration of the discharge, melt water should be kept in a vessel insulated with several layers of polyethylene film, and each such layer should be separated from the adjacent one with paper. The important role of snow retention in the fields becomes clear: it provides not only additional moisture, but most importantly, when snow melts, plant growth is chronally stimulated" [PVB, pp. 220-221].
Warning to the experimenter. "We must remember that the main functions of regulating the body at all levels are of a chronal nature. At first, the chronal field is perceived easily, but the effect accumulates and then failures occur" [TRP, p.392].
February 16 1923 British expedition led by an archaeologist Howard Carter(Howard Carter, 1874-1939) in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor found the main treasure in the pyramid: the stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Tutankhamen. When the sarcophagus was opened in February, inside was a golden coffin with his mummy. The sarcophagus was gold and contained more than 100 kg of pure gold, and the body of the pharaoh located there was mummified.
In subsequent years, rumors spread about the "curse of the pharaohs", which allegedly led to the death of 12 "victims of the curse" who were present at the opening of the tomb. The curse is predominantly associated with deaths that took place over the next few years after the opening of the tomb of Tutankhamen.
Sometimes the "curse of the pharaohs" is also attributed to the opening of old burials outside Egypt - the grave of Tamerlane in Samarkand (1941), the tomb of Casimir the Great in Krakow (1973), the mummy of Ötzi in the Alps (1991). The magical nature of the "curse" is denied by science.

Conclusion.

If we ignore the academic zaum, as well as entertaining mysticism and MES-overshoots (mathematical bullshit) of some pseudo-scientific miners, it turns out that they all attribute today's knowledge, skills and fantasies to ancient people.
In ancient times (more than 1-2 thousand years ago), people were primarily interested in the preservation of food. In the deserts, it was easy to save food under a pile of sand. Any person knew that this heap has the form of a "cone" with two eternally constant angles (see Fig. 4):
- angle of repose(Alpha αbase) - the angle formed by the surface of the sand cone with the horizontal plane. For dry sand Alpha basic = 34°.
- opening angle(Alpha in) - the angle at the top of the cone. For dry sand Alpha β = 112°.
Those who were involved in the burial of the dead, probably paid attention to the effect of mummification (German mumifizieren< араб. мум - воск, благовонная смола) человека (животного) в жарком и сухом воздухе. Естественно, появилась мысль хоронить фараонов в могильных курганах, но не под простой кучей песка, а под каменной пирамидой. Почему? Кучу песка над могилой соплеменника может насыпать каждый египтянин, а вот согнать мужиков в управляемую толпу и заставить её строить каменную кучу особой формы, может только сам будущий покойник - фараон! Сделать снаружи пирамиду ровной более или менее легко, чего не скажешь о размещении камер внутри по некоему плану. Достаточно взглянуть на рис.4 и обнаружится, что точность внутренней планировки пирамиды равна " трамвайной остановке".
The angle of inclination of the side face of the pyramid, also known as the angle of repose (αosn), was chosen at about 51 ° 50 "not from some abstruse considerations, but simply obviously more than 34 °. The sand applied by the wind must be guaranteed to crumble from the surface of the pyramid to the ground, where it they will pick up, and not spoil the "majestic" view of the monastery of the "dried" dead man.
The question remains vague: did the Egyptians link the mummification of corpses with the "reception" of congratulatory telegrams from extraterrestrial civilizations, the treatment of the pharaoh's family, the preservation of especially valuable delicacies, or the sharpening of razor axes?
Jewish writer Sholom Nokhumovich Rabinovich(pseudo Sholom Aleichem, 1859-1916) a chic phrase is attributed, which has become a "scientific" law for mathematicians, cosmologists and science fiction writers: " If you can't, but really want to, then you can". The conclusion suggests itself: pseudo-scientific prospectors will definitely find the answer!
However, who will study the location and properties of the Bovi-Drbala zone depending on the opening angle (αv). the number of faces and the material of the pyramid? Who will study the physical properties of the incomprehensible radiation captured by the pyramids, the very one that thermal physicist A.I. Veinik called "chronal"? Who will invent "informoscopes" for receiving information from the "subtle" worlds and deciphering it?
Why do all miners aim their remarkable forces at "extracting" money from the pyramids, first of all, and only in the last place notice something unusual?

Additional information.

Pyramid	Age, years	Height, m	Base, m	Corner, Alpha main	Corner, Alpha in
Cheops (cemetery in Giza)	2560-2540 BC	146,6	230,33	53°10′	~74°
Khafre (cemetery in Giza)	2900-2270 BC.	143,87	215,3	53°10′	~74°
Mikerin (cemetery in Giza)	2540-2520 BC.	65,55	108,4	51°20′25″	~78°
Paris, Louvre	30.03.1989	21,65	35,40	52°	76°
inverted pyramid, Louvre	18.11.1993	7,5	13,29	52°	76°
Hunger A.E., Ramenskoye	1990-2004 demolished	11,0	5,10	76.35°	27.3°
Hunger A.E., Seliger	June 1997	22,0	10,69	76.35°	27.3°
Hunger A.E., Novorizhskoe sh.	30.11.1997	44,0	21,38	76.35°	27.3°
Sneferu "broken line" (cemetery in Dahshur)	2613-2589 BC.	104,7	189,4	<49 м - 54°31" >49 m - 43°21"	~94°
Sneferu "pink" (cemetery in Dahshur)	2613-2589 BC.	104,4	218.5 × 221.5	43°36"	~93°

Literature.

TRP. Veinik A.I., "Thermodynamics of real processes", Minsk: "Science and technology", 1991
http://www.html

KS. Veinik A.I., "The Book of Sorrow", Minsk: manuscript, 03.10.1981. 287 cars sheets.
http://www.html
http://www..zip

PVB. Veinik A.I., "Why I believe in God. The study of manifestations of the spiritual world", Minsk: publishing house "Belarusian Exarchate", (1st edition - 1998, 2nd - 2000; 3rd - 2002; 4th - 2004; 5th - 2007; 6th - 2009).
http://www.html

Even in ancient times, the Egyptians themselves called the pharaoh Cheops Khnum-Khufu. The ruler himself called himself "the second sun." Europeans learned about him thanks to Herodotus. The ancient historian devoted several stories to life. All his work is called "History". It was Herodotus who approved the Greek reading of the name of the pharaoh - Cheops. The scientist believed that the ruler was known as a tyrant and despot. But there are a number of lifetime sources that speak of Cheops as a far-sighted and wise ruler.

Rise of Ancient Egypt

The date of the reign of Pharaoh Cheops is presumably 2589-2566 BC. e. or 2551-2528 BC. e. He was the second representative of the fourth royal dynasty. The reign of Pharaoh Cheops is the heyday of the country. By this time, Lower and Upper Egypt had already united into one strong state. The king was considered a living god. That is why his power seemed absolutely limitless. The power of the Egyptian pharaohs directly influenced the development of the economy. The economic recovery contributed to the progress of political and cultural life.

Despite this, there is not much information about the pharaoh. The main sources are the works of the ancient historian Herodotus. However, this work is based, most likely, on legends, and not on historical facts. And so this work, in fact, has nothing to do with reality. However, several sources about the life of Cheops are quite reliable.

Photo of Pharaoh Cheops, unfortunately, could not be preserved. In the article you have the opportunity to see images of his tomb and sculptural creations.

Ruler activities

The reign of Pharaoh Cheops lasted more than two decades. He was considered the second sun and had a rather severe character. He had several wives and, accordingly, many children.

He was also known for the fact that during his reign new cities and settlements were constantly built on the banks of the Nile. So, the pharaoh founded a famous fortress in Buhen.

In addition, many religious objects appeared, among which, of course, the pyramid of Cheops. But we will return to this issue a little later.

By the way, according to Herodotus, the ruler closed the temples. He saved, and all the resources went to the construction of his pyramid. However, judging by Egyptian sources, the pharaoh donated with enviable generosity to religious objects and was still an active temple builder. In many ancient drawings, the pharaoh was depicted precisely as the creator of villages and cities.

As a statesman, Pharaoh Cheops was periodically forced to send his army to the Sinai Peninsula. His goal is the destruction of nomadic tribes who robbed local merchants.

Also in this territory, the ruler tried to control the deposits of copper and turquoise. It was he who first began to develop the deposits of alabaster, which are located in Khatnub.

In the south of the country, the pharaoh carefully monitored the extraction of Aswan pink granite, which was used for construction.

Tomb architect

In history, the name of this ruler is primarily associated with his pyramid. It is recognized as one of the seven wonders of the world. The tomb is in Giza. It is next to modern Cairo.

It is worth noting that Cheops was not at all the first pharaoh for whom the pyramid was erected. The ancestor of such constructions was still the ruler Djoser. Khnum-Khufu erected the largest tomb.

The pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops was built around the year 2540 BC. e. One of the relatives of the ruler was the head of construction work and the architect. His name was Hemiun. He served as a vizier. Another Egyptian official who participated in the process of erecting the pyramid is also known - Merrer. He kept diary entries, with the help of which modern scientists have learned that this figure often came to one of the limestone quarries. It was there that the blocks for the construction of the tomb were produced.

Construction progress

The preparatory work went on for several years, as the workers had to build the road first. Material for the construction was dragged along it. The construction of the pyramid lasted almost two decades. According to some sources, about one hundred thousand workers were involved in the construction process. But only 8,000 people could build the facility at the same time. Every 3 months the workers replaced each other.

The peasants also took part in the erection of the monumental structure. True, they could only do this when the Nile flooded. During this period, all agricultural work was curtailed.

The Egyptians who built the pyramid were given not only food and clothing, but also a salary.

Exterior view of the tomb

Initially, the height of the tomb was almost 147 meters. However, due to a series of earthquakes and the onset of sands, several blocks collapsed. Thus, today the height of the pyramid is 137.5 m. The length of one side of the tomb is 230 m.

The tomb is built of 2.3 million stone blocks. In this case, no binder solution was provided at all. The weight of each block varies from 2.5 to 15 tons.

Inside the tomb are burial chambers. One of them is called the "Queen's Chamber". At the same time, representatives of the weaker sex were traditionally buried in separate small tombs. In any case, at the foot of the pyramid are the tombs of the women of Cheops and the nobility.

solar boats

Near the tomb, archaeologists discovered the so-called "solar boats" - these are ceremonial boats. According to legend, the ruler makes his voyage to the afterlife on them.

In 1954, scientists found the first ship. As a material was used Construction did without nails at all. The length of the structure is almost 40 m, and the width is 6 m.

Surprisingly, the researchers were able to identify that there are traces of silt on the boat. Perhaps, during his lifetime, the ruler moved along it along the Nile and the coastal waters of the Mediterranean. Steering and rowing oars were found on the boat, and superstructures with cabins were placed on the deck.

The second ship of Cheops was discovered relatively recently. It was in the hiding place of the pyramid.

Empty sarcophagus

However, the body of the legendary pharaoh was not found. In the ninth century, one of the caliphs was able to enter the tomb. He was surprised that there were no signs of looting and breaking in. But there was no Cheops mummy, instead of it there was only an empty sarcophagus.

At the same time, the building was comprehended precisely as a tomb. Perhaps the ancient Egyptians deliberately erected a false tomb to deceive would-be robbers. The fact is that at one time the burial place of the mother of Cheops was robbed, and her mummy was stolen. The thieves took away the body, so that later in a calm atmosphere they could remove the jewelry.

At first, Cheops was not informed about the loss of the mummy. They told him only about the fact of looting. After that, the pharaoh was forced to order the reburial of her mother's body, but in fact the ceremony had to be performed with an empty sarcophagus.

There is a version that the ruler's mummy was buried in another, modest tomb. And the pyramid itself was the posthumous abode of the spirit of a powerful king.

Descendants of the pharaoh

When Pharaoh Cheops (reigned 2589-2566 BC or 2551-2528 BC) died, the son of the great ruler became the ruler of the state. His name was Jedefra. Very little is known about his reign. It is known that he reigned for only eight years. During this time, he managed to build the second highest tomb in this area. Unfortunately, even in those ancient times, the pyramid of Djedefra was also not only plundered, but also partially destroyed.

In addition, a number of historians believe that it was this offspring of Cheops who at one time was able to build the Great Sphinx. This statue was erected in memory of his father. Egyptologists believe that the body of a mythical creature was made of solid limestone. However, his head was made later. Note that many scientists argue that the face of the Sphinx looks very much like the appearance of Cheops.

Subsequent rulers of the dynasty also continued to build pyramids. But the last king of the fourth dynasty, named Shepeskaf, no longer built monumental tombs, since the heyday of Ancient Egypt came to naught. The state was in a state of decline. The descendants of Cheops no longer allowed themselves to spend resources on colossal structures. Thus, the time of the great pyramids remained in the distant past. But the great tomb of Cheops, which is considered one of them, has survived to this day.

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