What did the Kremlin get in the 15th century. Moscow Kremlin, past and present
Back in 1147, Yuri Dolgoruky, Prince of Kiev and Rostov-Suzdal, founded Moscow. The city was surrounded by wooden walls - this is how the construction of the Kremlin, the future main attraction of Moscow, began. Also, a shaft 8 meters high was built around the wall.
Unfortunately, the Moscow Kremlin, together with the city itself, did not last long - in the winter of 1237, Batu Khan plundered and burned all the wooden buildings.
But Moscow is being rebuilt, and along with it, its fortress. Ivan Kalita in 1339-1340 erected powerful defensive fortifications, and in the Kremlin itself he built white-stone cathedrals, the chambers of princes and his own mansions. Moscow becomes the main city among other Russian cities.
After 20 years, Prince Dmitry Donskoy encloses the fortress with white stone walls. From here came the famous expression - "Moscow white stone."
By the beginning of the 16th century, the Kremlin was not directly recognizable - Prince Ivan III laid the foundations of the new Kremlin - built the famous towers, erected the Assumption, Annunciation and Archangel Cathedrals. Finally, he built himself new magnificent chambers. Thanks to the efforts of Russian and Italian workers, the most formidable and powerful fortress appeared in Europe - the Moscow Kremlin. In addition, it was not made of white stone - Ivan IV the Terrible built brick walls, making the Kremlin the famous red color.
During the Time of Troubles, the history of Moscow, and with it the history of the Kremlin, could have ended. The Poles captured the city and barricaded themselves in the Kremlin. The royal treasury was devastated, buildings were burned, and churches were defiled.
But the enemy was driven out, and the Kremlin again began to be built anew. By the 17th century, it had become a place where kings and future emperors sat, and by the 18th century, European ideas were added to it. In the Kremlin were erected Winter Palace, the Armory Chamber, the building of the Apartments, which formed the new Palace Square. And although the capital of Russia was moved to St. Petersburg, the Moscow Kremlin still remained almost the main attraction of the country.
In 1917 thunder struck - the Great October Revolution captured Russia. The first Soviet government met in the Kremlin, and it was closed to the public. The monasteries were demolished and a new building, the Military School, was built in their place.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Kremlin disappeared from all enemy maps and radars - the main fortress of the country was hidden with the help of huge shields, the stars were turned off, and the entire building was covered with dark paint. Only after 4 years will it shine again with its lights.
In 10 years, in 1955, the Kremlin will be opened again for the visit. In another 6 years, the State Kremlin Palace will be built there. And in 1991 - the museum-reserve "Moscow Kremlin".
Today, the Kremlin, along with Red Square, are the main places for tourists to visit. In addition, the President of the Russian Federation works and lives in it.
The Kremlin is not a unique building, almost every city has its own Kremlin, because this word means “fortress, city”. Novgorod, Pskov, Kazan and many others. But it was the Moscow Kremlin that became the symbol of Russia and one of the most picturesque and colorful buildings in its history.
In connection with the repair and restoration work, the entrance of visitors to the territory of the Kremlin is carried out through the Trinity Gates, the exit - through the Borovitsky Gates. Passage of visitors to the Armory and exit is through the Borovitsky Gate.
December 25
the territory of the Moscow Kremlin is closed to the public. The armory is open as usual. Passage of visitors is carried out through the Borovitsky gates of the Moscow Kremlin.
December 31 from 16:00, January 1 to 12:00
the territory of the Moscow Kremlin and the Armory are closed to the public.
From October 1st to May 14th
The Moscow Kremlin Museums are switching to winter mode. The architectural ensemble is open to the public from 10:00 to 17:00, the Armory is open from 10:00 to 18:00. Tickets are sold at the box office from 9:30 to 16:30. Day off - Thursday. Exchange electronic tickets produced in accordance with the terms of the User Agreement.
From October 1st to May 14th
the exposition of the bell tower "Ivan the Great" is closed to the public.
In order to ensure the preservation of monuments under adverse weather conditions, access to some museum-cathedrals may be temporarily limited.
We apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Trinity Tower
Trinity Tower (formerly Epiphany, Rizopolozhenskaya, Znamenskaya, Karetnaya) is a tower with a gate in the middle of the northwestern wall of the Moscow Kremlin, facing the Alexander Garden.
Trinity tower and bridge. Ser of the 19th century. Unknown artist.
Trinity Tower is the most high tower Kremlin. The height of the tower at present, together with the star from the side of the Alexander Garden, is 80 m.
The Trinity Bridge, protected by the Kutafya Tower, leads to the gates of the Trinity Tower. The gates of the tower serve as the main entrance for visitors to the Kremlin.
Kutafya and Troitskaya towers of the Moscow Kremlin. 1900s.
The Presidential Orchestra of Russia is based in the Trinity Tower. Trinity Tower was built in 1495-1499. Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin Milanets (Italian: Aloisio da Milano). The tower was called differently: the original name was Bogoyavlenskaya, then Rizopolozhenskaya, Znamenskaya (in honor of the cathedrals located on the territory of the Kremlin) and Karetnaya (in honor of the Karetny yard)
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It received its current name in 1658 by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich according to the nearby courtyard of the Trinity Monastery. The two-storey base of the tower housed a prison in the 16th-17th centuries. From 1585 to 1812 there was a clock on the tower.
Trinity and Kutafya towers, 1905
Trinity and Kutafya towers, 2012
At the end of the 17th century, the tower received a multi-tiered tent superstructure with white stone decorations. In 1707, due to the threat of a Swedish invasion, the loopholes of the Trinity Tower were expanded for heavy cannons.
Kremlin. Trinity and Kutafya towers. On the right is the Church of St. Nicholas in Sapozhka. Watercolor. Fedor Alekseev.
Kutafya
Moscow. View of the Trinity Gate and the Kutafya Tower 2009Sergey Glushkov
The Kutafya (Bridgehead) Tower is the only surviving diversion tower-shooter (barbican) of the Moscow Kremlin. Located opposite the Trinity Tower, at the end of the Trinity Bridge.
The Kutafya Tower is a diversion archer of the Moscow Kremlin. The end of the XV - the beginning of the XVI century.
The tower was built in 1516 under the leadership of the Milanese architect Aleviz Fryazin. Low, surrounded by a moat and the Neglinnaya River, with the only gate that was tightly closed by the lifting part of the bridge in moments of danger, the tower was a formidable barrier for the besiegers of the fortress. She had loopholes of the plantar battle and machicolations.
Trinity bridge near Kutafya tower and Vasnetsov drawbridge
The Kutafya Tower has never been covered. In 1685, it was crowned with an openwork "crown" with white stone details. In the XVI-XVII centuries, the water level in the Neglinnaya River was raised high by dams, so that the water surrounded the tower from all sides. Its original height above ground level was 18 meters (now 13.5 meters). It was possible to enter the tower from the side of the city only on an inclined bridge.
View of the Manezh, the Kutafya Tower and the Church of St. Nicholas in Sapozhki. 1817.
There are two common versions of the origin of the name "Kutafya": from the word "kut" - shelter, corner, or from the word "kutafya", denoting a full, clumsy woman. However, the first one seems very doubtful, since the name “Kutovaya” would have formed from the word “kut”, and not “Kutafya”.
In 2011, the construction of modern pavilions began on the sides of the tower, which, according to the fears of specialists in the preservation of cultural heritage, will distort the historical appearance of the monument
commandant's tower
Commandant (Deaf, Kolymazhnaya) tower on the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall, today stretching along the Alexander Garden. It was formerly called Kolymazhnaya after the Kolymazhny yard in the Kremlin, which was located near it. In the 19th century, the tower was called “Komendantskaya”, when the commandant of Moscow settled nearby in the Kremlin, in the Poteshny Palace of the 17th century.
The tower was built in 1493-1495 on the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall, which today stretches along the Alexander Garden. It was formerly called Kolymazhnaya after the Kolymazhny yard located near it in the Kremlin. In 1676-1686 it was built on.
The tower is made up of a massive quadrangle with machicolations and a parapet and an open tetrahedron standing on it, completed with a pyramidal roof, an observation tower and an octagonal ball.
In the main volume of the tower there are three tiers of rooms covered with barrel vaults; vaults are covered and tiers of completion.
In the 19th century, the tower was called “Komendantskaya”, when the commandant of Moscow settled in the Poteshny Palace of the 17th century near the Kremlin.
The height of the tower from the Alexander Garden is 41.25 m.
weapon tower
The Armory (Konyushennaya) tower is located between the Borovitskaya and Komendantskaya towers on the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall, which today stretches along the Alexander Garden. At the beginning of the 17th century, it had a passage gate to the Konyushenny yard in the Kremlin. Hence its ancient name.
The tower was built in 1493-1495. It is possible that the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Old) took part in its construction. In 1676-1686 the tower was built on with a tent top and to this day it has well preserved its medieval forms. The tower received its modern name in the 19th century after the building of the Armory built on the territory of the Kremlin.
Its architectural solution is close to the neighboring Commandant's Tower - a massive, square-shaped quadrangle, completed with a combat platform with a parapet, above it an open quadrangle topped with a tent with an observation tower. Inside the main volume of the tower there are two tiers of vaulted rooms, the entrance from the Kremlin leads to the lower one.
Borovitskaya
The Borovitskaya (Predtechenskaya) tower is one of the southeastern towers of the Moscow Kremlin. It overlooks the Alexander Garden and Borovitskaya Square, located next to the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge. The name of the tower, according to legend, comes from an ancient forest that once covered one of the seven hills on which Moscow stands. According to another legend, the tower got its name from the builders of the white-stone Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy - this part was built by the inhabitants of Borovsk.
Borovitskaya tower. 1839. André Duran.
View of the Borovitskaya Tower 2010
Before the construction of the modern Borovitskaya tower, there was another one in its place, which had the same name. This is evidenced by a record about the construction in 1461 of the Church of John the Baptist "on the forest", where it was written that this church stood at the "Borovitsky gates"
The new Borovitskaya Tower was built by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari during the renovation of the Kremlin in 1490, by order of Ivan III (the architect arrived from Milan to Moscow in 1490). At the same time, Solari also erected a wall from Borovitskaya to the corner Vodovzvodnaya tower.
In the XVI-XVII centuries. through the Borovitskaya tower they entered the economic part of the Kremlin - to the Zhitny and Konyushennomuyards, isolated from the front part of the fortress by a wall built in 1499.
In 1493 the tower was seriously damaged by fire.
By decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, on April 16, 1658, the Borovitskaya Tower was renamed the Predtechenskaya - after the Church of the Nativity of the Forerunner in the Kremlin (later dismantled during the construction of the Armory), however, the new name did not take root.
Borovitsky Gates of the Moscow Kremlin Watercolor I. Weiss 1852
Above the Borovitsky Gates in the icon case was the icon of St. John the Baptist. The lampada was looked after by the parable of the temple of St. Nicholas Streletsky, located on Borovitskaya Square. The temple was destroyed in 1932 during the construction of the Sokolnicheskaya subway line. The icon was lost in Soviet times. Her place above the gate is occupied by a clock.
In the autumn of 1935, the Soviet authorities installed a five-pointed star 3.35 m high on the Borovitskaya Tower (the span of the rays was 3.2 m). Prior to this, the tower was crowned with a two-headed royal eagle. In addition to the Borovitskaya tower, stars crown the Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Troitskaya and Vodovzvodnaya towers. In 1937, the star was replaced with a new one, which is still on the tower.
The five-pointed star was erected in the autumn of 1935.
Today, the Borovitsky Gates are the only permanent gates of the Kremlin. Visitors to the Armory also pass through the Borovitskaya Tower.
The Borovitskaya Solari tower was based on a quadrangle, which crowned a wooden tent. Then in 1666-1680s. the wooden tent was removed and three more quadrangles, one octahedron and a stone tent were built on. Therefore, the Borovitskaya Tower has a peculiar stepped (or pyramidal) shape. In addition, a diversion archer with a passage gate was attached to the side of the tower. The gate had an iron grate, and a drawbridge was thrown across the Neglinnaya River.
In the XVIII century. the tower was repaired and decorated with white stone details in pseudo-Gothic style. When the French army led by Napoleon entered Moscow in 1812, many architectural monuments of Moscow were damaged or destroyed as a result of fires and explosions. So, they also blew up the Vodovzvodnaya tower adjacent to Borovitskaya. During the explosion, the top of the tent fell from the Borovitskaya Tower.
In 1816-1819. the tower was repaired by O. I. Bove. Apparently, at the same time, a clock appeared on the tower, at least on the drawings that have survived from that time, the gate and the clock are indicated.
In 1848, after the destruction of the Church of the Nativity of the Forerunner near Bor, the tower was turned into a church. The throne was moved there from the church and the pseudo-Gothic decorations were destroyed.
Many other decorative elements of the Borovitskaya Tower were destroyed during the next renovation in the 1860s.
In the 1970s white stone decorations were restored, and a shield with the coat of arms of Moscow was placed over the gate.
In the summer of 2006, the next repair work of the Borovitskaya tower was carried out. During the week, government motorcades traveled through the Spassky Gates
From the outer side of the Kremlin wall, on the folds of the gate, coats of arms carved from white stone are visible, clearly of ancient origin - Lithuanian and Moscow. Experts still have not given an answer about the time and reasons for their appearance on the Borovitskaya Tower. Noteworthy is the dialectic of the three coats of arms of the Borovitskaya Tower
At the beginning of the XVI century. the Neglinka river flowed along the western wall of the Kremlin and had rather swampy and swampy banks. In addition, from the Borovitskaya Tower, it turned sharply to the southwest, moving away from the Kremlin walls. Near the Borovitsky Gate, a stone arched bridge was thrown across the river.
In 1510, they decided to straighten the channel and bring it closer to the walls. A canal was dug from the Borovitskaya Tower to the Moskva River past the Vodovzvodnaya Tower. This made this section of the Kremlin difficult to access militarily, but also forced the construction of a drawbridge to the Borovitskaya Tower, which has a gate. The lifting mechanism was located on the second tier of the tower.
In 1821, Neglinka was taken into the pipe, the Alexander Garden was laid out in its place, and the drawbridge of the tower lost its significance and was dismantled.
On January 22, 1969, near the Borovitskaya Tower, Viktor Ilyin carried out an unsuccessful attempt on L. I. Brezhnev.
. There is an opinion that an underground passage passes under the Borovitsky Gates.
. If a flag of a foreign state is flying on a building near the Borovitsky Gate, this means that a foreign president is currently in the Kremlin
. Borovitskaya, Vodovzvodnaya, Moskvoretskaya and Nikolskaya towers are located on the same circle with the center at the Assumption Cathedral.
. One of the towers of the Kazan Kremlin, the tower of the Tatar queen Syuyumbike, is similar to the Borovitskaya tower.
Vodovzvodnaya tower
Tower of the Moscow Kremlin. It is located on the corner of the Kremlin Embankment and Alexander Garden, on the banks of the Moskva River. Erected in 1488 by the Italian architect Anton Fryazin (Antonio Gilardi). The name Sviblov Tower comes from the boyar surname Sviblov, whose courtyard adjoined the tower from the Kremlin side.
One of the most beautiful buildings in the Kremlin. It received its modern name in 1633 after the installation of a water-lifting machine in it, made under the direction of Christopher Galovey, to supply water from the Moscow River to the Kremlin.
Lithograph from a watercolor by D.Indeytsev, 1850s.
It was the first water supply system in Moscow from tanks placed in the upper tiers of the tower. Water from it was carried out "to the Sovereign Sytny and Stern Palace", and then to the gardens.
On the Moskva River, near the Vodovzvodnaya Tower, there was a washing raft for rinsing clothes. On the bank of the river there was a port-washing hut with accessories for the raft. In the Kremlin wall, small port-washing gates were arranged, through which linen was carried.
The water tower was built in the classical style. Up to the middle of the height, it is lined with alternating belts of protruding and sinking masonry. A narrow strip of white stone, covering the tower in its middle part, as if emphasizes the arched belt.
The turret is completed with dovetail crenellations with slots for shooting. Arcature belt, mashikuli, "dovetails" had not previously been found in Russian architecture of fortifications and were used here for the first time. The tent over the tower was erected at the end of the 17th century. In 1805, due to dilapidation, it was dismantled and rebuilt.
In 1812, the army of Napoleon Bonaparte, retreating from Moscow, blew up the tower. Restored in 1817-1819 by the architect Osip Ivanovich Bove. The walls are treated with rustication, the loopholes are replaced by round and semicircular windows. Dormer windows are decorated with Tuscan porticoes with columns and pediments.
Unlike other towers with ruby stars, Vodovzvodnaya did not previously have an eagle-shaped top. A star with a diameter of 3 meters was installed on the tower in 1937 and is the smallest of the Kremlin stars.
Annunciation Tower
The Annunciation Tower is a tower of the wall of the Moscow Kremlin. It is located in the part of the Kremlin wall that runs along the Moskva River, between the Vodovzvodnaya and Taynitskaya towers. The name comes from the icon "Annunciation" that previously existed on the tower. The tower was supposedly built in 1487-1488; in the 1680s, a stone tetrahedral tent with a decorative watch tower was built over the main quadruple.
Panorama of the Kremlin G. Quarenghi 1786 Watercolor fragment
The lower quadrangle of the tower ends with machicolations, a platform for defense and a parapet. The inner space of the lower quadrangle has the shape of an irregular quadrangle and is covered with a closed vault. The middle arched quarter with wide windows is separated from the tent by a flat ceiling. The same flat ceilings separate the tiers inside the tent. In the old days, there was also an underground floor in the tower, now half-filled.
In 1731, the Church of the Annunciation was added to the tower according to the project of the architect G. Shedel. At the same time, the watchtower was converted into a bell tower with seven bells, and the weather vane was replaced by a cross. The tower was restored in 1866. From 1891-1892, the Annunciation Tower was used as an aisle of the church, while the loopholes were hewn into large windows.
In 1933, during the restoration of the tower by the architect N. D. Vinogradov, the Church of the Annunciation was dismantled, the hewn loopholes on the facades were narrowed, the cross was replaced by a weather vane.
Until 1831, near the Annunciation Tower (from the side of the Vodovzvodnaya Tower) in the Kremlin wall, there were the so-called Port Washing Gates, which provided access to the Moskva River to the Port Washing Raft for washing "ports" - linen. The remains of these gates, now laid down, are visible from the inside of the Kremlin wall.
Under Ivan the Terrible, a prison was located in the Annunciation Tower.
Taynitskaya tower
The Tainitskaya Tower is one of the 20 towers of the Moscow Kremlin. The central tower of the southern wall of the Kremlin. The construction of the existing Kremlin walls and towers began from the Tainitskaya Tower.
In the last years of the 15th century, Ivan III conceived the idea of rebuilding the towers and walls of the Kremlin. The beginning of this construction is closely connected with the name of the architect with Italian roots Anton Fryazin. The Italian architect arrived in Moscow in 1469 as part of the retinue of the Polish cardinal Vissarion to prepare the marriage of Ivan III and Sophia Paleolog.
In 1485, Anton Fryazin laid a tower (“strelnitsa”) on the site of the Cheshkov (Chushkov) gates of the fortress of 1366-1368, providing a hiding place inside and a hidden exit to the Moskva River, in connection with which the tower was nicknamed Taynitskaya.
When erecting the tower, the architect for the first time used brick for fortification construction. This innovation marked the beginning of a complete renovation of the Moscow Kremlin.
. The tower played an important role in the defense of the Kremlin from the side of the river. It had a passage gate and a retractable archer, equipped with a lifting mechanism and connected to the tower by a stone bridge. Later, sentries were on duty on the tower, watching Zamoskvorechie and the bells signaling about the fire. Until 1674, the tower had a striking clock.
In 1670-1680, Russian craftsmen erected a stone top over the quadrangle of the tower - an open arched quadrangle, completed with a tetrahedral tent with an observation tower.
Until the 18th century, on the Moscow River, opposite the Tainitsky Gates, a Jordan was arranged on the feast of the Epiphany. The royal entry into the Jordan was one of the most magnificent ceremonies.
In 1770-1771, in connection with the construction of the Kremlin Palace according to the project of V.I. Bazhenov, the Taynitskaya tower was dismantled, and in 1783 it was restored, but without a retractable archer. In 1812, during the retreat of Napoleon's troops from the Kremlin, the tower was damaged by an explosion, repaired in 1816-1818.
In 1862, according to the project of one of the Campioni family of artists (A. S. Campioni), the archer was also restored.
Until 1917, the Kremlin’s signal cannon was fired daily from the archer of the Tainitskaya Tower, informing Muscovites of the onset of noon - similar to the tradition of firing the Peter and Paul Cannon in St. Petersburg.
In 1930 - 1933, the archer was again dismantled. At the same time, the passage gates were laid and the well was filled up.
First Nameless Tower
The First Nameless Tower (Powder Tower) is a tower of the wall of the Moscow Kremlin. It is located in the part of the Kremlin wall that runs along the Moskva River, next to the Tainitskaya Tower.
This architecturally simple tower has been rebuilt many times. The first time it was erected in the 1480s. In 1547, the tower was destroyed during the fire of Moscow from the explosion of a gunpowder warehouse arranged in it.
The Kremlin is on fire! Painting by Vereshchagin
In the 17th century, it was rebuilt, and a second hipped tier was built on the main quadrangle.
The tower was dismantled in 1770 in preparation for the construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace by V.I. Bazhenov. After the construction of the palace was completed in 1776-1883, the tower, together with the wall between it and the Second Nameless Tower, was rebuilt in a new place, closer to the Taynitskaya Tower. In 1812, the tower was blown up by the retreating French. In 1816-1835 it was restored under the supervision of the architect O. I. Bove.
The tower ends with a simple tetrahedral pyramidal tent. The inside of the tower is formed by two tiers of vaulted rooms: the lower tier with a cross vault and the upper tier with a closed vault. The upper quadrangle is open into the cavity of the tent.
Second Nameless Tower
The Second Nameless Tower is a tower of the wall of the Moscow Kremlin. It is located in the part of the Kremlin wall that runs along the Moskva River, east of the First Nameless Tower. The tower was built in the 1480s as an intermediate tower on the south side of the Kremlin. In the 1680s, a four-sided tent with a watch tower, an octagonal tent and a weather vane was built over the main quadrangle.
At the beginning of the 18th century, there were later gates in the tower. Like many other towers of the southern wall, the Second Nameless Tower was dismantled in 1771 in preparation for the construction of the Bazhenov Grand Kremlin Palace and, after the construction of the palace was stopped, it was rebuilt.
Above the upper quadrangle of the tower is an octagonal tent with a weather vane; the upper quadrangle is open inside the tent. The interior of the tower includes two levels of rooms; the lower tier has a cylindrical vault, and the upper one is closed.
Petrovskaya tower
Petrovskaya Tower (also Ugreshskaya) is a tower of the wall of the Moscow Kremlin. It is located in the part of the Kremlin wall that runs along the Moskva River, next to the Beklemishevskaya Tower. The name comes from the courtyard of the Ugresh Monastery with the Church of Peter the Metropolitan, which from the 15th to the 17th centuries was located inside the Kremlin near the tower. In 1771, in order to free up space for the construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace, the courtyard of the monastery was destroyed.
This tower, outwardly very different from the neighboring towers, was rebuilt many times. The time of the first construction of the Petrovsky Tower is not exactly known, it is assumed that it was erected together with other towers of the southern wall in the 1480s (some sources indicate 1485-1487).
Corner Beklemishevskaya (Moskvoretskaya) and Petrovskaya (Ugreshskaya) towers. According to the Barshchevsky Catalog N 2004 1882-1896
During the Polish intervention of the Time of Troubles, the tower was destroyed by cannon shots in 1612, then rebuilt. In 1667 a church was built in the tower. In 1676-1686, two new quadrangles and a low tent were built on the main quadrangle of the tower.
The tower was dismantled in 1770 (according to some sources, in 1771) in preparation for the construction of the Bazhenov Grand Kremlin Palace; after the cessation of its construction, it was rebuilt again in 1783, but without a church.
In 1812 the tower was blown up by the retreating French; in 1818 it was restored by the architect O.I. Bove.
The tower ends with an octagonal pyramidal tent. The lower quadrangle ends with false machines, the upper ones are framed with cornices and semi-columns at the corners.
Although the Petrovsky Tower was erected "for the best appearance and strength", it was used for household needs by the gardeners of the Kremlin.
Spasskaya Tower (separate post part 15)
Literature
Architectural monuments of Moscow. Kremlin. China town. Central squares. - Moscow: Art, 1982. - S. 309.
Ivanov V.N. Moscow Kremlin. - Moscow: Art, 1971. - S. 32-36
. Goncharenko V.S. Walls and towers. Guide. — Moscow, 2001
. Ivan Zabelin 1 // Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries. - Moscow: Transitbook, 2005.
Monuments of architecture in pre-revolutionary Russia, M., Terra, 2002
Photos of Ilya Varlamov from here-
ARCHITECTURE OF MOSCOW IN THE XIVXVII CENTURIES Rus in the 14th century The western lands were occupied by Lithuania. Monasteries played a huge role in that period, becoming not only defensive, but also economic centers. Around the monasteries and new cities there was a unification of the lands and a number of centers began to fight for primacy. The sharpest struggle in n. 14th century unfolded between Moscow and Tver. In 1273, Nevsky's son Daniel became the first independent prince of Moscow. Under him, Kolomna and Pereyaslavl were annexed to Moscow.
Moscow is first mentioned in the chronicle of 1147. The ancient Kremlin of Yuri Dolgoruky occupied less than half of the current Kremlin. Under Ivan Kalita (13041340), the old wooden walls of the Kremlin were replaced with oak… A. Vasnetsov. Moscow Kremlin under Ivan Kalita.
... and his grandson Dmitry Donskoy (13501389) erected a white-stone Kremlin on the site of a wooden one. Moscow Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy. A. Vasnetsov.
By the end of the XV century, Rus' was freed from the yoke of the Golden Horde. The Moscow principality united many Russian lands. Moscow became its capital. Ivan III (14401505) needed a new residence. It became the Moscow Kremlin. Holy Trinity Sergius Lavra near Moscow.
THE MOSCOW KREMLIN "As the whole earth gazes at the sun with a billion eyes. So the thoughts of the best people crowd around the Kremlin." At the invitation of Ivan III, craftsmen from Pskov, Tver, and Rostov came to Moscow, but the Italians, the Fryazins, supervised the work. Construction began in 1485. White walls were overlaid with red brick, Battlements and a roof were added to the walls, The Kremlin became 18 towers with several floors, corner towers - round (3), travel (there are 6) with archers (only one remained - Kutafya). The Kremlin was surrounded by a moat (35 m wide, 12 deep) already in the next century lost its defensive significance
Kremlin buildings
The Moscow Kremlin has 20 towers and they are all different, no two are the same. Each tower has its own name and its own history.
Assumption Cathedral The cathedral was under construction for almost five years (14751479). Its construction was led by the Italian architect and engineer Aristotle Fioravanti. As a model during the construction, the Assumption Cathedral in the city of Vladimir was taken. Russian princes and tsars were crowned in this cathedral.
Cathedral of the Annunciation The cathedral was built by unknown Pskov masters in 1484-1489. on the site of the cathedral of the same name in the second half of the 14th century. The cathedral received its final completion in 1560-1570. under Ivan the Terrible. The temple served as the home church of the Grand Dukes.
The Cathedral of the Archangel It was built (15051508) by the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin Novy, a native of Venice. The rulers of the Muscovite state, tsars and their sons were buried in the cathedral. There are 55 headstones in the cathedral.
Belfry of Ivan the Great and Church of the Ascension It was built in 1505-1508. Located on Cathedral Square Moscow Kremlin. At the base of the bell tower is a church. After the superstructure to a height of 81 m in 1600, it was the tallest building in Moscow until the beginning of the 18th century. In total, there are 34 bells in the bell tower. In the old days, royal decrees were read at the bell tower - loudly, "in all Ivanovo", as they said then.
The Faceted Chamber was built by Italian architects Mark Fryazin and Pier Antonio Solari in 1487-1491.
Customer: Vel. book. Ivan III Material: brick, white stone cladding Function: front hall of the prince's palace Description: a one-pillar chamber, square in plan, covered with four cross vaults. t t a a, k k v v a d r r a a t n a i v v p l l a n n e, n p e r r e k k krr y y t a y a t h e f t y r r r m i y k k The chamber was part of the ensemble of the Grand Duke's palace, connected with it by open passages. Feature of the risalit (edges of masonry) on the facade
Intercession Cathedral or St. Basil's Cathedral (15551561) Architect: Barma Postnik Customer: Ivan the Terrible Material: brick, white stone, glazed ceramics Semantics: votive church in honor of the capture of Kazan Type: ensemble of a hipped-roof (and eight pillar-shaped churches; the central volume is a hipped-roof church.
NEW TRENDS IN RUSSIAN ART OF THE XVI CENTURY In this century, especially in its second half: 1) iconographic canons are collapsing; 2) the love for decorative elaboration of details in architecture reaches its apogee; 3) there is a convergence of religious and civil construction, which is acquiring an unprecedented scope; 4) there is a process of "secularization" of art, that is, liberation from church influence. In the 16th century, Moscow acquired a leading role not only in the whole of Russian culture (in architecture, icon painting, and arts and crafts). Moscow retains its leading position until the beginning of the 18th century, when the capital is transferred to St. Petersburg. In the workshops of the Moscow Kremlin in the XVII-VII centuries. the best craftsmen, invited from all over Russia and from abroad, worked.
04/21/2012 admin Tags: ,How to get to the Kremlin
Dear readers! This article was written in 2012. We constantly monitor the changing situation in the Kremlin and, if necessary, edit the text. The last update was made in March 2019. The algorithm for purchasing tickets and entering the Kremlin has remained the same.
In order to be sure to buy tickets to the Armory, we advise you to purchase them online on the website of the Moscow Kremlin.
For those who want to save themselves from reading a tedious 1700-word article and quickly buy tickets and a tour of the Kremlin, I offer an alternative.
How to get to the Kremlin
Be careful! Many sites are misleading and misrepresenting prices for tickets to the Kremlin. Ticket prices have gone up since February 2019.
Summary of the article
- How to get to the Kremlin.
- Where to buy tickets to the Kremlin
- Where are the cash desks of the Kremlin
- Tickets to the Kremlin. How much are?
- Excursions to the Kremlin
All the aspirations of those wishing to get acquainted with the cultural heritage of the capital are directed to the Kremlin. What you need to know in order to view all three Kremlin components ( , ; ; ) with the least loss?
Part one. For Russian and Russian-speaking tourists.
How to get to the Kremlin. For visitors
Attention! With the onset of the warm season (since mid-April), the queues for tickets to the Kremlin have increased! On weekends, be prepared to spend 30 minutes or more at the box office! IN summer time on Saturdays, due to the queue at the cashier lined up long before its opening by 9 o'clock in the morning there may already be a solid tail.
- The day off is Thursday. On holidays, the Kremlin is usually open. But there are solemn events, meetings of heads of foreign states, inaugurations again. In such exceptional cases, it is closed.
- works on sessions. There are four of them - at 10, 12, 14.30 and at 16.30
– Opening hours of the Moscow Kremlin Museum-Reserve from 10 to 17 in winter, from 9.30 to 18 in summer (from mid-May to mid-September). closes at 18:00. open from 10:00 to 18:00, lunch break: from 13:00 to 14:00.
The Borovitsky gates of the Kremlin are designed for vehicles. Entrance to the Kremlin to the left of the gate through the arch.
To get to the Borovitsky Gates, you need to go from the ticket office along the road, it is shown in the picture. If you stand facing the cash registers, then to the right. The Borovitsky Gates of the Kremlin are NOT visible from the box office
In the top photo, the Borovitskaya Tower is barely visible in the distance to the left. On the way to the Borovitskaya Tower, you will pass by the recently erected monument to Emperor Alexander I.
The monument to Tsar Alexander I is installed in the Alexander Garden between the Commandant (pictured) and the Armory towers
At the entrance to the Borovitsky Gates, you need to present an entrance ticket to the Kremlin or the Armory and go through security.
Officers at the entrance to the Kremlin through the Borovitsky Gates will ask you to open your bags and put all the contents of your pockets on the table. Be sure to inquire about the availability of tickets.
You will be asked to show your ticket either in the building (ticket to visit the Armory) or at the very end of the long building of the Armory. There you need to present a ticket to the territory of the Kremlin.
You can enter the Kremlin through the Trinity Gate
The Trinity Gate is located in the Alexander Garden, in the Trinity Tower, which is connected by a bridge to the Kutafya Tower. Ticket control and screening is carried out at the Kutafya Tower.
In the photo Kutafya tower (left), Trinity tower (right). They are connected by the Trinity Bridge. After being screened by officers of the commandant's office of the Kremlin (a procedure similar to that at an airport), visitors enter the Kremlin through the Trinity Gate. Metal detectors are very sensitive. Be prepared to put all the change out of your pockets.
Below, at the stairs, you need to present a ticket to the territory of the Kremlin or the Armory.
At the bottom of the stairs there is a lone ticket inspector who checks if those who suffer from visiting the Kremlin have them. (Shot on a weekday afternoon in the fall).
Here are diagrams to illustrate.
- You can’t enter the Kremlin with large bags and backpacks, suitcases. These things are left in the storage room near the Kutafya Tower of the Kremlin. (Water will not be taken to the storage room, take bottles with you to the Kremlin). Ladies' bags, which are sometimes quite large, can be carried. It is forbidden to carry ANY weapons into the Kremlin, including gas cartridges and penknives. Professional photo and video shooting is prohibited on the territory of the Kremlin.
Entrance to the Kremlin with luggage - bags and backpacks
ENTRY TO THE KREMLIN WITH BACKPACKS is either allowed or prohibited. It is better to take a voluminous backpack to the storage room under the Kutafya Tower. It works from 10:00 to 18:00. Lunch breaks are from 11:00 to 11:30 and from 15:30 to 16:00.
Luggage storage - to the left of the stairs. Above is the Kutafya tower.
You can learn more about the operation of the left-luggage office on the official website of the Kremlin. http://www.kreml.ru/visit-to-kremlin/ticket-prices/kamera-khraneniya1/
When is the best time to visit the Kremlin
If you want to see the Kremlin in the morning and buy tickets for a 10-hour show (the ticket office of the museum opens half an hour before the opening of the Kremlin), it is better to come early in the summer. On weekday mornings, at 9.30, the line is usually small. Sometimes it doesn't exist at all. On weekends, people gather early in the morning. In the summer, at 11 o'clock, a decent crowd is observed at the cash desks of the Kremlin. I remind you again that Saturdays in summer when the ceremony of divorce of the guard of honor is held, the queue at the cashier is very long even in the morning .
Not the longest queue at the cash desk of the Moscow Kremlin museums At the entrance to the museum, you will be subjected to a serious search, which is carried out by the Commandant's Office of the Kremlin, and passing through very sensitive metal detectors. The queue at the Borovitsky Gate takes place in the morning: from 10 to 11 and around 12 and 14 hours - people accumulate to get to the Armory at 12 or 14.30 and at
The best time to see the Kremlin on your own
General advice. In the warm season of a weekend and a holiday, it is better to come to the Kremlin ticket office early. But if possible, go to the Kremlin in WEEKDAY day. Most best time to visit the Kremlin - the second half of the day. Around 2 pm. In the morning, the Kremlin is visited by school excursion groups. Plan to visit the Armory at 16.30. In the second half weekday there is a high probability that you will fall into the Diamond Fund.
It often happens that all tickets in already sold. Then the following sign hangs at the box office:
Tickets for evening sessions at the box office run out very quickly! The ideal option is to go to the Kremlin ticket office in the Alexander Garden by 14 o'clock. Buy a ticket to visit the territory of the Kremlin. Maybe they will even sell you a ticket to the Armory and the Diamond Fund. Although, until recently, tickets to the Armory were sold only 40 minutes before the start of the session.
We will tell about separately.
Dear Sirs, if you still have questions on the topic “How to get to the Kremlin”, please re-read the article again and take a look at the comments. They have answers to many questions!
I remind you that some frequently asked questions have answers in a separate publication (comments to it are still open, if you have any questions - ask, we will try to answer). I hope that the article will help you get to the Kremlin.
Dear Muscovites and guests of the capital! Before you get to the Kremlin, we strongly recommend that you solve technical issues using, excuse me, the toilet in the Alexander Garden. On the territory of the Kremlin there is a nanotechnological toilet with an eternal queue. There is also a toilet in the building of the Armory, but from the street, without a ticket to it, you will not get there. Therefore, we repeat once again - the optimal solution to technical problems is located in the Alexander Garden opposite the Kremlin ticket office.
We talked about the rules for passing inspection at the entrance to the Kremlin in a publication.
We recommend you a service where in a couple of minutes you can book any excursion to the Kremlin. We offer two of them:
Our travel articles
There are additional publications to this article, where we talked in detail about
,
And
.