All about car tuning

Architecture of the Moscow Kremlin. History of creation and description of the Moscow Kremlin

In the second half of the 15th century, when Moscow became the political and cultural center of the Russian lands, the Kremlin was rebuilt with the participation of Italian architects. Its center was Cathedral Square with the Assumption Cathedral (1475-79) built by the architect Aristotle Fioravanti - the burial place of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs, the place of weddings and coronations of grand dukes, then kings and emperors. Pskov craftsmen erected the Church of the Deposition of the Robe (1484-88) and the Cathedral of the Annunciation (1484-89) - the house church of the Moscow sovereigns. In 1505-08, the Archangel Cathedral was built - the tomb of Russian princes and tsars (before Ivan V Alekseevich). The Stone Sovereign Palace (on the site of the modern Grand Kremlin Palace) with the Faceted Chamber (1487-91) completed the design of the western side Cathedral Square. The Ivan the Great Bell Tower became the center of the Kremlin ensemble. In 1485-95, taking into account the traditions of Russian defensive architecture and the achievements of Western European fortification, the existing walls and towers were built around the Kremlin from red brick with internal backfilling of cobblestone and white stone on lime mortar. The Kremlin became one of the most powerful fortresses in Europe.

SIGN ABOVE THE GATES OF THE SPASSKAYA TOWER

“In the summer of 6999 (1491) July, by the grace of God, this archer was made by the command of John Vasilyevich, the sovereign and autocrat of all Russia and the Grand Duke of Volodimir and Moscow and Novgorod and Pskov and Tver and Yugra and Vyatka and Perm and Bulgarian and others in the 30th summer of the state him, and Peter Antony Solario from the city of Mediolan (Milan - ed.) did.

ARCHITECTS OF THE NEW ENSEMBLE OF THE MOSCOW KREMLIN

To bring to life the plan of Ivan III - to turn the Kremlin into a symbol of the Russian state, a demonstration of its greatness and power - architecture was one of the most important means. And the prince turns the Kremlin into a monumental ensemble. Almost all the buildings of the Kremlin - towers, walls, buildings on the central Kremlin square - not only stand in the same places and bear the same names where they began to build and as Ivan Kalita called them in the 30s of the XIV century, but they even look the way they did during the reign of Ivan III...

On the advice of the "Greek Sophia", the prince invited architects from Italy. The first to arrive from Bologna in 1474 was Aristotle Fioravanti with his son Andrew.

The Italian architect was 58 years old at that time, and he had already entered the history of Italy as the author of palaces, fortresses and fortifications for many Italian dukes and even for the Hungarian king, as a man who moved a huge bell tower from place to place. In Bologna, Fioravanti was about to start building the Palazzo del Podesta, the model of which so delighted his compatriots. But he went far to the east to enter the history of another people - the Russians.

Aristotle was settled in the Kremlin, endowed with enormous powers, and the work began to boil. Ivan III himself understood that the white stone walls were an unreliable defender, they would not withstand cannon fire. The Kremlin should be made of brick. And the Italian first built a brick factory on the Yauza River. The bricks obtained at this factory according to the recipe of Fioravanti himself were unusually strong. They were narrower and more authentic than usual, and therefore they became called "Aristotelian".

Having created the general scheme of the Kremlin fortress and its center - Cathedral Square, the Italian led the construction of the Assumption Cathedral - the main cathedral of Moscow Russia. The temple was supposed to carry a huge "preaching" meaning, it was to announce to the world the birth of a new state, and therefore it was necessary to embody the truly national character of culture in it. Aristotle began to get acquainted with examples of Russian architecture in Vladimir, in the north of Russia, and when, after four years of work, the five-domed cathedral was ready, he struck the imagination of his contemporaries. He looked “like a single stone”, and with this feeling of a monolith he inspired the idea of ​​the solidity of the whole people. It cannot be considered accidental that a year after the completion of the cathedral, Ivan III refused to pay tribute to the Golden Horde.

In those same years, Pskov craftsmen, unknown to us so far, rebuilt the Annunciation Cathedral - the house church of the royal court. In the basement of this cathedral, a new Treasury yard was made - the Treasury, the deep white stone cellars of which existed for three centuries. The Treasury was built by another Italian - Marco Ruffo, whose name we associate with another remarkable building of the Kremlin - the Faceted Chamber - the ceremonial throne room of the future Russian tsars. For the 15th century, the Faceted Chamber is a unique creation: a hall of 500 square meters, the vaults of which rest on only one central pillar.

Marco Ruffo just laid this chamber. He completed the work together with the architect Pietro Antonio Solari, one of the legendary builders of the Milan Cathedral, who arrived from Italy. It is Solari who owns the main engineering solution of the Faceted Chamber, later named so for the tetrahedral stones with which it is lined. Both architects simultaneously built the stone sovereign's palace.

It remains only to regret that Solari lived in Moscow so little - in 1493, three years after his arrival, he suddenly died. But even in three years, he did too much and, most importantly, brought to life the plan of Ivan III: to turn the Moscow Kremlin into the most impregnable fortress in Europe. New fortress walls 2235 meters long had a height of 5 to 19 meters. Inside the walls, the thickness of which reached from 3.5 to 6.5 meters, closed galleries were arranged for the secret movement of soldiers. To prevent enemy undermining, there were many secret passages and "rumors" from the Kremlin.

The Kremlin's towers became the centers of defense of the Kremlin. The first was erected in the very middle of the wall facing the Moscow River. It was built under the guidance of the Italian master Anton Fryazin in 1485. Since there was a secret spring under the tower, they called it Taynitskaya.

After that, a new tower is being built almost every year: Beklemishevskaya (Marco Ruffo), Vodovzvodnaya (Anton Fryazin), Borovitskaya, Konstantin-Eleninskaya (Pietro Antonio Solari). And finally, in 1491, two towers were erected on Red Square - Nikolskaya and Frolovskaya - the latter would later become known to the whole world as Spasskaya (as it was named in 1658 by royal decree in the image of the Savior of Smolensk, written above the gate of the tower in memory of the liberation by Russian troops the city of Smolensk). The Spasskaya Tower became the main front entrance to the Kremlin...

In 1494 Aleviz Fryazin (Milanese) came to Moscow. For ten years he built stone chambers that became part of the Terem Palace of the Kremlin. He erected both the Kremlin walls and towers along the Neglinnaya River. He also owns the main hydraulic structures of Moscow in those years: the dams on the Neglinnaya and the ditches along the walls of the Kremlin.

In 1504, shortly before his death, Ivan III invited another “Fryazin” to Moscow, who received the name Aleviz Fryazin the New (Venetian). He came from Bakhchisaray, where he built a palace for the khan. The creations of the new architect were already seen by Vasily III. It was under him that the Venetian built eleven churches (which have not survived to this day) and the cathedral, which even now serves as an adornment of the Moscow Kremlin, the Archangel Cathedral, designed in the best traditions of ancient Russian architecture. It is felt that its creator was under the great influence of original Russian culture.

Then, in 1505-1508, the famous bell tower "Ivan the Great" was built. Its architect Bon-Fryazin, having erected this pillar, which later reached 81 meters, accurately calculated that this architectural vertical would dominate the entire ensemble, giving it a unique color.

The construction of the Moscow Kremlin was an outstanding event for its time. Even if we consider the beginning of the construction of the ensemble in 1475 - the year of laying the last, fourth version of the Assumption Cathedral, and the end of construction - the construction of the last Kremlin fortifications in 1516, we have to admit that all this splendor and power were created in thirty (!) years.

04/21/2012 admin Tags: ,

How to get to the Kremlin
Dear readers! This article was written in 2012. We constantly monitor the changing situation in the Kremlin and, if necessary, edit the text. The last update was made in March 2019. The algorithm for purchasing tickets and entering the Kremlin has remained the same.
In order to be sure to buy tickets to the Armory, we advise you to purchase them online on the website of the Moscow Kremlin.

For those who want to save themselves from reading a tedious 1700-word article and quickly buy tickets and a tour of the Kremlin, I offer an alternative.

How to get to the Kremlin

Be careful! Many sites are misleading and misrepresenting prices for tickets to the Kremlin. Ticket prices have gone up since February 2019.
Summary of the article

  • How to get to the Kremlin.
  • Where to buy tickets to the Kremlin
  • Where are the cash desks of the Kremlin
  • Tickets to the Kremlin. How much are?
  • Excursions to the Kremlin

All the aspirations of those wishing to get acquainted with the cultural heritage of the capital are directed to the Kremlin. What you need to know in order to view all three Kremlin components ( , ; ; ) with the least loss?

Part one. For Russian and Russian-speaking tourists.

How to get to the Kremlin. For visitors

Attention! With the onset of the warm season (since mid-April), the queues for tickets to the Kremlin have increased! On weekends, be prepared to spend 30 minutes or more at the box office! AT summer time on Saturdays, due to the queue at the cashier lined up long before its opening by 9 o'clock in the morning there may already be a solid tail.

- The day off is Thursday. On holidays, the Kremlin is usually open. But there are solemn events, meetings of heads of foreign states, inaugurations again. In such exceptional cases, it is closed.

- works on sessions. There are four of them - at 10, 12, 14.30 and at 16.30

– Opening hours of the Moscow Kremlin Museum-Reserve from 10 to 17 in winter, from 9.30 to 18 in summer (from mid-May to mid-September). closes at 18:00. open from 10:00 to 18:00, lunch break: from 13:00 to 14:00.


The Borovitsky gates of the Kremlin are designed for vehicles. Entrance to the Kremlin to the left of the gate through the arch.

To get to the Borovitsky Gates, you need to go from the ticket office along the road, it is shown in the picture. If you stand facing the cash registers, then to the right. The Borovitsky Gates of the Kremlin are NOT visible from the box office

In the top photo, the Borovitskaya Tower is barely visible in the distance to the left. On the way to the Borovitskaya Tower, you will pass by the recently erected monument to Emperor Alexander I.


The monument to Tsar Alexander I is installed in the Alexander Garden between the Commandant (pictured) and the Armory towers

At the entrance to the Borovitsky Gates, you need to present an entrance ticket to the Kremlin or the Armory and go through security.


Officers at the entrance to the Kremlin through the Borovitsky Gates will ask you to open your bags and put all the contents of your pockets on the table. Be sure to inquire about the availability of tickets.

You will be asked to show your ticket either in the building (ticket to visit the Armory) or at the very end of the long building of the Armory. There you need to present a ticket to the territory of the Kremlin.

You can enter the Kremlin through the Trinity Gate

The Trinity Gate is located in the Alexander Garden, in the Trinity Tower, which is connected by a bridge to the Kutafya Tower. Ticket control and screening is carried out at the Kutafya Tower.


In the photo Kutafya tower (left), Trinity tower (right). They are connected by the Trinity Bridge. After being screened by officers of the commandant's office of the Kremlin (a procedure similar to that at an airport), visitors enter the Kremlin through the Trinity Gate. Metal detectors are very sensitive. Be prepared to put all the change out of your pockets.

Below, at the stairs, you need to present a ticket to the territory of the Kremlin or the Armory.


At the bottom of the stairs there is a lone ticket inspector who checks if those who suffer from visiting the Kremlin have them. (Shot on a weekday afternoon in the fall).

Here are diagrams to illustrate.

- You can’t enter the Kremlin with large bags and backpacks, suitcases. These things are left in the storage room near the Kutafya Tower of the Kremlin. (Water will not be taken to the storage room, take bottles with you to the Kremlin). Ladies' bags, which are sometimes quite large, can be carried. It is forbidden to carry ANY weapons into the Kremlin, including gas cartridges and penknives. Professional photo and video shooting is prohibited on the territory of the Kremlin.

Entrance to the Kremlin with luggage - bags and backpacks

ENTRY TO THE KREMLIN WITH BACKPACKS is either allowed or prohibited. It is better to take a voluminous backpack to the storage room under the Kutafya Tower. It works from 10:00 to 18:00. Lunch breaks are from 11:00 to 11:30 and from 15:30 to 16:00.


Luggage storage - to the left of the stairs. Above is the Kutafya Tower.

You can learn more about the operation of the left-luggage office on the official website of the Kremlin. http://www.kreml.ru/visit-to-kremlin/ticket-prices/kamera-khraneniya1/

When is the best time to visit the Kremlin

If you want to see the Kremlin in the morning and buy tickets for a 10-hour show (the ticket office of the museum opens half an hour before the opening of the Kremlin), it is better to come early in the summer. On weekday mornings, at 9.30, the line is usually small. Sometimes it doesn't exist at all. On weekends, people gather early in the morning. In the summer, at 11 o'clock, a decent crowd is observed at the cash desks of the Kremlin. I remind you again that Saturdays in summer when the ceremony of divorce of the guard of honor is held, the queue at the cashier is very long even in the morning .


Not the longest queue at the cash desk of the Moscow Kremlin museums

At the entrance to the museum, you will be subjected to a serious search, which is carried out by the Commandant's Office of the Kremlin, and passing through very sensitive metal detectors. The queue at the Borovitsky Gate takes place in the morning: from 10 to 11 and around 12 and 14 hours - people accumulate to get to the Armory at 12 or 14.30 and at

The best time to see the Kremlin on your own

General advice. In the warm season of a weekend and a holiday, it is better to come to the Kremlin ticket office early. But if possible, go to the Kremlin in WEEKDAY day. Most best time to visit the Kremlin - the second half of the day. Around 2 pm. In the morning, the Kremlin is visited by school excursion groups. Plan to visit the Armory at 16.30. In the second half weekday there is a high probability that you will fall into the Diamond Fund.

It often happens that all tickets in already sold. Then the following sign hangs at the box office:


Tickets for evening sessions at the box office run out very quickly!

The ideal option is to go to the Kremlin ticket office in the Alexander Garden by 14 o'clock. Buy a ticket to visit the territory of the Kremlin. Maybe they will even sell you a ticket to the Armory and the Diamond Fund. Although, until recently, tickets to the Armory were sold only 40 minutes before the start of the session.

We will tell about separately.

Dear Sirs, if you still have questions on the topic “How to get to the Kremlin”, please re-read the article again and take a look at the comments. They have answers to many questions!
I remind you that some frequently asked questions have answers in a separate publication (comments to it are still open, if you have any questions - ask, we will try to answer). I hope that the article will help you get to the Kremlin.

Dear Muscovites and guests of the capital! Before you get to the Kremlin, we strongly recommend that you solve technical issues using, excuse me, the toilet in the Alexander Garden. On the territory of the Kremlin there is a nanotechnological toilet with an eternal queue. There is also a toilet in the building of the Armory, but from the street, without a ticket to it, you will not get there. Therefore, we repeat once again - the optimal solution to technical problems is located in the Alexander Garden opposite the Kremlin ticket office.

We talked about the rules for passing inspection at the entrance to the Kremlin in a publication.
We recommend you a service where in a couple of minutes you can book any excursion to the Kremlin. We offer two of them:

Our travel articles

There are additional publications to this article, where we talked in detail about
,
and
.

Author's excursions

On a high hill at the confluence of the Neglinnaya and the Moscow River, the city center has long been located. However, the appearance of the fortress wall did not correspond to the power of the state. By the end of the 15th century, the walls made of white stone (limestone) were dilapidated, moreover, the appearance of artillery required a fundamentally new system - fortification. New fortifications began to be built by invited Italians ( Mark Fryazin...). The new Kremlin wall has a length of more than 2 km, 18 towers, and forms an irregular triangle in plan. At the corners of the walls, 3 round towers were set up in them, caches were arranged - wells, 6 quadrangular travel towers with gates were erected in places where important roads approached, towers - archers with rising bars were attached to them in front, bridges across the moat descended from the gates of the archers on chains. The rest of the towers were deaf, that is, not travel. The towers were topped with wooden tents with watchtowers, some towers housed bells or alarms, along the perimeter the wall was decorated with battlements, the height of which reached 2.5 m, the height of the walls was about 19 m, and the thickness was 6.5 m, there were underground passages. The tower was built of red brick, and the base of the walls remained white stone. In terms of beauty and impregnability, the Kremlin was among the best fortresses of its era.

In the 17th century, the monumental style was replaced by a picturesque decorative style, the forms of buildings became more complicated, the walls were covered with multi-color ornaments, carvings, and brick patterns. After the liberation of Moscow from the Polish invaders in 1612, the Kremlin was restored. Above the Frolovskaya Tower (now the Spasskaya Tower - the main entrance to the Kremlin) rose a stone tent covered with tiles. The Spasskaya Tower has a lower quadrangle (square in plan), which completes a belt of arches with a white stone pattern, in the arches there are statues (doodles) above the arcuate belt - turrets, pyramids, statues of outlandish animals. At the corners of the quarter
gilded weather vanes, on the lower quadrangle there is another two-tiered smaller clock on it - chimes (English watchmaker Christopher Galovey). The second quarter turns into an octagon, which ends with a stone gazebo with keeled arches (currant pattern). In the pavilions there are bells - chimes. The architecture of this tower combines the features of Western European Gothic and the Russian Middle Ages. The tower was renamed in 1658, thanks to the inscription above the gate, the image of Christ.

Temples of the Moscow Kremlin

Assumption Cathedral 1472. The main temple of the Kremlin, because tsars were crowned on the throne in it. The cathedral was supposed to exceed in size all the existing churches of Russia. 2 years after the start of work, the northern wall collapsed. The construction was continued by Alberti Fioravanti, a master from Bologna, (a region of Italy), nicknamed Aristotle in Russia. The master connected the blocks of white stone (limestone) with iron braces. After 4 years, the construction was completed.

Characteristics of the cathedral: smooth walls are dissected by wide shoulder blades (flat ledges), columns and arches made up the belt on the facade, narrow slit-like windows, entrances are decorated with picturesque portals, 5 altar apses, walls are crowned with zakomaras (to emphasize the national character), five domes. The cathedral was built in the likeness of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir.

Cathedral of the Annunciation (Golden-domed). It is also called the house church of the prince. Artistic techniques of various architectural schools - Vladimir, Pskov-, Novgorod - are applied here.

Characteristics of the temple: high basement (lower floor), the cathedral has the shape of a cube, 3 apses, keel-shaped zakomaras, 9 domes, the roof repeats the outlines of gilded zakomaras.


Cathedral of the Archangel. Family burial vault of the family of the Grand Dukes. Master - Aleviz New (Italian). He completed the temple in the traditions of Russian architecture in an Italian way.

Characteristics of the cathedral: a six-pillar temple crowned with 5 domes, the facade is divided by a cornice into 2 horizontal parts, and Russian shoulder blades are replaced by pilasters ending in capitals, zakomaras are separated by another cornice, and shells are placed inside them.

The Faceted Chamber is the throne room. The word chamber comes from the Italian palazzo, and the name comes from the decoration of the facade with a faceted stone.

In plan it is a square with one column in the center, on which 4 vaults rest. In ancient times it had a hipped roof.

Ivanovskaya bell tower. The bell tower was named after the church of St. John located at its base. The bell tower is a pillar of two octahedrons placed one on top of the other and crowning them. Each tier ends with arched openings through which the bells are visible. The bell tower unites the entire architectural ensemble of the Kremlin.

At the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries, another tier was built on, and the total height of the bell tower was 81 m. Later, a quadrangular belfry was added to the bell tower, with a powerful dome for heavy bells and a Filaret extension with a tent and pyramids.

Hip architecture 16th century

The reign of Basil 3. A monument associated with the birth of the heir John 4 (Ivan the Terrible) became the temple Ascension in Kolomenskoye. The symbolism of the temple speaks of two events: 1 - heavenly, the ascension of the son of God to the Father; 2 - earthly, the birth of the heir to the Moscow throne. The powerful foundation of the temple grows out of the intricacies of galleries. The multifaceted lancet base ends with triple pointed kokoshniks. And above them rises a tent. The edges of the tent are intertwined with garlands that look like strings of pearls. Its top is covered with a small cupola with a gilded cross.

St. Basil's Cathedral. (Pokrovsky). 1555 - 1561 Named after the famous Moscow holy fool, who was buried in 1552 near the walls of the Trinity Church, which originally stood on this site. The idea of ​​building a temple was born in memory of the capture of Kazan in 1552. According to one version, the temple was built by masters Barma and Postnik. The difference of this temple is its versatility. ( aisle- this is an extension to the church, where worship can take place). The composition of the temple: around the central, highest, pillar, on the cardinal points, there are 4 large temples, and 4 small ones diagonally. The tower-like volumes start from the ground itself and are perceived as independent volumes, at the same time they form a complex pyramidal composition, which is distinguished by artistic unity and dynamism. Most researchers see in this temple the embodiment of the symbolic image of Jerusalem. The interiors are like dark labyrinths, and the main attention of the viewer is riveted to its external monumental appearance. In addition to the complexity of the silhouette, the volumes are decorated machicolations(hinged loopholes, attributes of fortress architecture). The facades are decorated panels(frame, recess), lucarnes(window openings) and multi-tiered kokoshniks. The original color scheme was more restrained. In the 17th century, the cathedral was decorated: individual architectural details were painted, a complex pattern and multicolor appeared, the walls of the cathedral (inside and outside) were painted with ornaments. The architecture of the cathedral acquired the image of a marvelous garden, a fantasy of paradise.

This design of temples with a high silhouette, but a small interior space was very suitable for the construction of memorial temples. In the 17th century architecture became more ornate. From the main floor, the tent turns into a decorative detail.

merchant architecture

The 17th century began with a terrible famine, cholera, then robberies and robberies, turmoil began: the invasion of the Poles and Swedes, the death of Boris Godunov, the murder of False Dmitry and the emergence of new impostors. Therefore, until the 20s of the 17th century, there were no constructions. The builders have lost their art.


In the 30s of the 17th century, architects went to new way. Moscow became an example of new architecture. Trinity Church in Nikitki, placed in the courtyard of the merchant Nikitnikov.

The church is small in size, elegant: against the red background of brick walls, white-stone details stand out (platbands, columns, rows of kokoshniks, etc.). Compared to ancient temples, the church is striking in its liveliness, diversity, it creates the feeling that it grows and develops like a tree. The church is not symmetrical, which creates a sense of dynamics. They went there to pray not to the God they feared, but to the one who helped a person in his earthly affairs. The architecture is joyful, does not exalt a person, but does not frighten.

Patriarch Nikon saw in the patterned inappropriate deviation from the original samples. Nikon forbade the construction of hipped temples. All buildings of this time were distinguished by severity and severity, reaching asceticism. However, the tsar was dissatisfied with the claims of the patriarch to the supreme power of the state. The gap between them led to the exile and deposition of the patriarch. Patterned architecture continued its march across the country.

In connection with the repair and restoration work, the entrance of visitors to the territory of the Kremlin is carried out through the Trinity Gates, the exit - through the Borovitsky Gates. Passage of visitors to the Armory and exit is through the Borovitsky Gate.

December 25

the territory of the Moscow Kremlin is closed to the public. The armory is open as usual. Passage of visitors is carried out through the Borovitsky gates of the Moscow Kremlin.

December 31 from 16:00, January 1 to 12:00

the territory of the Moscow Kremlin and the Armory are closed to the public.

From October 1st to May 14th

The Moscow Kremlin Museums are switching to winter mode. The architectural ensemble is open to the public from 10:00 to 17:00, the Armory is open from 10:00 to 18:00. Tickets are sold at the box office from 9:30 to 16:30. Day off - Thursday. Exchange electronic tickets produced in accordance with the terms of the User Agreement.

From October 1st to May 14th

the exposition of the bell tower "Ivan the Great" is closed to the public.

In order to ensure the preservation of monuments under adverse weather conditions, access to some museum-cathedrals may be temporarily limited.

We apologize for any inconvenience caused.